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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON ASSESSMENT REPORTS OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR OFF- GRID APPLICATIONS By EcoAxis Systems Private Limited, Pune Under UNDP-GEF Concentrated Solar Heat Project Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources Government of India July 2015

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Page 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON ASSESSMENT REPORTS OF … of Reports/Executive summary Nov15 .pdf · EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON ASSESSMENT REPORTS OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR OFF-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON ASSESSMENT REPORTS OF

CONCENTRATING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR OFF-

GRID APPLICATIONS

By

EcoAxis Systems Private Limited, Pune

Under

UNDP-GEF Concentrated Solar Heat Project Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources

Government of India July 2015

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Contents 1 Introduction on assignment ............................................................................................ 3

2 Methodology adopted for assessing the technologies .................................................... 3

3 Assessment summary .................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrator ............................................................................... 4

3.1.1 Indian Scenario – PTC ..................................................................................... 4

3.1.2 World Scenario ................................................................................................ 7

3.1.3 Highlights of assessment of PTC ................................................................... 12

3.1.4 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Paraboloid Dish .................................................................................................... 13

3.2.1 Indian Scenario of Paraboloid Dish ................................................................ 13

3.2.2 World Scenario of Paraboloid Dish ................................................................ 16

3.2.3 Highlights ....................................................................................................... 17

3.2.4 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 17

3.3 Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator .................................................................. 18

3.3.1 Indian Scenario of LFRC ................................................................................ 18

3.3.2 World Scenario of LFRC ................................................................................ 20

3.3.3 Highlights ....................................................................................................... 22

3.3.4 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 22

3.4 Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish) ........................................................... 23

3.4.1 Indian Scenario .............................................................................................. 23

3.4.2 World Scenario .............................................................................................. 27

3.4.3 Highlights ....................................................................................................... 27

3.4.4 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 28

3.5 Non-Imaging Concentrator .................................................................................... 29

3.5.1 Indian Scenario .............................................................................................. 29

3.5.2 World Scenario .............................................................................................. 30

3.5.3 Highlights ....................................................................................................... 30

3.5.4 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 30

4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 31

4.1.1 Suggestions ................................................................................................... 31

Annexure 1: Details of International Companies .................................................................. 33

Parabolic Trough Concentrator ........................................................................................ 33

Paraboloid Dish ............................................................................................................... 38

Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator ............................................................................. 41

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Page 3

Executive Summary of Assessment report on CSTs for industrial applications within country and abroad

1 Introduction on assignment

This Report is submitted as one of the requirements under a contract for independent assessment of Solar Concentrating Technologies under a joint MNRE-UNDP-GEF programme to promote CSTs in India. The objective is to make an independent assessment of Concentrating Solar Technologies (CSTs) based systems for Community Cooking, Process Heat & Cooling applications. This will help developing confidence among beneficiaries for the technologies besides deciding about participation of the manufacturers in Ministry’s programme. The six CSTs that EcoAxis was required to evaluate are:

• Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish • Parabolic Trough • Fresnel Reflector Based Dish • Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator • Paraboloid Dish • Non-Imaging Collector

2 Methodology adopted for assessing the technologies

This executive summary is part of a report, submitted to MNRE, based on the following activities which were required to obtain such information:

• Visits made by the EcoAxis team to 15 installations, to see the installations as well as to discuss with the facility managers, engineers and operating staff, their experience in installing and operating the system.

• Visits to 13 manufacturers and discussions with the owners, managers and staff at these factories. • Literature survey of relevant technical books, articles, and publications. • Internet searches for technical information made public by various companies and organisations engaged in work on CSTs, • Modelling the performance by the EcoAxis team of each of the CSTs at various locations using hourly insolation and weather data. • Data captured by the instruments installed at 15 installations and transferred to EcoAxis server and made available to the respective facility owners,

manufacturers and the MNRE and the NISE. • A detailed report capturing the features, advantages, limitations, manufacturing base, applications, installations, performance, output, factors affecting

efficiency and suggestions for promotion of each of the technologies is submitted.

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Page 4 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

3 Assessment summary

3.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

Parabolic Trough Concentrator (PTC) is the most mature technology among the solar concentrator technologies and is widely used worldwide. Parabolic trough collectors (trough collectors or troughs) have a geometric concentration factor in the range of 30-80 depending on the chosen application and technology. The troughs track the sun in one axis (in north-south or east-west orientation). The solar heat absorbing component (receiver or absorber) is positioned along the trough in the line of the focus formed by the reflected rays. The ability to obtain high temperatures using this CST makes this system amenable to industrial applications.

Parabolic trough systems have been in wide use for utility-grade power generation since the mid 1980’s. The first solar thermal facility using line-focusing parabolic collectors to supply power for a 35 kW heat engine was erected and successfully operated in Egypt as early as 1913. Parabolic trough R&D restarted in mid-1970s. Organized large-scale solar collector development began in the USA in the mid-1970s under the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and continued with the establishment of the Department of Energy (DOE) in 1978.

The most intensive R&D work for parabolic trough collector systems including field tests took place during the years 1977-1982. In 1979 the company LUZ International Ltd. (LUZ) was formed in Israel and in the USA. In 1982 LUZ International Ltd (LUZ) erected an industrial process heat system for the Tapu potato processing factory near Tel Aviv, Israel.

3.1.1 Indian Scenario – PTC

Manufacturer Type & size

manufactured

Details of reflectors being

used+

Details of absorber

being used+ CR Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in

field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications

Overall comments on

technology No. Sq. m.

Thermax Ltd, Pune

Single Axis PTC with non-evacuated receiver Size: 6.41 m2

Pure Aluminum with protective film

SS304, Borosilicate glass & Die cast Aluminum High temp. resistance Selective coating

28

Spacious, well organised manufacturing facility with the requisite tools and equipment and a well-established quality assurance system

Operating in field since 2013 without any major maintenance

Yet to be established for different regions. In Mysore, the efficiency is 20-50%

4 1845 Process Heating and Laundry

Another system is installed for power generation through thermal route in Maharashtra

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Parabolic Trough Concentrator Page 5

Manufacturer Type & size

manufactured

Details of reflectors being

used+

Details of absorber

being used+ CR Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in

field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications

Overall comments on

technology No. Sq. m.

Maharishi Solar Technology (P) Ltd., New Delhi

PTC with non- evacuated receiver Size: 13.2 m2

& 32 m2 Single-axis

Silver Metallised Polyacrylic film (from ABENGOA, USA) mounted on an Aluminium trough

25 mm dia. non-evacuated steel with a ~80 mm dia. glass cover made of 2 mm thick Borosil glass

88

Spacious facility with facility for lamination and technical support from Abengao, USA

One system operating in Maharishi Ayurved, Noida since 2011

Yet to be established 1 316.8 Process

heating

Collaboration with Abengao, USA

Ultra Conserve Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai

OptiTrough 300 - PTC with non- evacuated receiver Size: 28.8 m2 Single -axis

Aluminium trough with imported reflective film

25 mm dia. non-evacuated SS 304 receiver

18

Jigs & Fixtures available for bending Lamination fixing other standard Engineering Equipment available.

N.A. N.A.

First Field Installation by Sep 2015

124 Air heating No field installations

Leveragenet Solutions Pvt.Ltd., Pune

Parabolic Trough Collector 30m2

Shatterproof Silver Mirror Film

Stainless Steel Tubes with absorptive coating

80 Skilled team of engineers & fabricators Not yet

quantified 1 263 Process Heating

Greenera Energy India Pvt.Ltd., Coimbatore

Single axis PTC of 2 m2 aperture area

Silverised aluminium with • 90% specular

reflectivity • 10 years

warranty with less 3% reduction in reflectivity

• 25 years durability in enclosed condition

• Alanod and Almeco

Black Chrome 9% emissivity at 100°C 91% absorptivity at 100°C

10 & 5

Equipment available for Turret Cutting, Bending, Welding, Fabrication, Machining & Assembly

Tested for 2 years of successful performance without visible drop in output and condition of the system.

Average output of 350 420 W/m2 in Tamilnadu region

5 264

• Steam Pressing at Textile finishing industry

• Tumble Drying at Laundry

• Coolant Heating Steel Industries

Oorja Energy Engineering Hyderabad Services Ltd., Hyderabad

Parabolic Trough – 1.7 sq.m each

Solar grade anodized aluminium reflectors with more than 90% reflectivity imported from Alanod or Almeco (Germany)

Evacuated Tube Receiver imported from China for U-pipe as well as Steel Pipe receiver.

The complete system, except the receiver, is manufactured by us.

