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Billions of years ago• Formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans

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Billions of years ago• Formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans• Small organic molecules form in the sea• Large organic molecule form in the sea• First protocells form in the sea

Evolution

• Formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans• Small organic molecules form in the sea• Large organic molecule form in the sea• First protocells form in the sea

• Single-cell prokaryotes form in the sea-Bacteria-Archaea

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Billions of years ago

CyanobacteriaCredit: Micrographia

• Formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans• Small organic molecules form in the sea• Large organic molecule form in the sea• First protocells form in the sea

• Single-cell prokaryotes form in the sea• Single-cell eukaryotes form in the seas

-Amoebae-Ciliates-Flagellates-Heliozoa

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Billions of years ago

2 Amoeba Credit: Micrographia

• Formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans• Small organic molecules form in the sea• Large organic molecule form in the sea• First protocells form in the sea

• Single-cell prokaryotes form in the sea• Single-cell eukaryotes form in the seas• Multicellular organisms form in the seas, later on land

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Billions of years ago

Red algae Credit: Berkeley, Palomar College

• Formation of Earth’s crust, atmosphere and oceans• Small organic molecules form in the sea• Large organic molecule form in the sea• First protocells form in the sea

• Single-cell prokaryotes form in the sea• Single-cell eukaryotes form in the seas• Multicellular organisms form in the seas, later on land

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Billions of years ago

Red algae Credit: Berkeley, Palomar CollegeHumans

Evolution:Homonids

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Billions of years ago today

Source: Reed et al., PLOS Biology

• genetic variability• traits must be heritable• trait must lead to differential reproduction

Evolution: Natural selection how?

• genetic variability• traits must be heritable• trait must lead to differential reproduction

- leads to adaptations: heritable traits that enablesurvival and reproduction

- structural, behavioral/sexual, physiological

Evolution: Natural selection how?

Maui Parrotbill

Kuai AkialaoaAmakihi

Crested Honeycreeper

Apapane

Akiapolaau

finch ancestor

Greater Koa-finch

Kona Grosbeak

Structuraladaptations

• mutations: random changes in the structure or # ofDNA molecules in a cell that can be inherited byoffspring

Evolution: Genetic variation how?

• random selection• allows maladaptive traits in small populations

- probability

- chance

Evolution: Genetic drift how?

Worms of different colorover 4 generations:

• Large gene pool- Increases biological fitness of the species

• Small gene pool- Fewer traits for natural selection- Genetic drift has significant affects- Increased potential of extinction

Evolution

Hunted to near extinction,30,000 to 1,000 in 1900

Loss of Biodiversity

Confirming the Global Extinction CrisisA call for international action as the mostauthoritative global assessment of species loss isreleased

London, Washington, Geneva, OttawaThursday, 28 September 2000(Embargoed 17.00h GMT

“All available evidence points to a sixth majorextinction event currently underway. Unlikethe previous five events, which were due tonatural disasters and planetary change thecurrent loss of biodiversity is mainly due to humanactivities.” -UNEP State and Trends of the Environment, 2007

Extinction

• Background rate of extinction-Natural process

- species divergence, migration or extinction-due to

- Small changes in climate/habitat- Depleted resources- Species competition

Past: 10-100 species per year (from the fossil record)

Extinction

• Background rate of extinction-Natural process

- species divergence, migration or extinction-due to

- Small changes in climate/habitat- Depleted resources- Species competition

Past: 10-100 species per year (from the fossil record)Today: 30,000 species per year today

• Mass extinction (5)- Extinctions occur all over the world- Several types of species go extinct- Clustered in a short amount of geologic time

(a few million years)

Extinction

• Mass extinction- Extinctions occur all over the world- Several types of species go extinct- Clustered in a short amount of geologic time

(a few million years)

Extinction

Ordovician-Siluran extinction• Climate change: drop in sealevel as glaciers formed, thenrising sea levels as glaciersmelted• Death Toll: 25% marine families

• Mass extinction- Extinctions occur all over the world- Several types of species go extinct- Clustered in a short amount of geologic time

(a few million years)

Extinction

Late Devonian• Unknown cause• Death Toll: 22% marine families

• Mass extinction- Extinctions occur all over the world- Several types of species go extinct- Clustered in a short amount of geologic time

(a few million years)

Extinction

Permian-Triassic extinction• Comet or asteroid impact (directevidence has not been found) orflood volcanism and related lossof oxygen in the seas• Death Toll: 95% of all species

