Exploration 1450-1700

Is contact with other cultures beneficial or harmful to a

civilization?

Exploration-In a Nutshell

When: 1450-1700What: Exploration, Conquest, ColonizationWho: Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch,

England and other European countriesWhere: Africa, the Americas, AsiaResult: Diffusion of ideas

and cultural forces that reshaped the global environment

Order of Exploration by Country

Portugal

Spain

France

The Dutch

England

The Order That Conquest and Colonization Happened

Explorers

Conquistadors

Missionaries

Permanent Settlers

Official European Colony

Major Explorers and Their Voyages

Bartholomeu Dias’ voyage (1487)Christopher Columbus’ first voyage (1492-1493)Christopher Columbus’ second voyage (1493-1496)Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India (1497-1499)John Cabot’s first voyage (1497)John Cabot’s second voyage (1498)Christopher Columbus’ third voyage (1498)Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage (1499-1500)Christopher Columbus’ fourth voyage (1502-1503)Magellan’s voyage around the world (1519-1522)

A Map of the Known World Before 1492

What Encouraged Exploration?

Marco Polo took the Silk Road, returned 23 years later to Venice with the goods and ideas he had brought back from China.

What Encouraged Exploration?

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1448-people could read accounts of previous explorers.

Nations seeking new sources of revenue.

Desire to spread Christianity

Generally curiosity about the world

The Three G’s

Gold-Wealth of all kind

Glory-More land meant glory for their kingdoms

God- Convert the native people to Christianity After the Reformation there was competition between the Catholics and Protestants to win converts

The Portuguese Prince Henry “The Navigator”

Not an explorer but was a patron and sponsor

Created a navigation school at Sagres, Portugal to encourage exploration

Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration

What Prince Henry the Navigator Wanted

Prince Henry gathered scientists, cartographers-mapmakers- and other experts at his navigation school

Goal: to find a water route to Asia to allow Portugal to trade directly with the East

He died before the route was found.

Portugal learned a lot about the African coast line including that gold and slaves were plentiful!

New Maritime Technology

Hartman Astrolabe1532

Mariner’s Compass

Caravel: Faster, more economical. Could navigate shallow coastalwaters and rivers.Lateen Sail: triangular sail

Improvements in Navigation

Better maps: follow coasts at first, used compass

Better ships: Caravels- square sails and new hull design, heavy enough to carry canon

Astrolabe- magnetic compass to sail by the stars

Knowledge of wind patterns

The astrolabe was used to determine latitude, the north-south position on the globe, by measuring the height or altitude of celestial bodies over the horizon and making a calculation using the known declination of the star.

Magnetic Compass

Caravel

The Portuguese

Go To

Africa and to Asia

Portuguese in Bahrain

Built Forts to establish their presence.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese sailed for Portugal.

First European to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1488-did not make it to Asia

Dias accompanied Cabral on the voyage that resulted in the discovery of Brazil

Died in heavy seas off the African coast May 29, 1500.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese-sailed for Portugal

Opened a new water route for trade between Europe and Asia

1497-98, the first to travel around the southern most tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope and reach India.

Vasco da Gama

Very profitable voyage- returned with a cargo of spices and made a profit of several thousand percent.

Died of an illness in India on December 24, 1524

Vasco da Gama First Voyage 1497–1499

Cape of Good Hope

The Portuguese in Africa

King Affonso was the ruler of KongoWorked as a partner with the Portuguese to modernize his

country into a Christian stateThe Portuguese also wanted slaves Initially slavery was limited to war captives, who were

numerous because of various local battles and continual border disputes

When Affonso realized the toll the slave trade was taking on Kongo he wrote letters to the King of Portugal describing how his society was being ruined because of the slave trade

Affonso was not successful at stopping the slave trade.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese-sailed for Spain

Sailed around the southern tip of South America.

His crew was the first to circumnavigate-go around- the earth

This voyage: 1519-1522 proved that the world was round

Magellan named the Pacific Ocean after the Latin word meaning peaceful.

The Spaniards find the New World-

By accident!

The Spanish

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted Spain to be a united, Catholic kingdom

Inquisition- Ordered all Jews and Muslims to convert or leave Spain. Even Christians could be punished if they were suspected of defying the church.