Reflector mirror sheets come with a 10 year manufacturer warranty and frame is made of stainless steel.

50% efficiency on average.

267

Milk Processing, Space Heating, Solar PV Hybrid

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Page 6 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

Manufacturer Type & size

manufactured

Details of reflectors being

used+

Details of absorber

being used+ CR Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in

field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications

Overall comments on

technology No. Sq. m.

Unisun Technologies Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore

PTC 41 sq.m, 54 sq.m, 68 sq.m, 82 sq.m

ALANOD & SCHOTT

Solkote HI/ SORB-II

100

Only Supporting frames and tracking housing systems are manufactured inhouse and restis imported.

Limited experience

Limited experience 1 41 Industrial

Process heat

Earlier manufactured only Scheffler dishes. Now manufactures PTCs also.

*** (1) Potential Applications

• Cooking • Air-conditioning, Hot water for bathing, laundry • Component Washing, De-greasing, Metal treatment bath heating, Paint drying • Boiler feed-water heating, other heating operations • Drying, low-temperature distillation and evaporation, extraction • Kraft pulping, effluent treatment, bleaching

(2) Manufacturing capacity

• Manufacturers in India: 7 • Manufacturing capacity: Presently not a limitation and the capacity can be increased with demand

(3) Simulated Output for different regions in India

Basis & Assumptions:

a) Normal solar incidence from satellite data by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA and is reduced by 10% to allow for low level scattering of light. b) Hourly ambient temperature from the Energy Plus web-site. c) Optical efficiency of 65% and a heat loss factor of 0.8 d) Red background indicates outputs in the upper 30%, green background indicates lower 30% and yellow cells between 30% and 70% of the range.

Location Thermal energy output *1000kcal/ m2 of aperture area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Madurai 50 50 55 59 55 69 59 59 64 59 37 27 806

Bangalore 73 69 69 64 73 41 23 27 46 37 50 64 794

Hyderabad 55 59 59 59 73 37 23 23 41 59 59 55 754

Bhopal 55 64 82 73 78 46 18 9 50 73 59 55 829

Jaipur 41 50 64 59 69 46 41 32 64 55 41 41 754

Leh 27 14 59 64 73 69 69 69 78 73 59 46 874

Ahmedabad 55 64 78 73 82 59 18 14 55 69 55 50 840

Ranchi 50 59 73 73 73 37 14 18 27 55 50 46 720

Pune 59 64 64 64 73 23 14 14 37 55 55 55 720

New Delhi 14 23 46 46 37 27 18 23 32 27 18 14 406

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Parabolic Trough Concentrator Page 7

(4) Limitations

• Lower concentration ratio (between 10 and 80) as compared to some other CSTs because they are able to concentrate sunlight in only one direction. • Requirement of large area for connecting a number of concentrators in series if high temperatures are desired. • End losses could be high depending upon the location, orientation and the mode of tracking. • When high temperatures are needed PTCs need a larger reflector, and therefore a larger footprint area than other competing CSTs such as Paraboloid Dishes.

3.1.2 World Scenario

indicates company interested in collaboration

Country Company manufacturing PTC Model Mirror details

Receiver details

Status (Commercialized/

On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in

the field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

Canada Rackam, Web: http://rackam.com/en/ Email: [email protected]

S10 CR: 36

Coated Aluminium Reflectivity – 98%

Evacuated tube receiver with dimensions 1” NPS1

Commercial Price: $350-900/m2 Efficiency: 55% @ 1000W/m2

Min.- 400 m2

No. of installations: 6 Cumulative installed area: 1750 m2

Dairy Food industry Process heat in Paper & Pulp plant

Willing to have collaboration with a company in India. S20

CR: 72 1!” NPS

Germany

SOLITEM GmbH Contact Person: Christian Gunkel (Project Engineer) Tel: +49 (0)241 980 906-0, direct -16 Fax: +49 (0)241 980 906-30 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.solitem.de

PTC1100 CR: 40

Coated Aluminium

Evacuated tube receiver

Commercial Thermal Power: 1 - 1.5 kW

No. of installations: >11 Max. Size: 432 m2

Cooling, Steam Processing, Heating in Hotels, Supermarkets,

Data Centers, Breweries, Food

Industry, Mining & Airports

SOLITEM Group already keeps contacts to India and interested in collaboration.

PTC 1800 CR:43

Thermal Power: 4.5 - 6 kW

PTC 3000 CR: 65

Thermal Power: 7.5 - 10 kW

PTC4000 CR: 80

Thermal Power: 9 - 12.5 kW

Solera GmbH Web: www.solera.de Contact Klemens Jakob (CEO) Email: [email protected] Tel: +49 (0)7428-9418-700

SMIRRO Demonstration 1 installation of 100 m2 mirror area

Steam for process

No response from company

1 Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size(NPS) for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. or Sch.) for wall thickness

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Page 8 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

Country Company manufacturing PTC Model Mirror details

Receiver details

Status (Commercialized/

On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in

the field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

Italy

Soltigua Tel:+39 0547 52600 Fax: +39 0547 52756 Email: [email protected] Web: www.soltigua.com

• PTMx-18 of 41m2 CR: 18

• PTMx-24 of 54m2 CR: 24

• PTMx-30 of 68m2 CR: 30

• PTMx-36 of 82m2 CR: 36

Highly reflective tempered glass

Selectively coated tube Commercial

Industrial process heating Cooling

No response from company

Italy

Trivelli Energia srl Tel: +39 0382 1855848 Email: [email protected] Web: www.trivellienergia.it

SolarWing Evo 2012

Aluminum PVD coating & surface protection, or silvered plastic film with reflectivity > 93% Durability of mirror > 15 years

33.4 mm dia stainless steel covered with glass tubes

Commercial

Few examples • 250kW

Swimming pool heating

• 150kW 90 C hot water for industrial process

• 120KW 2 hot water for showers and wellness spa

• Swimming pool heating and hot water for showers

• Hot water for industrial process

• Diathermic oil solar cooling

No response from company

Mexico

Inventive Power Email: [email protected] Tel: +52 (33) 13 71 31 25 Web: www.inventivepower.com.mx/

Power Trough 110 CR: 15.76

Reflectivity: 86% Life > 20 years

1” stainless steel with selective surface and selective paint coating with 87% absorptivity

Commercial Price: 225 USD/m2 Conversion efficiency: 60% @ 850 W/m2

No of installations: 20 Cumulative Installed capacity: >2000m2

Participated in the survey & willing to have collaboration with a company in India

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Parabolic Trough Concentrator Page 9

Country Company manufacturing PTC Model Mirror details

Receiver details

Status (Commercialized/

On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in

the field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

Sweden

Absolicon Tel: +46-611-55 70 00 Fax: +46-611-55 72 10 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.absolicon.com/

• T 10 • MT10 • X10 PVT

Aperture area of each unit is 10 m2

Commercial Over 20 installations

Heat & electricity to hotels Process heat in chemical industry District heating Heating & cooling for hospitals Pool heating

Absolicon has installed solar collectors on a hospital in Mohali, India, which is a combination of two Absolicon products, Absolicon X10 PVT, which generates electricity &heat and model for higher temperatures, T10, connected to a solar cooling unit. For Indian market, Absolicon is working with the solar energy company Bergen Solar Energy.

Abengoa Tel: + 34 95 493 70 00 Web: www.abengoasolar.com/

PT-1 PMT

• Silver film reflective material • M Solar Mirror Film 1100 • Rioglass mirrors manufactured in Surprise AZ factory • Polymeric reflector developed in collaboration with NREL and measured reflectance 96-97% – and NREL measured resistance to scrub washing equivalent to 30 years in the field

Schott receivers manufactured in Albuquerque NM factory

Commercial

13 No. of 50 MW parabolic trough plants in Spain 2No. of 280 MW plants in the U.S 2No. 100 MW plants 1 No, in Abu Dhabi 1 No. in South Africa.

• Air-conditioning buildings

• Heating domestic hot water

• Repowering conventional coal plants

• Cooking • Enhanced oil

recovery • Industrial

process heat

Key components, such as ASTRØ or E2 trough collectors, are also available for third party use. Also has presence in India. Ganga House, 110, LBS Marg, Mumbai - 400 083 Tel: + 91 22 6688 9600

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Page 10 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

Country Company manufacturing PTC Model Mirror details

Receiver details

Status (Commercialized/

On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in

the field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

Switzerland / Australia

NEP SOLAR AG Switzerland Tel: +41 44 404 8015 Fax: +41 43 411 9008 Web: http://www.nep-solar.com/ NEP SOLAR Pty Ltd Australia Tel: +61 2 9998 4700 Fax: +61 2 9999 2077

PolyTrough 1200 Reflector is manufactured using a proprietary manufacturing process. The patented process results in a lightweight, stiff and accurate surface. Polymer carrier based reflector technology

28 mm tubular non-evacuated, stainless steel surrounded by glass tube (Teflon seals)

Commercial

Module sizes 115 m2 288 m2

576 m2 1152 m2

1728 m2

• Switzerland 115m2 collector field heats thermal oil to 200°C, drives a tube and shell steam generator.