• Mass extinction- Extinctions occur all over the world- Several types of species go extinct- Clustered in a short amount of geologic time

(a few million years)

Extinction

End Triassic extinction• Massive lava floods and globalwarming• Death Toll: 22% of marine families

• Mass extinction- Extinctions occur all over the world- Several types of species go extinct- Clustered in a short amount of geologic time

(a few million years)

Extinction

Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction• Several-mile-wide asteroid onYucatan Peninsula• Death Toll: 16% marine families,18% land vertebrate families,including the dinosaurs

Extinction

• Background rate of extinction-Natural process

- species divergence, migration or extinction-due to

- Small changes in climate/habitat- Depleted resources- Species competition

Past: 10-100 species per year (from the fossil record)Today: 30,000 species per year today

EXTINCT (EX) no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) only to survive in captivity or as anaturalized population well outside the past range

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) extremely high risk of extinction

ENDANGERED (EN) very high risk of extinction

VULNERABLE (VU) high risk of extinction

NEAR THREATENED (NT) likely to qualify for a threatened categoryin the near future

LEAST CONCERN (LC) evaluated but does not meet above criteria

Source: www.iucnredlist.org

Species status

• International Union for the Conservation of Natureand Natural Resources (IUCN)

• 2007 Red List– identifies 41,415 species in need of conservation– 16,119 threatened for extinction

Source: www.iucnredlist.org

Species status: Global

Source: 2007 IUCN Red List

The status of species

Source: 2007 IUCN Red List

The status of species

Source: 2007 IUCN Red List

The status of species

• US Fish & Wildlife Service:Threatened and EndangeredSpecies System (TESS)– 1355 endangered and threatened

species in the US

Source: http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/

Species status: National• WA Dept of Fish & Wildlife: Species of Concern list

– 163 Species of Concern– Recovery activities and recovery plans– Status Reports– Priority habitats– Publications

Source: http://wdfw.wa.gov/wildlife/management/endangered.html

Species status: State

Western Gray Squirrel

Species status: State

Sea Otter

Sandhill Crane

Western Pond Turtle

Pygmy rabbit

Lynx

Species Threats

Threats1. Habitat Destruction

• Agriculture (farms and plantations)• Extraction (Mining, fisheries, logging, harvesting)• Development (industry, housing)

Affects:• 89% of threatened birds• 83% of threatened mammals• 91% of threatened plants

Giant Panda1600 in the wild

Passenger Pigeon, 1914Several billion lived inwestern forests

Threats1. Habitat Destruction• Agriculture (farms and plantations)

• Most common cause ofextinction of bird specieson islands after 1800

Affects:• 30% of threatened birds• 5% of threatened plants

Threats2. Invasive species

Dodo, pigeon familyFlightless bird

Native to Mauritius

Bioaccumulation• Increasing chemicalconcentration in firstorganism in a food chain

Biomagnification• Increasing chemicalconcentration insuccessive trophic levels DDT passed up the food web

Threats3. Pollution

Threats3. Pollution

California Condor1983, 30 birds in the wildLead poisoning, habitat destruct.

National Wildlife FederationPCB’s in Puget Sound

MEDIA, POLLUTION PUGET SOUND: http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/specials/brokenpromises/287994_marinedesert09.asp

Affects:• 37% of threatened birds• 34% of threatened mammals• 8% of threatened plants• 8% of threatened reptiles• Hunting

• Collecting• Fisheries by-catch• Trade

Threats4. Over-exploitation

Great Auk, 1844Slaughter for food, fat, feathers

Blue whaleCause: Whaling

Current moratorium

• “15-37% of a sample of 1,103 land plants andanimals would eventually become extinct as a resultof climate changes expected by 2050”

Thomas et al., Nature, 2004• Bleaching of coral reefs

- Affected 20-90% of coral reefs around Caribbean(depending on country) 2005

• Loss of sea ice for polar bears- 20,000 bears today- Drop by 22% since 1980

Threats5. Climate change

• Sanctuaries• 12% of Earth protected in reserves

Pelican Island was thenation’s first wildlife refuge

Protecting wild species: Reserves

Protecting wild species: Hotspots

• Gene banks• Botanical gardens• Farms• Zoos• Aquariums

Protecting wild species: Isolation

U.S. Endangered Species Act• Forbids federal agencies to carry out / fund projects

that would jeopardize endangered species• Illegal for Americans to engage in commerce

associated with hunt / kill / collect endangered orthreatened species

• Controversial - is it enough?

Protecting wild species: Legislation