They were eager to spread Catholicism and profit from new trade routes

Christopher Columbus

From Genoa sailed for Spain

Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage

Believed that he could reach Asia, in the east, by sailing west

Did not know about American continents

The First Voyage

The First Voyage

Set sail on August 3, 1492

Crew of 90 men, two caravels -the Niña and the Pinta- and his flagship, the Santa Maria

Near mutinous situation on the ship: terrible conditions voyage was taking far longer than thought

Columbus promised his men they would turn back if land was not spotted in three days

The First Voyage

Landed in the Bahamas October 12, 1492

He called it San Salvador

Called the native people ‘los Indios’ Inhabitants of the Indies

They were Tainos.

Columbus Greeted by King Ferdinand and Queen

Isabella Upon His Return to Spain From the New World

Other Voyages of Columbus

Columbus had a total of four voyagesApproach to natives and Spanish alike proved to

be brutal in other voyages Spanish colonists’ rebel and set up own coloniesSent back to Spain in chains for being a

tyrannical leaderMay 11, 1502-Fouth voyageFernando, his son goes with himDied in Spain believing he explored part of Asia

Voyages of Christopher Columbus

Spain and Portugal compete with each

other for trade profits, so who gets what?

Why is Portuguese Spoken in Brazil?

The Treaty of Tordesillas

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

The Pope Split the “New World” between Spain and Portugal

Treaty DetailsThe Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal

and Spain in 1494

Divided up all the land on the Earth outside of Europe, no matter who was already living there.

Pope Alexander VI was the pope at the time of the treaty.

He drew an imaginary line 480 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the rulers of Spain at the time.

This treaty was signed at Tordesillas, hence the name of it.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

The House on the top center left to the tower is where the treaty was concluded in 1494

The treaty with the signatureof the sovereign of Spain and Portugal

Amerigo VespucciBorn in Florence,

worked for the Medici and sailed for Spain

Sailed around the coast of South America and concluded it was not Asia but a new land.

America was later named after him for this vital discovery.

The Columbian ExchangeAn exchange between the Americas and the rest of

the world.

Result of Columbus’s voyages to the New Word, European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of

American IndiansEuropean diseases like smallpox killed many American

Indians

These items came from North or South America

These items came from Europe, Africa or Asia

Avocado BeansCashews ChocolateCorn Guinea pigPeanuts PineapplePotatoes PumpkinRubber SilverSunflower TobaccoTomatoes TurkeyVanillaPumpkin (squash)

Bananas CabbageChicken CitrusCoffee CowsGarlic GrapesHorses LettuceOnion PeachesPigs RatsRice SheepSmallpox SugarTea WheatBlack pepper

Triangular Trade

Included slaves and manufactured goods

The Columbian Exchange

Disease

Smallpox, measles, and influenza

Natives had no immunity, or resistance, to disease

Wiped out village after village

By 1500 as much as 90% of the native population in the Caribbean had died

Great advantage to the Europeans wanting to take control of the indigenous people

Horses on Boats!

Impact of the Columbian Exchange

Europeans needed labor to farm the land: plantation system/Encomienda.

Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of slaves from the Americas and Africa.

Slavery was based on race.

Encomienda System

Encomienda: the right of the Spanish government to use Native Americans as laborers but not necessarily as slaves.

Began in 1503

Result of the plantation system: Destroyed the indigenous population and economics

Damaged the environment.

Father Bartolomé de Las Casas

Dedicated his life to abolishing the Encomienda system.

Proposed replacing the slave labor of the natives with slaves from Africa.

He eventually recanted this as well, and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies

Middle Passage

The stage of triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World

Ships departed Europe for Africa with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans

Africans were transported across the Atlantic

Slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials

African Slavery

Triangular Trade

Plan of A Slave Ship

Consequences of the African Slave Trade

African families torn apart

African culture lost generations of members

Through the skills and labor of African slaves, the economy of the Americas prospers

Colonial Economies

Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country

A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export

Outposts of colonial authority were established in major cities: Havana, Mexico City, Lima, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires

Commercial Revolution

European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources.

The belief was that there was a limited amount of wealth in the world so a country had to get their hands on as much of it as possible

New money and banking systems were created.

A new economic system emerged~ mercantilism

Mercantilism

According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver.

Mercantilism was an economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient

This set of principles dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century

Balance of Trade

The difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time

Conquest of South America

Hernán Cortés and the Aztec

1521- Cortes conquered Montezuma and the Aztec’s in Tenochtitlan, Mexico

Mexico City was rebuilt on the ruins of Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan by Hernán Cortés This 1524 map depicts the thriving Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan,

based on the eyewitness account of Hernán Cortés.