No response from company

PolyTrough 1800

• Switzerland 630m2, for process heat

• Cremo in Fribourg, Switzerland 580m2 collector field, for milk processing

USA

GlassPoint, USA Tel: +1 (415) 778-2800 Email: [email protected] Web: www.glasspoint.com

Enclosed Trough solar once-through steam generator (OTSG)

GlassPoint’s mirrors are of a lightweight aluminum honeycomb construction, with glazing

A proprietary receiver technology, using 60mm receiver with an air stable selective absorber system & glass convection shields

Commercial Cost: 5 USD per MMBTU of steam Thermal Output: 14 tons of steam per acre per day

No of installations: 2 Cumulative Installed capacity: 12.8 acres Glass House Dimension - 96m x 180m x 6m 12 x Parabolic

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

No response from company. Appropriate technology for sandy region.

SkyFuel, Inc, USA Tel: 1.303.330.0276 Email: [email protected] Web:

www.SkyFuel.com

SkyTrough CR - 75

Aluminium sheet with ReflecTech ®PLUS having 93% solar reflectance & developed to meet the 20+ year lifetime

Evacuated Absorber of 80-90mm with 125mm glass envelope

Commercial Thermal efficiency: 73.7% @ 350C

The single collector, which is 6 meters wide and 115 meters long

Thermal desalination Power

No response from company

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Parabolic Trough Concentrator Page 11

Country Company manufacturing PTC Model Mirror details

Receiver details

Status (Commercialized/

On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in

the field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

STG International Tel: +1 (617) 855-5805 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.stginternational.org

T13 CR - 30

Aluminium with reflective film of 91% reflectivity

galvanized steel tube with glazing

Commercial

No of installations: 5 Cumulative Installed capacity: 288 m2

Hot water for process

Interested in collaboration

Cogenra Solar, 46453 Landing Pkwy, Fremont, CA, 94538, United States Web: http://www.cogenra.com/ Tel: (650) 230-3400 Email: [email protected]

T14 Mirror reflectivity – 94%

PVT - Hi efficiency Si based cell

Demonstration Price:110 $/m2 not including tracker Conversion efficiency; 50% at Tm-Ta = 75 & DNI 900W/m2

No. of installations: 40 Project sizes 50kW-1.1MWe 14,000m2

Power generation

Interested in collaboration

Sopogy Honolulu, HI 96819 · Tel: (866) 767-6491 Web: http://sopogy.org/ CA 95110 · Tel: (866) 767-6491

Soponova CR - 65

Mirror Reflectivity 0.91

Receiver Absorptivity 0.92 Receiver Emittance (@ 400° C / 752° F) 0.23

Commercial

Few examples • 160 PTCs for

cooling • 480 PTCs for

process heat • 1,008 PTCs for

power

• Air conditioning • Power

Generation

No response from company

Spain Tecnologia Solar Concentradora SL

Fixed Mirror Solar Concentrator (FMSC) CCStar

Reflective layer of Aluminium 0.5mm with surface treatment of solar grade laquer and backcover of 0.7mm galvanized steel Filling material is Polyurethane foam of density 45 kg/m3

Evacuated tube receiver of glass/ copper with antireflective coating.

Demonstration

As of March 2011 (the CCStaR is being tested in real life conditions in a rural hotel in Mallorca In 2012 another prototype was installed in Mérida (Extremadura, Spain)

• Industrial processes: laundries, food and beverage industry, chemical plants, etc…

• Solar cooling and freezing with double stage absorption coolers

• Water treatment: desalination, waste water treatment.

No response from manufacturer. After more than five years of development, TSC is now looking for technological partners and ready to supply CCStaR collectors for demonstration and commercial plants.

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Page 12 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

3.1.3 Highlights of assessment of PTC

• PTC is a proven technology with number of installations abroad. There are presently few installations in India as it has recently been introduced. • PTC is a proven CST technology mainly for power generation but in India, PTC has found a position for industrial thermal application for medium

temperature applications • Presently the PTCs manufactured in India have non-evacuated receiver. • The key components of the system, the reflective film or reflective metal surfaces are not made in India. Indigenous development of reflectors may be

a long term goal. The collaboration with the international companies may reduce the learning curve and help in diffusion of this technology in industrial sector for high-temperature applications.

• Installation of PTC on uneven area for industrial application is a challenge in comparison to PTC for power generation in a prepared area. This should be considered during the project proposal submission & evaluation.

• The intercept losses can be reduced through lengthening of the receiver tube. This results in higher losses as the entire length of the receiver is not covered with the concentrated sunlight and convection and radiation losses continue even from this portion of the receiver. There is thus a trade-off and an optimum that has to be established between these two factors.

• There is a need for developing several manufacturers of highly absorbent receiver coatings that can with stand high temperatures. The coatings should have solar spectrum absorption coefficient of the order of 98% and emittance of the order of 2% at 300°C, as well as air stable coating for non evacuated receiver tubes.

3.1.4 Suggestions

• R&D assistance should be given to manufacturers to do creative disruptive design changes in receiver tubes for better output. • Establishment of channel for import of reflectors like 3M, Alanod & Alamec, reflective film like ReflecTech® and receiver like Schott PTR70. • Collaboration with interested international companies manufacturing PTC should be facilitated by MNRE. The interested companies are highlighted in

the table above. • Sponsor a project of optimum receiver tube with the reflector could be sponsored to establish the optimum. • Research institutes like IITs, NAL may have MNRE funded programmes/ projects for the indigenous development of reflectors/ reflective films,

receiver coatings and thermal storage. • Policies to ensure periodic testing and certification of performance of systems using the testing facilities developed under the UNDP-GEF project on

CSH. • Development of support mechanism or training of operators for after sales support, operation and repair at site • Manuals for installation, operation and trouble shooting for all the systems supplied by the manufacturers. These manuals should be approved by an

expert committee for concentrating solar systems for thermal applications.

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Summary of Assessment of CSTs for industrial applications within India & aboard

Paraboloid Dish Page 13

3.2 Paraboloid Dish

Paraboloid dish collectors, also referred to as “paraboloidal” concentrators, are three-dimensional imaging collectors based on the parabolic geometry and having a single point focus. The receiver (which may collect heat energy or convert heat to electricity) is mounted at this focal point.

Swiss scientist Horace de Saussure was credited with building the world’s first solar collector, later used by Sir John Herschel to cook food during his South Africa expedition in the 1830s.

There are parabolodal dishes with two configurations namely (i) mirrors arranged in a single paraboloidal geometry and (i) mirrors in Fresnel arrangement. Fresnel Reflector Based Dish has reflectors that consist of mirror panels arranged in different parabolas such that the focus of all the parabolas is a single point where a cavity receiver is placed. Fresnel Dish has a mechanism to track the Sun as it moves through the sky.

3.2.1 Indian Scenario of Paraboloid Dish

Manufacturer Type & size

manufactured

Details of reflectors being

used

Details of absorber

being used CR

Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications

Overall comments on

technology No. Sq. m.

Clique Developments Ltd., (CliqueSolar)

Double axis tracked Fresnel based dishes ARUN® 160 – 160 m2

Imported mirrors, details not shared

Cavity receiver

~860

Clique has a manufacturing facility with the requisite tools and equipment necessary and is supported by a design team engaged in product development and component improvement.

The mirrors have warrantee of 5 years. If cleaned properly, degradation is miniscule.

Does not change by region as it is 2 axes tracking. System efficiency ranges 45-60%.

17 2873

• Process heating

• Community cooking

• Solar based cooling system

ARUN® 100 – 100 m2 ~550 45-60%. 4 416

• Process heating

• Community cooking

ARUN® 30 – 30 m2 ~270 40-55% 5 170 • Communit

y cooking

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Page 14 Paraboloid Dish

Manufacturer Type & size

manufactured

Details of reflectors being

used

Details of absorber

being used CR

Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications

Overall comments on

technology No. Sq. m.

