evolution of printing technology(2)
TRANSCRIPT
Evolution of Printing Technology
A Presentation by
Dr. Suchitra PatnaikAsst. Professor,
Dept. of Mass Communication and Journalism
Printing : A practice in ancient civilizations
• The Chinese are pioneers in printing• As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest
surviving examples from China date to before 220, and from Egypt to the 4th century.
• The use of round "cylinder seals" for rolling an impress onto clay tablets goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization
Printing : A practice in ancient civilizations
• In both China and Egypt, the use of small stamps for seals preceded the use of larger blocks.
• In Egypt, Europe and India, the printing of cloth certainly preceded the printing on paper or papyrus
Printing : A practice in ancient civilizations
• Chinese were the first by several centuries to use the process to print solid text,
• Block printing, called tarsh in Arabic was developed in Arabic Egypt during the 9th-10th centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets.
Movable type
• Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letter punches.
• Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain.
• Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty (around 1230
Johannes Gutenberg
• Johannes Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz, developed European movable type printing technology around 1439 and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began.
Gutenberg Bible (1455)
• The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world.
• Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than previously used water-based inks.
Gutenberg Bible
Printing Press Revolutionized Communication
• The invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production leading to the spread of knowledge.
• Rapidly, printing spread from Germany by emigrating German printers, but also by foreign apprentices returning home.
• A printing press was built in Venice in 1469, and by 1500 the city had 417 printers.
More milestones….
• The first printing press in Southeast Asia was set up in the Philippines by the Spanish in 1593.
• Stephen Day was the first to build a printing press in North America at Massachusetts Bay in 1638, and helped establish the Cambridge Press.
Types of Printing
• Relief Printing• Planography• Screen printing
Two basic Terms
• Image Area• It is the area in a plate which contains the matter to be
printed and catches the ink
• Non-Image Area• It is the area in a plate which does not catch the ink and
is not printed
Relief printing
• Oldest method• Matter to be printed is a mirror image• Image area is raised, non –image area
depressed• Physical separation of the image area and non
image area• Image area catches the ink for printing• Eg Letterpress
Letterpress
• Letterpress printing is relief printing of text and image using a press with a "type-high bed" printing press and movable type, in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a sheet of paper to obtain a positive right-reading image.
• It was the normal form of printing text as invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century
Letterpress
•This form of printing remained in wide use for books until the second half of the 20th century.
Platen Press
• The surface on which paper is to be printed is a flat surface or platen and the forme/master / Printing surface is also flat and known as flat bed or Treadle press
• Each letter or image was carved of wood and assembled as a forme or master
• Average speed 1200 impressions per hour• Multi color printing was not possible
Platen press ( Flicker.com) The first cylinder flatbed press was
built by Friedrich Koenig of Germany and used by The Times of London in
1814.
Rotary printing press
• A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the impressions are curved around a cylinder so that the printing can be done on long continuous rolls of paper, cardboard, plastic, or a large number of other substrates.
• Rotary drum printing was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1847, and then significantly improved by William Bullock in 1863.
Rotary printing press(absoluterandom.com)
Speed upto 30000 impressions per hour
Planographic printing
• Planographic printing means printing from a flat surface, as opposed to a raised surface (as with relief printing) or incised surface (as with intaglio printing).
• Lithography and offset lithography are planographic processes that utilize the property that water will not mix with oil. The image is applying a tusche (greasy substance) to a plate or stone.
Lithography Printing• Invented by Bavarian author Aloys Senefelder in 1796.• lithography is a method for printing on a smooth
surface. • Lithography is a printing process that uses chemical
processes to create an image. • For instance, the positive part of an image would be a
hydrophobic chemical, while the negative image would be water.
• Thus, when the plate is introduced to a compatible ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image and the water will clean the negative image.
Lithography Printing
• This allows for a relatively flat print plate which allows for much longer runs than the older physical methods of imaging (e.g., embossing or engraving).
• High-volume lithography is used today to produce posters, maps, books, newspapers, and packaging — just about any smooth, mass-produced item with print and graphics on it.
• Most books, indeed all types of high-volume text, are now printed using offset lithography.
Lithography Printing
Offset lithography 1870• Offset printing is a widely used printing technique
where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.
• When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.
Offset Press
• Development of the offset press came in two versions: in 1875 by Robert Barclay of England for printing on tin, and in 1903 by Ira Washington Rubel of the United States for printing on paper.
Screen-printing (1907)
• A printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil.
• The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate.
• Screen printing first appeared in a recognizable form in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD).
• Screen printing was first patented in England by Samuel Simon in 1907.
Printing in India
• The art of printing first entered India through Goa.
• Francis Xavier requested Portugul to dispatch printing presses to
India, Ethiopia and Japan.
• Meanwhile, the Emperor of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) requested the
king of Portugal to send a press along with the missionaries.
• Thus the first batch of Jesuit missionaries left for Ethiopia on
March 29, 1556.
• Thus, En route, they arrived in Goa on September 6, 1556. But,
while they were preparing to proceed to Ethiopia, news reached
them that the Ethiopian Emperor was not keen to receive the
missionaries.