Printed map, hand colored

Pizarro Defeated the Inca

1532- Collision at Cajamarca

You already know the rest of the story!!

Colonies

Characteristics of the Colonial System

Colonial governments mirrored the home governments

A viceroy, or representative ruled in the name of the King (monarch)

Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India

A Layered Society

The separation of the various peoples in the colonies created a very intricate list of names to describe one's precise race and, by consequence, one's place in society

Peninsulares-born in Spain, held highest positions in colonial government and Catholic Church

Creole- American born descendants of Spanish settlers, owned most of the plantations, ranches and mines.

A Layered Society

Mestizo- Native American and European descendant

Mulatto- African and European descendant

African and Native American descendant were the lowest social class

"Spaniard and Indian produce Mestizo"

The philosophy led to the separation of the various peoples in the colonies and created a very intricate list of

nomenclature to describe one's precise race and, by consequence, one's place in society. To illustrate how

complex this nomenclature became the following list was in use in New Spain (Mexico) during the eighteenth

century:

Spaniard and Indian = Mestizo (50% European and 50% Native American)

Mestizo and Spanish woman = Castizo (75% European and 25% Native American)

Castizo woman and Spaniard = Spaniard (87.5% European and 12.5% Native American)

Spanish woman and black man = Mulatto (50% European and 50% African)

Spaniard and Mulatto = Morisco (75% European and 25% African)

Morisco woman and Spaniard = Albino (87.5% European and 12.5% African)

Spaniard and Albino woman = Torna atrás (lit. "turn back") (93,75% European and 6,25% African)

Indian man and Torna atrás woman = Lobo (50% Native American, 46,875% European, and 3,125% African)

Lobo and Indian woman = Zambaigo (75% Native American, 23,4375% European, and 1,5625% African)

Zambaigo and Indian woman = Cambujo (87.5% Native American, 11,71875% European, and 0,78125% African)

Cambujo and mulatto woman = Albarazado (43.75% Native American, 30,859375% European, and 25,390625% African)

Albarazado and Mulatto woman = Barcino (40.43% European, 21.87% Native American, and 37.7% African)

Barcino and Mulatto woman = Coyote (45.215% European, 10.935% Native American, and 43.85% African)

Coyote woman and Indian man = Chamiso (22.6075% European, 55.4675% Native American, and 21.925% African)

Chamiso woman and Mestizo = Coyote mestizo (36.30375% European, 52.73375% Native American, and 10.9625% African)

Coyote mestizo and Mulatto woman = Ahí te estás ("there you stay") (43.151875% European, 26.366875 Native American, and 30.48125 African)

Population Distribution of Spanish America

Other Explorers

Sailing for Spain…

Balboa led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama in1513.

Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Sailing for England…

John Cabot

Italian-Sailed for England

June 21, 1497 John Cabot landed in Nova Scotia

Shipwrecked and drowned during second voyage in 1498.

Cabot's expeditions were the first of Britain's claims to Canada and East Coast of US

Sir Francis Drake

Famous for leading the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580

Pirate! His job was to disrupt the Spanish voyages to the New World

Circumnavigation of Drake

Sailing for France…

Jacques Cartier

French-Voyages funded by Francois I

Looking for a passage to Asia

1534- first European to travel inland in North America.

Claimed Canada for France

Three voyages

Sailing for Holland…

The Dutch

The first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian Trade

Goal: to find a Northwest passage.

Is there a Northwest passage?

English sailor Henry Hudson claimed New York for the Dutch in 1609.

Canada

END PPT

Other information follows:

Curriculum Guide:

Ferdinand Magellan

Prince Henry the Navigator

Vasco da Gama

Francisco Pizzarro

Jacques Cartier

Christopher Columbus

Francis Drake

Hernan Cortez

Portugal—Vasco da Gama

Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan

England—Francis Drake

France—Jacques Cartier

Sources

http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/profile.htm

http://www.kwabs.com/tordesillas_treaty.html

Vespucci: http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi43.htm

Spanish Empire: http://video.answers.com/history-of-the-spanish-empire-298065658

Layered society

http://forum.stirpes.net/revisionism/24791-learn-about-our-history-multiculturalism-mestizaje-details-hints-aply-nowadays.html

Slave Trade: http://www.afbis.com/analysis/slave.htm

After Pizarro: Food in Colonial Peru and Today (Conclusion):

http://gherkinstomatoes.com/2008/12/08/after-pizarro-colonial-peru-conclusion/