Megawatt Solutions Private Limited, Chennai

Two Models M95 (95m2 area) and M55 (55m2 area)

Solar grade Mirrors (Imported), UV resistant low iron glass-based mirrors with edge sealing and back protection for long life

Cavity receiver with SS construction

670-750

Combination of in-house manufacturing & on-site rapid integration methods

Mirrors have warrantee of 5 years. All steel structure is 100% hot dip galvanized. Cavity receiver is SS jacketed. All tracking gearbox have life-filled grease so no oiling etc. required. No painting, no rusting, etc. ensures 25 year life of system

Does not change by region as it is 2 axes tracking.

10 2540

• Process heating,

• Community cooking

M/s. Forbes Solar Pvt. Ltd

Parabolic dish + two axes tracking based system Size – 31 Sq m

Specially protected glass reflectors. 3 – D curved mirrors Low iron float glass based mirrors Reflectivity >94% Slope error < 3 mrad Flabeg, Germany

SS material with special selective absorber coatings

1000

Fixtures are used for the welding components

Dish is assembled on jig within an accuracy of 150 micron

No site adjustment required

The mirrors have warrantee of 5 years. If cleaned properly, degradation is miniscule.

Conversion efficiency more than claimed Yield lower on account of lower DNI

5 310 Process heat

A.T.E Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.

Solar paraboloid concentrator with moving point focus

Solar grade mirrors from ASAHI Standard mirrors from Saint Gobain Mirrors treated using proprietary techniques to improve life

Proprietary design pool boiling receiver. Coated with low emissivity (e = 0.05) paint.

200

Designed and engineered in-house; manufacturing out-sourced

Not yet quantified 4 100 Cooking and

Laundry

(1) Potential Applications

• Cooking • Air-conditioning, Hot water for bathing, laundry • Component Washing, De-greasing, Metal treatment bath heating, Paint drying • Boiler feed-water heating, other heating operations • Drying, low-temperature distillation and evaporation, extraction • Kraft pulping, effluent treatment, bleaching

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Paraboloid Dish Page 15

(2) Manufacturing capacity

• Manufacturers in India: 4 • Manufacturing capacity: Presently not a limitation and the capacity can be increased with demand

(3) Simulated Output for different regions in India

Location Thermal energy output *1000kcal/ m2 of aperture area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Madurai 101 101 94 94 75 94 88 82 88 94 57 50 1018

Bangalore 126 113 107 88 107 57 25 38 63 50 88 113 974

Hyderabad 101 94 94 88 113 50 25 31 57 94 107 107 962

Bhopal 107 107 126 113 119 63 19 13 75 119 107 101 1069

Jaipur 82 94 107 88 101 63 50 44 94 101 82 88 993

Leh 63 63 25 94 94 101 101 101 101 119 132 119 1113

Ahmedabad 107 113 126 107 126 88 25 19 82 113 101 101 1106

Ranchi 94 94 107 113 113 107 50 19 19 38 94 101 949

Pune 107 107 101 94 113 31 13 13 44 88 94 101 905

New Delhi 19 38 69 63 44 31 19 25 44 38 31 25 446

Basis & Assumptions:

e) Normal solar incidence from satellite data by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA and is reduced by 10% to allow for low level scattering of light. f) Hourly ambient temperature from the Energy Plus web-site. g) Optical efficiency of 65% and a heat loss factor of 1.0 h) Red background indicates outputs in the upper 30%, green background indicates lower 30% and yellow cells between 30% and 70% of the range.

(4) Limitations

• Point-loading on structures requires structural changes/modifications for the installation of paraboloidal dishes in existing roof. • It’s moving receiver, which can be high pressure, high temperature system requires good design and manufacturing practices. • Depth of paraboloidal dish is more than that of a FD for the same aperture area, and its continuous paraboloid shape results in high dynamic loads caused by

wind. Its structural requirements are also very important.

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Page 16 Paraboloid Dish

3.2.2 World Scenario of Paraboloid Dish

indicates company interested in collaboration

Country Company* manufacturing

Paraboloid Dish Model

Mirror details+

Receiver details+ Status

(Commercialized/ On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in the field

Applications Possibility of collaboration

Isarel

HelioFocus Israel Tel. +972 73 2412400 Fax. +972 8 6362080 Web: www.heliofocus.com

Heliofocus Solar Dish CR: 2000

Mirror reflectivity: 94%

50 cm ID aperture volumetric cavity receiver with quartz window

Commercial Price: 500 US$/m2 Annual efficiency of 22% to 28%

No. of installations: 4

• Combined Cycle Booster

• Stand-alone power generation (grid connected)

• Coal power plant enhancement

• Boosting demonstration

Participated in the survey & are willing to have collaboration with a company in India

Canada

Solartron Tel: + 1-902-661-2007 Fax: + 1-902-661-3709 Email: [email protected] Web: www.solartronenergy.com

SolarBeam 7M CR: 1000

Special “glass-infused” anodized aluminium Gross Area of Collector 38.5 m2

Absorber Size: 25.4cm x 25.4cm (10” x 10”) Gross Area of Absorber: 645 cm2 (99 in2) Volume of Fluid in Absorber: 550 ml

Commercial Conversion efficiency: 87%

• 48 No.

• Steam & ORC Electricity Production

• Solar Water Desalination

• Solar Enhanced Oil Recovery

• Industrial Process Heating

No response from company

Sweden

Cleanergy AB (HQ) Tel: +46 (0)532 100 20 Email: [email protected] Web: http://cleanergy.com/ Andrew Machirant Tel: +46 70 64 34 600 Email: [email protected] Björn Odenbro (Greater China) Tel: +86 134 88732320 Email: [email protected]

Cleanergy’s Stirling CSP System

Mirror reflectivity: 95%

Plane receiver comprised of gas filled metal tubes OR Alfa type Stirling engine

Commercial Price: 699 $/m2

(turn-key price including engine/dish units, BoS, labour etc, $/m2, for a 50 MW installation) Peak efficiency: 27.3 %

No. of installations: 20 Cumulative installed area: 1320 m2

• Power No response from company

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Paraboloid Dish Page 17

Country Company* manufacturing

Paraboloid Dish Model

Mirror details+

Receiver details+ Status

(Commercialized/ On demonstration)

No. & size of installations in the field

Applications Possibility of collaboration

Isarel

Qnergy Ltd., Tel: +972-4-6486476, +1 (801) 752 0100 Fax: +972-4-6532424 Web: http://www.qnergy.com USA Tel: +1 (801) 7520100

Parabolic dish with stirling engine CR: 388

Stirling Engine Demonstration Few projects on power • Power

Qnergy and Abengoa Solar entered into a joint development program of a dish Stirling system. Qnergy has acquired the Infinia dish when Infinia declared bankruptcy.

Australia

Solar Systems Pty Ltd A subsidiary of Silex Systems Ltd Tel: +61 3 9413 8000 Email: [email protected] Web: solarsystems.com.au

CS500-5 CR: 500

consists of 112 mirror panels

Demonstration

Bridgewater, Victoria, Australia Mildura, Victoria, Australia Tibrak, Saudi Arabia

• CPV Dish System

Not used for thermal applications. Need to explore for thermal applications & collaboration.

Australia

Sunrise CSP Tel: +61 2 6100 3630 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sunrisecsp.com/

Big Dish solar concentrator technology from Australian National University

~500m2 reflective surface area Laminated solar mirror panel

Cavity receiver Demonstration Yet to be demonstrated in market

3.2.3 Highlights

• Presently, there are very few companies in India & abroad. This CST is most efficient technology for applications that require a temperature above 120°C and have a relatively large energy need. High concentration ratio (up to 350) of paraboloid dish enables temperatures up to 400°C to be achieved using thermic fluids or high-pressure steam to be generated.

• The manufacturers would have to optimise the system amongst conflicting factors such as efficiency, weight, output, and cost while deciding the lower cut-off size.

3.2.4 Suggestions

• Development of manufacturers of highly absorbent receiver coatings that can withstand high temperatures and design of cavity receivers. • Indigenous development of reflectors may be a long term goal and the MNRE may consider means of going about it. • Some projects may be sponsored for development of thermal storage technologies in India.

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Page 18 Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator

3.3 Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator

Linear Fresnel Reflector systems are line focus concentrators which have long mirrors arranged in such a way that all the incident Sun rays are reflected to a single focal line. A receiver is placed in the focal line to absorb and convert the concentrated solar radiation into useful energy. A key component that makes LFRC more advantageous than traditional parabolic trough mirror systems is the use of "Fresnel reflectors", which allow a large aperture and short focal length in a small volume of material required for the reflector.