• Thus, as luck would have it, the press stayed in Goa and was set
up at the College of St. Paul in Goa.
Printing in India
Gate of the College and Church of St Paul Source : www.indianetzone.com
• Printing operations began in Goa in 1556 (with the first
printing press being established at the Jesuit Saint Paul's
College in Old Goa), resulting in the publication of
Conclusiones Philosophicas.
Printing in India
• Another Spaniard to play a major role in the history of printing in
India was Joao Gonsalves, who is credited with preparing the first
printing types of an Indian script- Tamil.
• However, since they were not satisfactory, new casts were
made in Quilon(Kollam) by Father Joao da Faria.
• On 20 October 1578, these types were used to print the
first book in an Indian language in India (the first Tamil
book was printed in Lisbon in 1554 in Romanized Tamil
script.)
Printing in India
Further Developments
• The start of printing in Goa, spread along the southern coast and its attainment of maturity at Tharangambadi and Madras has been described as the dawn of printing in India, but the sunrise in all its brilliance was when William Carey set foot in India on November 11, 1793.
Printing in Indian languages
• The Bengali alphabet in movable type followed a long time after the Tamil alphabet had been devised in movable type.
• The Serampore Mission of Carey was a pioneer in this respect, helped by William Ward and Joshua Marshmann, establishing a press in Serampore in 1800.
• Two able Indians, Panchanan Karmakar and Manohar helped in casting the types, publishing in 40 Indian languages, for the first time. Carey also set up the first paper making factory and the first foundry in India.
• Nathan Brown, Oliver Cutter and Miles Bronson, all missionaries, established a press in Sadiya, Assam in 1838, bringing a literary revolution in several Northeastern languages.
Printing in Indian languages
Further Developments
• Nathan Brown, Oliver Cutter and Miles Bronson, all missionaries, established a press in Sadiya, Assam in 1838, bringing a literary revolution in several Northeastern languages.
• The Surat Mission Press was set up in 1820 by William Fyvie, the first in Gujarat, publishing in Gujarati.
Further Developments
• The Wesleyan Mission Press, established in 1820, and the Basel Mission press set up in 1840, boosted Kannada publishing.
• The CMS Press established by Benjamin Bailey in Kottayam in 1821 and the Basel Press by Hermann Gundert in Thalassery in 1838 revolutionised Malayalam publishing
Further Developments
• Thus, in most of the Indian languages, the pioneer publishers were Bible translators.
• Also the Christian missionaries, as pioneers, produced 86 dictionaries, 115 grammar books and 45 journals in 73 languages of India during these years.
Further Developments
• In Goa, the cradle of Indian printing, it was Fr. Thomas Stephens (1549-1619) who produced the first "Konkani Grammar".
• Also it was Fr. Diogo Ribero (1560-1633) who published the first dictionary in Konkani in two volumes in 1626.
The Role of Missionaries in Shaping Modern India
• The missionaries, through the introduction of printing and publishing helped the Indians think of the need for political freedom and social progress, and at the same time question certain traditional superstitious beliefs and practices. In a word, literature of the modern age became democratic.
Desktop Publishing
• In the mid 1980s, Apple Computer, Adobe, Aldus and Hewlett-Packard each produced key technologies that, when combined, allowed graphic designers, publishers and pre-press professionals to bring the whole publishing process in-house.
Desktop Publishing
• These four companies were responsible for the hardware and software that, to a large degree, still drives the electronic publishing industry.
• This literally created desktop publishing, or DTP.
The term "desktop publishing"
• The term "desktop publishing" is attributed to Aldus Corporation founder Paul Brainerd who sought a marketing catch-phrase to describe the small size and relative affordability of this suite of products in contrast to the expensive commercial phototypesetting equipment of the day.
Desktop Publishing
• The first laser printers were built by Canon.• It was Hewlett-Packard's LaserJet desktop
laser printer, developed in 1984, combined with the Apple Macintosh computer and Adobe's PostScript page description language and Aldus's PageMaker software, that is generally acknowledged as the cornerstones of DTP.
Desktop Publishing
• The Macintosh, with its easy to use graphics user interface (GUI), allowed non-computer literate designers to simulate their normal working environment with its desktop as metaphor approach.
• In 1985 Aldus, a company later bought by Adobe, released the first desktop publishing software. Called PageMaker,
Page maker & Quark
• Page maker allowed designers to layout pages in WYSIWYG mode, rather than having to type in arcane typesetting code commands.
• WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) is one of the terms that came into use with the Desktop Publishing (DTP) revolution and refers to the display system whereby what is seen on a computer screen, using a DTP package, is what you will get when the document is printed.
Quark Xpress
• Although PageMaker was the first professional desktop publishing layout tool, it was soon usurped by a company called Quark, who had developed their own layout package called QuarkXpress.
Desktop Publishing
• Although hot metal typesetting and manual publishing techniques had long been replaced by phototypesetting, it was not until the mid 1980's that design and publishing was truly brought 'in-house‘ , convenient and affordable.
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