The first linear Fresnel reflector was developed in Italy in 1961 by Giovanni Francia of the University of Genoa. Francia demonstrated that such a system could create elevated temperatures capable of making a fluid do work. The technology was further investigated by companies such as the FMC Corporation during the 1973 oil crisis. In 1993, the first CLFR was developed at the University of Sydney in 1993 and patented in 1995. In 1999, the CLFR design was enhanced by the introduction of the advanced absorber.

3.3.1 Indian Scenario of LFRC

Manufacturer Type & size manufactured

Details of reflectors

being used

Details of absorber being used+

Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in field

Performance in different regions

Systems installed Applications Overall comments

on technology No. Sq. m.

KG Design Services Pvt. Ltd (KGDS), Coimbatore

Single axis tracked Linear Fresnel Reflector based systems

Solar grade low-iron glass mirrors - imported

Advanced molybdenum based black-chrome coated tubes, indigenous technology developed by National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) OR Solar selective multi-layered sputtered coated tubes – Imported. The cavity window is anti-reflective coated toughened low-iron glass - Imported

Spacious, well organised manufacturing facility with the requisite tools and equipment and a well-established quality assurance system

Operating in field since 2012 without any major maintenance

Yet to be established for different regions.

2 8424

Process steam generation and sea water desalination

KGDS has a well-developed team that has learned to handle all aspects of the manufacturing and installation of their system.

*** (1) Potential Applications

• Cooking • Air-conditioning, Hot water for bathing, laundry • Component Washing, De-greasing, Metal treatment bath heating, Paint drying • Boiler feed-water heating, other heating operations • Drying, low-temperature distillation and evaporation, extraction, desalination • Kraft pulping, effluent treatment, bleaching

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Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator Page 19

(2) Manufacturing capacity

• Manufacturers in India: Presently 1 but there are other manufacturers developing systems in-house

(3) Simulated Output for different regions in India

Location Thermal energy output *1000kcal/ m2 of aperture area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Madurai 63 63 69 75 63 82 75 69 75 75 44 31 786

Bangalore 88 88 82 75 88 50 25 31 50 44 63 75 761

Hyderabad 69 69 75 69 88 38 25 25 50 69 75 69 723

Bhopal 69 75 101 94 94 57 19 13 63 88 69 63 805

Jaipur 50 63 82 69 82 57 44 38 75 69 50 50 729

Leh 31 19 69 75 82 82 82 82 94 88 69 50 823

Ahmedabad 69 75 94 88 101 69 25 19 69 82 63 63 817

Ranchi 63 75 88 88 88 44 13 19 31 69 63 57 698

Pune 69 75 82 75 88 25 13 13 38 69 63 63 673

New Delhi 13 25 50 50 38 31 19 25 31 31 19 13 346

Basis & Assumptions:

i) Normal solar incidence from satellite data by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA and is reduced by 10% to allow for low level scattering of light. j) Hourly ambient temperature from the Energy Plus web-site. k) Optical efficiency of 60% and a heat loss factor of 0.5 l) Red background indicates outputs in the upper 30%, green background indicates lower 30% and yellow cells between 30% and 70% of the range.

(4) Limitations

• Require a large area for connecting a number of concentrators in series if high temperatures are desired. • Cosine losses could be high depending upon the location, orientation and the mode of tracking. • Synchronised tracking of individual reflectors is very important for good performance. • Still a developing technology and much has to be learnt about it.

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Page 20 Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator

3.3.2 World Scenario of LFRC

indicates company interested in collaboration

Country Company* manufacturing

LFRC Model

Mirror details

Receiver details

Status on Commercialized/

On demonstration

No. & size of installations in the

field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

Germany

Novatec Solar Web: www.novatecsolar.com/ Tel: +49 721 255173-0 Fax: +49 721 255173 99 Email: [email protected] Management Board: Dr. Max Mertins Martin Selig (CEO)

Nova-1

Almost flat glass mirrors

Non-vacuum absorber tubes

Commercialized

Puerto Errado 2 (PE2), the 30MW solar thermal power station

3(>40MW) 1-30MW

Solar heated hot water to saturated steam • Solar Enhanced

Oil Recovery (EOR)

• Low and medium process heat application,

Patented cleaning robots with very low water use

Novatec Solar and a group of partners from research and industry are cooperating to develop a guideline for determining the power yield of solar thermal power plants as part of the CSPBankability project, an initiative funded by the German Ministry of Economics and Energy (BMWi). The first edition of this guideline is yet to be published in English.

Supernova

Vacuum absorber tube

Demonstration

Solar heated superheated steam • Integrated Solar

Combined Cycle (ISCC)

• Augmentation • Storable power

generation • Combined Heat

and Power (CHP)

Nova-DMS

Heat transfer fluid: molten salt

Vaccum absorber tube

Solar heated molten salt suitable to generate superheated steam

Demonstration

Novatec Solar has started construction of a direct molten salt (DMS) demonstrator at its demonstration plant PE 1 in Spain

• Dispatchable base load power generation at minimized cost

• Combined Heat and Power

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Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator Page 21

Country Company* manufacturing

LFRC Model

Mirror details

Receiver details

Status on Commercialized/

On demonstration

No. & size of installations in the

field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

USA

Chromasun, Inc. Email:[email protected] Website:www.chromasun.com

Chromasun Pty Ltd Australia

MTC panel CR: 20

Aluminum flat plates whose positions are controlled through microprocessor-based motors.

Unit is covered by glass whose transmittivity is around 85%.

A stainless steel pipe that is selectively coated

Achieves a working temperature of up to 400°F (204°C).

Commercial Thermal Output: 2.2 kWt @ DNI of 1000W/m2 & 1.9kWt @ DNI of 850W/m2

Few examples:

Cooling system at Distribution Management Centre, Abu Dhabi, UAE Collectors: 27 MCTs (Area: 100 m2)

Cooling system at Solar Decathlon House Santa Clara, CA Collectors: 3 MCTs (Area: 13.4 m2)

Heating Hot Water and Domestic Hot Water for cafeteria/ restaurant complex Santa Clara University Benson Building 60 Chromasun MCT panels.

• Solar based cooling

• Hot water generation

• Boiler Feedwater pre-heat

• Heat Pump Applications (CHW & DHW/HHW)

Research Partner: Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSES) at the Australian National University

USA AREVA

Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR)

Low curvature reflector

Flat receiver with tubes, generating high-pressure, superheated steam

Commercial

Output: 0.5MWe/acre

Number of installations.

e.g.15 MW Kimberlina solar plant in Bakersfield, California, began operation in October 2008

Sundt Solar Boost Project

• Power generation through thermal route

AREVA is the first solar steam power boiler manufacturer to receive theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers’ "S" stamp certificate of authorization by meeting government safety regulation

In January 2003, AREVA started operations in India by signing a contract with Satyamaharshi Power Corp for a multi-fuel 7.5 MWe biomass plant in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

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Page 22 Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator

Country Company* manufacturing

LFRC Model

Mirror details

Receiver details

Status on Commercialized/

On demonstration

No. & size of installations in the

field Applications

Possibility of collaboration

Italy

Soltigua

[Soltigua is a brand of Laterizi Gambettola SRL]

FTM

FLT10v-24 FLT10v-36 FLT10v-48 FLT10v-60 FLT10v-72

Weather resistant highly reflective polished aluminium mirrors

Highly accurate automatic sun tracking with multimirror drive

Selectively coated stainless steel receiver tube

Demonstration

28 of its FLT10v linear Fresnel collectors for a total collecting surface of 11'435 m2

• rooftop solution for industrial process heat, solar cooling and polygeneration applications for temperatures up to 320 °C

Interested in collaboration. Submitted a case study for solar heat in textile industry in 2011. http://www.soltigua.cco/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Case-study-01-India.pdf

3.3.3 Highlights

• In India there is only one manufacturer of LFRCs – KG Design India Ltd., who has developed this technology indigenously. There are other companies like Thermax who are developing LFR systems.

• High fluid temperatures (up to 400°C) may be obtained. • Land required for LFRCs is less than that required for PTCs of equivalent output but higher than paraboloidal dish. The convective and radiative losses

from receiver are relatively low but cosine losses could be high depending upon the location, orientation and the mode of tracking. Synchronised tracking of individual reflectors is very important for good performance.

• The intercept losses can be reduced through lengthening of the receiver tube. This results in higher losses as the entire length of the receiver is not covered with the concentrated sunlight and convection and radiation losses continue even from this portion of the receiver. There is thus a trade-off and an optimum that has to be established between these two factors.

3.3.4 Suggestions

• Development of several manufacturers of highly absorbent receiver coatings that can with stand high temperatures. • Some projects may be sponsored for development of thermal storage technologies in India. • Projects for promotion of LFRC for different applications.

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Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish) Page 23

3.4 Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish)

In a fixed focus elliptical dish concentrator, often called a Scheffler concentrator after its inventor Wolfgang Scheffler, the receiver is placed at a fixed point where the Sun’s rays are concentrated. The reflector is moved to ensure that even though the Sun moves, its rays are always focussed on the receiver. This concentrator, which was originally developed for cooking directly on the concentrated radiation at the fixed focus, now has a number of applications.

Scheffler concentrators contribute to about 90% of the total installed area of solar concentrator technologies in India. There are about 10 manufacturers of Scheffler dishes in the country. All manufacturers are small scale units with the exception of Thermax Ltd., which is a large scale company. There is a strong need for up-grading the capabilities of most of the manufacturers of Fixed focus Elliptical Dishes. Total manufacturing capacity: of Fixed Focus Elliptical Dishes in India is more than 40,000 m2/ year.

Wolfgang Scheffler is the inventor/promoter of Scheffler Reflectors, large, flexible parabolic reflecting dishes that concentrate sunlight for solar cooking in community kitchens, bakeries, and in the world's first solar-powered crematorium. In 1982 Wolfgang Scheffler started developing a parabolic fixed focus reflector. The first well functioning Scheffler-Reflector (size: 1.1m x 1.5m) was built by Wolfgang Scheffler in 1986 at a mission-station in North-Kenya

3.4.1 Indian Scenario

Manufacturer Type & size manufactured

Details of reflectors being used

Details of absorber

being used CR Manufacturing

skills

Quality/ durability

in field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications Overall comments

on technology No. Sq. m.

Thermax Ltd, Pune

Scheffler dish 16 sqm

Saint gobain cut to size Flat plate with pyromark

127 available

Component test done by accelerated testing as per standards

Tests done during commissioning and data submitted in subsidy documents

19 4288 • Cooking,

cooling process heat

Large installations for industrial applications

Bhagawati International Limited, Noida

Scheffler dish 8 m2 16 m2

Anodized Aluminium with Silver Oxide deposits achieves reflectivity of 90%. Thickness 0.3 to 0.8 mm or Float glass mirror 2.5 to 3 mm with back side lacquer protection for long life

Steel alloy receiver with anti plasma film The boiler grade steel plates and tubes are used

All necessary jigs are used

Limited installations in field

Limited installations in field

2 104

• Solar Cooking

• Direct heating

Only 2 installations

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Page 24 Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish)

Manufacturer Type & size manufactured

Details of reflectors being used

Details of absorber

being used CR Manufacturing

skills

Quality/ durability

in field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications Overall comments

on technology No. Sq. m.

Taylormade Solar Solutions Pvt Ltd, Ahmedabad

16 Sq. m Dish Glass Infused Al. Mirrors Outstanding reflectance (Solar reflectance 90% minimum as per ASTM E1331-96 and E 903-96) Reflectance and Corrosion-Resistance warranties up to 30 years It functions like glass, but without the weight and without the brittleness

8 M.M. thick M.S. Plate with blackboard painting Plate type receiver Conveyer Belt

~100

All requisite jigs & fixtures are available

25 3204

• Steam Cooking

• Water Heating • Solar Sludge

Drying • Solar Plastic

Melting

Details of any procurement not disclosed, as business strategy

32 m2

Direct receiver Plate 8 M.M. thick M.S. Plate with blackboard painting

~150 6 928

• Evaporation Waste Water

• Solar Thermic Fluid based Cooking System

• Solar Indirect Heating of Water, cooking, Laundry and steam generation

AKSONS Solar Equipments Pvt Ltd, Pune

Scheffler dish 16 m2

Developed special coatings for protecting the mirrors

Dish type receiver with blackboard paint

ISO 9001 certification for the manufacture. Has a jig to check the accuracy of fabrication and assembly of the shaped paraboloid to a claimed accuracy of 0.5 mm AKSONS has all with the necessary jigs and fixtures to shape the parabola, and the vertical and transverse ribs to support the reflectors

Not enough field experience. Started manufacturing of Scheffler in 2011

Not enough field experience

3 112

• Direct cooking as well as indirect heating applications

AKSONS has a formal collaboration with Simply Solar, the organisation promoted by Mr Wolfgang Scheffler to disseminate information about the concentrator. Similarly, AKSONS has an arrangement with the University of Pune and other consultants in this field for technical support.

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Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish) Page 25

Manufacturer Type & size manufactured

Details of reflectors being used

Details of absorber

being used CR Manufacturing

skills

Quality/ durability

in field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications Overall comments

on technology No. Sq. m.

Sharada Inventions Pvt Ltd, Nashik

Scheffler dish 16 m2

Float glass mirror 2.5 to 3 mm

Dish type receiver with blackboard coating

Fabricating on-site as necessary with no formal quality assurance systems.

Deterioration in mirrors, receiver coating & damage in tracking system observed during field visit

Limited experience 1 • Steam

generation

SHARADA has no design and engineering capacity. It is operating on designs inherited by it from a former promoter-owner of the organisation.

Unisun Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore

Scheffler 16 m2

ALANOD Aluminium Reflectors with 10 year Warranty & ARS Solar Grade Mirror Glass

Solkote HI/SORB-II & Ordinary Black Board Paint for low end steam applications Receiver is purchased from a vendor who manufactures it in a shop that is certified under the IBR

100

Hydraulic bending machine with higly trained and skilled labour force and have laser cut Jigs and Fixtures for higher accuracy with all instrumentation available for measuring defects in fabrication to th tune of +/- 1mm

Systems visited in the field functioning well

Most of the installations around Bangalore

12096

• Cooking, • Mushroom

Cultivation, • Industrial

Process Heating

• Drying

Unisun Technologies Pvt Ltd, Bangalore (UNISUN) is promoted by the Duroflex Group well-known for the mattresses it manufactures.

10 m2 3000

Airier Natura Pvt Ltd, Bangalore

Scheffler 16 m2

Float glass mirror 2.5 to 3 mm

Ordinary Black Board Paint

Airier has a spacious manufacturing facility in the outskirts of Bangalore All materials for pressure parts are made from IBR certified materials.

One of the systems covered under the monitoring project not under operation

Limited information 4 416 • Cooking

One of the customers complained about no support available from manufacturer

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Page 26 Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish)

Manufacturer Type & size manufactured

Details of reflectors being used

Details of absorber

being used CR Manufacturing

skills

Quality/ durability

in field

Performance in different

regions

Systems installed Applications Overall comments

on technology No. Sq. m.

K-Energy Pvt Ltd, Jodhpur Scheffler 16 m2 Float glass mirror 2.5 to

3 mm

Ordinary Black Board Paint

K-ENERGY seems to have placed a great emphasis on laying very deep, monolithic and strong foundations for the array of their FFEDs to ensure structural strength and to be able to withstand wind loads. K-Energy claims to be able to make 50 dishes per month

No information available

No information available

• Cooking

K-ENERGY claims to have an association with an engineering institution for conducting tests and development. This facility is also used for demonstrating performance of its systems to potential customers.

Essential Equipments, Dhule

Scheffler 10 m2 & 16 m2

Float glass mirror 2.5 to 3 mm

Ordinary Black Board Paint

Has the necessary jigs and fixtures for determining the accuracy of th components fabricated. The shop can manufacture the dishes to an accuracy of 1 mm.

No information available

No information available

25 648 • Cooking

The company has engaged on a long term basis a consultant who is a well known technologist in the solar energy field

*** (1) Potential Applications

• Cooking • Air-conditioning, Hot water for bathing, laundry • Component Washing, De-greasing, Metal treatment bath heating, Paint drying • Boiler feed-water heating, other heating operations • Drying, low-temperature distillation and evaporation, extraction

(2) Manufacturing capacity

• Manufacturers in India: 9 • Manufacturing capacity: 40,000 m2/ year

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Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler Dish) Page 27

(3) Simulated Output for different regions in India

Location Thermal energy output *1000kcal/ m2 of aperture area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Madurai 63 63 57 51 34 40 34 34 40 51 34 29 531

Bangalore 80 69 57 46 46 23 11 17 29 29 57 74 537

Hyderabad 63 57 51 40 46 17 11 11 29 57 69 69 520

Bhopal 69 63 69 57 51 23 6 6 40 69 69 69 589

Jaipur 51 57 57 40 46 23 23 17 51 57 51 51 526

Leh 40 40 11 46 46 40 40 40 46 63 74 74 560

Ahmedabad 69 69 69 51 57 34 6 6 40 63 63 63 589

Ranchi 63 63 63 63 57 46 23 6 6 17 51 63 520

Pune 69 63 57 46 46 11 6 17 51 63 63 491

New Delhi 11 23 34 29 17 11 6 6 17 17 17 11 200

Basis & Assumptions:

m) Normal solar incidence from satellite data by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA and is reduced by 10% to allow for low level scattering of light. n) Hourly ambient temperature from the Energy Plus web-site. o) Optical efficiency of 75% and a heat loss factor of 1.5 p) Red background indicates outputs in the upper 30%, green background indicates lower 30% and yellow cells between 30% and 70% of the range.

(4) Limitations

• Low concentration ratio (up to 150) thus unable to effectively deliver heat when the insolation (solar radiation) is low i.e. in the early morning and in the evening. This often compels the user to use these systems in the afternoon only.

• Relatively large receivers lose a large amount of heat at night • Present systems not suitable for applications that require temperatures above 150°C • Efficiency drops very sharply when the receiver temperature exceeds 120°C. • Accuracy of focussing with depends upon the skill and diligence of the operator • Larger floor/ ground area for installation as the dish as well as the receiver must be separately mounted on the ground. • Changing the aperture area leads to variation in output per day even though the insolation may not be different in different seasons. • Great care is needed in installing these systems correctly. It is absolutely necessary to ensure the geographical orientation of the installation, and the angle of

inclination of the axis and its co-linearity with the receiver. • CST is suitable for low-temperature applications which can be conducted during the late morning/ early afternoon, such as cooking

3.4.2 World Scenario

The development of the Scheffler dish was carried out by a German scientist. However, there are only a few researchers who had few projects but no company is engaged in manufacture of Scheffler dishes for commercial market.

3.4.3 Highlights

• Fixed Focus Elliptical Dish (Scheffler dish) is the best fit technology for applications with temperatures lower than 150°C, with minimum moving parts.

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• Indigenous development of reflectors or end protection techniques. • There is a need for developing several manufacturers of highly absorbent receiver coatings that can with stand high temperatures. • As a consequence of their applicability, these could be promoted for small cooking applications e.g. the mid-day meal scheme. If the sale of these

CSTs could be promoted in schools where there is Government support for the mid-day meal scheme, particularly in rural areas where cooking is on firewood, the use of Fixed Focus Elliptical Dishes would have additional environmental benefits.

• Some good amount of research & development on thus technology is being carried out by WRST(World Renewable Spiritual Trust), Mount Abu in Scheffler technology, namely 60 m2 reflector with 100% automatism, Solar grade curved mirrors, Receiver cum thermal storage with Quartz glass, Optimum surface protection etc..

3.4.4 Suggestions

• As a consequence of their applicability, the Scheffler dishes could be promoted for small cooking applications e.g. the mid-day meal scheme. If the sale of these CSTs could be promoted in schools where there is Government support for the mid-day meal scheme, particularly in rural areas where cooking is on firewood, the use of CST would have additional environmental benefits.

• A support network especially for post-implementation services is very essential. Perhaps a cadre of technicians could be trained to maintain CSTs. These technicians could be supported to establish businesses as self-employed agents to provide maintenance services to all manufacturers who have systems within their reach.

• MNRE may consider establishing an expert group who could advise CST manufacturers on the technical issues faced by them. • There should be a mechanism for dissipation of information/ learning to the CST manufacturers for the development & diffusion of efficient

Scheffler dishes in market. • Promotion of Scheffler dishes for community cooking as well as commercial kitchens with mandates or subsidies.

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Non-Imaging Concentrator Page 29

3.5 Non-Imaging Concentrator

Non-Imaging Concentrator (NIC) also named Concentration Parabolic Collector (CPC) module is fitted with a row of evacuated tubes with each tube having two parabolic mirror segments to concentrate the incident radiation.

NIC modules are stationary collectors which have higher efficiency compared to stationary flat plate collectors. NIC is designed to capture both the beam and diffuse radiation over an acceptance angle. In operation, the NIC is usually deployed with its linear receiver aligned along the inclined plane tilted toward the south so that the incident solar irradiance enters within the acceptance angle of the NIC. For a given concentration, non-imaging optics provides the widest possible acceptance angles.

NIC systems are used in India for industrial applications

3.5.1 Indian Scenario

Manufacturer Type & size manufactured

Details of reflectors being used+

Details of absorber being used+

CR Manufacturing skills

Quality/ durability in field

Performance in different regions

Systems installed

Applications

Overall comments on technology

No. Sq. m.

Thermax Ltd, Pune

CPC

Alanod aluminium mirror

EVT 2.7 available Component test done by accelerated testing as per standards

Tests done during commissioning and data submitted in subsidy documents

6 2295 Cooking, cooling process heat

Large installations for industrial applications Process heat , cooling

***

(1) Potential Applications

• Cooking (other than chapattis and for frying) • Hot water for bathing, laundry • Component Washing, De-greasing, Metal treatment bath heating • Boiler feed-water heating, other heating operations where the process temperature is less than 120°C • Drying, low-temperature distillation and evaporation, extraction • Mercerization, drying and finishing

(2) Manufacturing capacity

• Manufacturers in India: Presently 1 manufacturer with commercial installations but other manufacturers are also developing NIC systems

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(3) Simulated Output for different regions in India

Location Thermal energy output *1000kcal/ m2 of aperture area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Madurai 38 38 38 31 19 19 19 25 31 25 25 38 346

Bangalore 38 38 44 31 25 19 13 19 25 19 25 31 327

Hyderabad 31 38 38 38 31 19 13 13 25 25 31 31 333

Bhopal 25 31 38 38 38 19 6 6 19 38 31 25 314

Jaipur 25 31 38 38 31 25 19 19 31 38 31 25 352

Leh 6 6 19 25 25 25 31 31 31 38 31 19 289

Ahmedabad 31 38 44 38 38 19 13 6 25 38 38 31 358

Ranchi 31 31 38 38 31 19 13 13 13 25 31 31 314

Pune 38 38 44 38 31 6 6 6 19 31 31 38 327

New Delhi 6 19 31 31 25 19 13 13 19 25 13 13 226

Basis & Assumptions:

q) Normal solar incidence from satellite data by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA and is reduced by 10% to allow for low level scattering of light. r) Hourly ambient temperature from the Energy Plus web-site. s) Optical efficiency of 60% and a heat loss factor of 2.5 t) Red background indicates outputs in the upper 30%, green background indicates lower 30% and yellow cells between 30% and 70% of the range.

(4) Limitations

• NICs have a low concentration ratio, and therefore the temperature attained is low. • The main disadvantage of non-imaging optics when compared to imaging concentrators is that, for high concentrations, they typically have one more optical

surface, thereby slightly decreasing efficiency.

3.5.2 World Scenario

There are many manufacturers of CPC but this CST is mainly used for heating water and preferred over the flat plate collectors.

3.5.3 Highlights

• Bergen Solar Power & Energy Ltd, Gurgaon is another company involved in the manufacture of CPC systems but presently have no commercial installation.

3.5.4 Suggestions

• Promotion of the technology for water heating or thermic fluid based heating is recommended. • Development of the reflectors will help in avoiding the present import of the aluminium mirrors. • Indian glass manufacturers should be encouraged to develop vacuum tubes for CPC.

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Summary Page 31

4 Summary

India is the fastest growing solar thermal market worldwide. Parabolic Trough Concentrators are the most popular & developed technology in the field of CST for thermal as well as power generation. Development in the field of reflectors, coatings and the CST systems are being carried out in technical institutes of Spain, Germany and USA. No single, universal set of standards or testing procedures has yet been created in the field of solar energy or concentrating solar power. But there are many standards developed for power plants and reflectors which can be used for testing of the CST systems.

4.1.1 Suggestions

• National level research programmes for development of solar reflectors / reflective films and absorber/ receiver coatings and training on tools

& techniques for application of the coatings • Awareness about capabilities of each CST technology for different applications should be available for probable end users. • Component life testing facilities should be developed for testing of components, especially reflectors, reflective films & coatings, in Indian conditions. • Establishment of training facilities for engineers in design, engineering, manufacturing and quality assurance. • Establishment of an expert group who could advise CST manufacturers on the technical issues faced by them. • A programme for Ground Level Solar Radiation Data similar to the Wind Mapping programme to provide ground level solar data. • To promote more efficient systems which actually capture solar radiation an output-based subsidy may be considered • Implementation of streamlined process for project approvals, subsidy approvals and disbursement for ease of obtaining subsidy. • A simple alternative to the present cumbersome IBR procedures for CST equipment may help the growth of this business for which a consensus is

required between the CST manufacturers, the MNRE, the IBR authorities, and other agencies that may be involved (e.g. the BIS). • Develop a support network especially for post-implementation services, common to all manufacturers and would be particularly helpful to users

such as schools who usually do not have any technical support or in-house skills and in remote areas. • On-line Technical and Commercial Information: Additional technical and techno-commercial information on MNRE’s web-site such as data on

actual performance of various systems at different locations. • Guidelines on Integration of CST with Applications: Issuing guide lines prepared by expert groups to educate the users of CSTs on selection of

CSTs suitable for their particular application and how to integrate the CST with the solution. • Promotion of indigenously manufactured components and consortium for transfer of technology related to new developments by different

manufacturers. • Policies to ensure periodic testing and certification of performance of systems. • Policies such as mandates or sectoral subsidies for early adopters to promote use of solar energy to substitute fossil fuel in industries.

From international market assessment

A multi-tiered strategy is proposed to identify and absorb CST technologies within an Indian context by coordinating key players and activities to foster the transfer of exogenous technology and further its indigenous development and deployment.

• To transfer technology from abroad to Indian corporate and research entities

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Page 32 Summary

• To build local capacity for system integration engineering, procurement, construction, operations and maintenance of CST installations • To establish Indian leadership in CST technology and input into international forums for promoting and facilitating standards and knowledge transfer

supporting CST deployment • Principal investigators at Indian research institutes (and their students) would benefit professionally from participation in the major conferences

organized around CST technology and science (e.g., the SolarPACES Annual Meeting or the International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling), and this engagement would lead to a strengthening of ties between Indian and global innovation centres of excellence, contributing to a dynamic indigenous capacity for CST development. To support these connections, we recommend targeted funding opportunities aimed at Indian CST companies and Indian researchers to promote the participation of key personnel in these activities.

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International Companies Page 33

Annexure 1: Details of International Companies

Parabolic Trough Concentrator ***

Country Company manufacturing

PTC Pictures

Canada

Rackam, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Web: http://rackam.com/en/ Email: [email protected]

Germany

SOLITEM GmbH Süsterfeldstraße 83 52072 Aachen Germany Contact Person: Christian Gunkel Project Engineer Phone +49 (0)241 980 906-0, direct -16 fax +49 (0)241 980 906-30 Email [email protected] <mailto:[email protected], [email protected] Website: www.solitem.de

List of references: Iberotel, Dalaman, Türkiye: Soğutma, Isıtma & Buhar Üretimi METRO Cash & Carry, Antalya, Türkiye: Soğutma & Isıtma PepsiCo FritoLay, Tarsus, Türkiye: İndirek Buhar Üretimi Gebze Teknoloji Enstitüsü: Soğutma & Sıcak Su Alanod, Ennepetal, Almanya: Direk Buhar Üretimi O.D.T.Ü. Kıbrıs: Tri-Jenerasyon (Güç Üretimi, Soğutma &

Isıtma) Deadsea Spa Hotel, Oman, Jordan: Soğutma & Isıtma Mouly Youssef Hastanesi, Kazablanka, Fas: Soğutma &

Isıtma Misericordia Hastanesi, Floransa, Italya: Direk Buhar Üretimi

& Soğutma Nestle, Leon, Meksika: Soğutma & Isıtma Pirelli, Leon, Meksika: Direk Buhar Üretimi

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Country Company manufacturing

PTC Pictures

Solera GmbH Website www.solera.de Contact Klemens Jakob CEO mail: [email protected] +49 (0)7428-9418-700

Italy

Soltigua Via Roma, 54 - 47035 Gambettola (FC) Tel. +39 0547 52600 - Fax +39 0547 52756 Email [email protected] www.soltigua.com

Trivelli Energia srl Via 1° Maggio 23 27042 Bressana Pv Italy Phone: +39 0382 1855848 Email: [email protected]

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International Companies Page 35

Country Company manufacturing

PTC Pictures

Mexico

Inventive Power Calle Melchor Ocampo #1900 Col. Colli Urbano Zapopan, Jalisco, México C.P. 45070 [email protected] +52 (33) 13 71 31 25

Sweden

Absolicon Absolicon Solar Concentrator AB Matrosgatan 5 SE-871 33 Härnösand, Sweden Web: http://www.absolicon.com/ Ph: +46-611-55 70 00 Fax: +46-611-55 72 10 Email: [email protected]

Abengoa C/ de la Energía Solar Palmas Altas 41014 - Sevilla + 34 95 493 70 00 Web: http://www.abengoasolar.com/

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Country Company manufacturing

PTC Pictures

Switzerland / Australia

NEP SOLAR AG Albisriederstrasse 184b 8047 Zürich Switzerland Phone: +41 44 404 8015 Fax: +41 43 411 9008 http://www.nep-solar.com/ NEP SOLAR Pty Ltd Unit 20, 14 Jubilee Ave Warriewood, NSW 2102 Australia Ph: +61 2 9998 4700 Fax: +61 2 9999 2077

USA

GlassPoint, USA: 46485 Landing Parkway Fremont, CA 94538 www.glasspoint.com +1 (415) 778-2800 [email protected]

SkyFuel, Inc, 18300 West Highway 72, Arvada, CO 80007, USA www.SkyFuel.com Tel: 1.303.330.0276 Email: [email protected]

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Country Company manufacturing

PTC Pictures

STG International PO Box 426152 Cambridge, MA 02142 USA Web: http://www.stginternational.org Ph: +1 (617) 855-5805 Email: [email protected]

Sopogy Hawaii Solar Solutions Center: 2660 Waiwai Loop · Honolulu, HI 96819 · ph: (866) 767-6491 · fax: (808) 356-0565 West Coast Solutions Center: 1735 Technology Drive, Suite 400 · San Jose, CA 95110 · ph: (866) 767-6491 · fax: (408) 351-8883

USA

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Paraboloid Dish

Country Company*

manufacturing Paraboloid Dish

Pictures

Isarel

HelioFocus Israel 7 Golda Meir Street, Ness Ziona, Israel Tel. +972 73 2412400 Fax. +972 8 6362080

Canada

Solartron 26 Industrial Park Drive Amherst, Nova Scotia B4H 3R7 Canada Web: http://www.solartronenergy.com/ Tel: + 1-902-661-2007 Fax: + 1-902-661-3709 Email: [email protected]

Sweden

Cleanergy AB (HQ) Theres Svenssons gata 15,SE 417 55, Göteborg, Sweden Web: http://cleanergy.com/ Email: [email protected] Tel: +46 (0)532 100 20 Andrew Machirant +46 70 64 34 600, [email protected] Björn Odenbro (Greater China) +86 134 8873 2320, [email protected]

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Country Company*

manufacturing Paraboloid Dish

Pictures

Isarel

Qenergy Ltd., En-Harod Ihud 1896000, Israel T. +972-4-6486476, +1 (801) 752 0100 F. +972-4-6532424 . 30 W 12th Street, Ogden UT 84404 USA T. +1 (801) 752 0100 A

Australian

Solar Systems Pty Ltd A subsidiary of Silex Systems Ltd 45 Grosvenor Street Abbotsford Victoria 3067 Australia Web: solarsystems.com.au Tel: +61 3 9413 8000 Email: [email protected]

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Country Company*

manufacturing Paraboloid Dish

Pictures

Sunrise CSP Postal Address: GPO Box 109 Civic Square ACT 2608 AUSTRALIA Web: http://www.sunrisecsp.com/ Ph: +61 2 6100 3630 Email: [email protected]

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Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator

Country Company*

manufacturing LFRC Pictures

Germany

Novatec Solar Herrenstraße 30 76133 Karlsruhe Germany Web: http://www.novatecsolar.com/ Tel: +49 721 255173-0 Fax: +49 721 255173 99 Email: [email protected]

Management Board: Dr. Max Mertins Martin Selig (CEO)

USA

Chromasun, Inc. 1050 N 5th St., Suite A, San Jose, CA 95112, USA Email:[email protected] Website:www.chromasun.com

Chromasun Pty Ltd Lvl 32, 101 Miller St, North Sydney NSW 2060, Australia

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Country Company*

manufacturing LFRC Pictures

USA

AREVA

Mountain View, California

AREVA INDIA Pvt. Ltd.

Equinox Business Park, Tower 3, Level 6, LBS Marg, Kurla West, Mumbai 400070 – India –

Tel.: +91 22 6740 5001 - Fax.: +91 22 6740 5055

Italy

Soltigua

Via Roma, 54 - 47035 Gambettola (FC) - Italy Tel. +39 0547 52600 - Fax +39 0547 52756 [email protected] - www.soltigua.com