Evidence of Evolution

SB5(c) Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory of evolution. http://www.skyhighhobby.com/rc/archaeopteryx-fossil

Biological Evolution1) I think it is another term for natural selection2) I think it mainly explains how life started

3) I think it mainly explains how life changed after it started.4) I think it includes both how life started and how it changed after it started.

http://theora.com/images/fossil.jpg http://www.treasure-hunting-team.com/a27-treasure-hunting-for-fossil-fish.php

3) It explains how life changed after it started

Biological Evolution: living things change over time

Biological Evolution

Modern Day Exampleshttp://randydeutsch.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/change-architect-sign1.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pesticide_resistance.svg/573px-Pesticide_resistance.svg.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg/800px-Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg

Natural Selection

http://www.knowabouthealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/1whatIsDrugResistance.gif

http://www.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/nab/h-pylori.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antibiotic_resistance.svg/300px-Antibiotic_resistance.svg.png

http://www.heartstargsd.com/history/Todays.jpghttp://www.nsgsdc.com/images/horand2.jpghttp://retrieverman.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/reinagles-bulldog.jpghttp://www.ironbully.com/bull9.jpghttp://www.greatdogsite.com/admin/uploaded_files/1191000013english_bulldog.jpg

http://truth-saves.com/images/corn.jpghttp://schools-wikipedia.org/images/608/60840.jpg

Building a case detective workhttp://www.bloggingfor.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/inspect1.gif

http://www.bing.com/featured/content/static/br-images/image-aHR0cDovL2JsdWJlZGJ1aWEwMTo4My9pLzcxLzlGREZEMTI4NTU0OTYwNDQ2REQ1NTQ2MUZCMUI5My5qcGc.jpgTraits inherited from parents Clues come from Heredity

momGenetically determined traithttp://www.solarnavigator.net/animal_kingdom/animal_images/elephant_baby.jpghttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:aHU-YwzcwziY8M:http://www.daviddarling.info/images/baby_elephant.jpg&t=1

Homologous structure

trait inherited from a common ancestor- a.k.a. mom

http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/photos/sevcik/asian-elephant--elephas-maximus-1.jpghttp://downloadsoftwarestore.com/software_images/39/03/00030339/African_Elephants_RMS_Screensaver-screenshot.jpghttp://0.tqn.com/d/dinosaurs/1/0/R/A/-/-/SPgomphotherium.jpg

ExamplesUniversity of California Museum of Paleontology

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_z9RGSPAmCmU/SOpDNaOnQcI/AAAAAAAAASM/eOCW9NILYl4/s400/Bird_Thumb_1.png

http://www.utexas.edu/news/graphics/archaeopteryx3.jpg

Analogous- similar but different

http://www.thinklikeahorse.org/index-1.html

http://horsehints.org/HorseFootEvolution.htm

http://evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/03_EVOW_Art/18_EVOW_CH03.jpg

http://itsmyocean.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/whales-graph.jpg

http://www.daylightatheism.org/2006/04/hello-beautiful.html

http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/060413/fossils.shtml

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Human_Karyotype.htmlGenetic Evidence of change

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome_project

Molecular Evidence of change over timeChromosome 2Combined Primate Chromosome 12 & 13 through fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2_%28human%29

Chromosome 2 Activityhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/3416_id_02.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schimpanse_zoo-leipig.jpg14

http://humanorigins.si.edu/sites/default/files/imagecache/medium_banner_520px_height/images/banner/2.3.2-7_wo_bars.jpg

Homo erectusAustralopithecus afarensisHomo neanderthalensisHomo sapiens sapiens

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/images/hominids2_big.jpg

Location of foramen magnum

Femurs of upright walkers and ape Leg of ape Leg of Australopithecus afarensis Leg of modern human

Vestigial Structures

http://www.hazletdental.com/images/edu_anatomy1.jpg

Coccyx

http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/71/Gray1205.pnghttp://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/cliented/images/cat_eyes/exam2.jpg

http://www.edwardtbabinski.us/images/spurs2.jpg

http://www.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/ee/v2/whale-vestigial-structure.jpg

http://www.themillionairesecrets.net/images/past-present-future.jpg

Natural Selection

It is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organisms chances of survival and reproduction are favored than less beneficial traits.

Natural Selection: mechanism of evolution

ExamplesUniversity of California Museum of Paleontology

Wings flightless birdsTail boneAppendixMale nipples?Wisdom teeth?\Nictating membraneErector pilli muscles/goose bumpsHind leg bones snakes whalesEyes in cave fish

Biological evolutionHomologous structureAnalogous structureVestigial structure

http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/isb200/VESTIG.GIF

Evolution is the change in the inherited traits (DNA) of a population of organisms through successive generations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee_genome_project

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6704/images/395792ac.tif.2.gif

http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/artwork/5/5/1/0/1/155101/dog-breeds-1-prv.jpg

http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/images/stories/dogs-various-02.jpg

http://www.puppy-training-solutions.com/image-files/dog-history-tree2.jpg

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003325

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Fishapods.png

http://ncse.com/files/images/Tetrapod_transition.preview.jpg

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/mustardselection.jpg

Human Chimpanzee Chromosome

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antibiotic_resistance.svg/300px-Antibiotic_resistance.svg.png

*The evidence for evolution comes in similarities called Homologies. *Homology are traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor. *Homology are traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor. Fish that walked on land is missing link in evolutionBy Mark Henderson, Science Correspondent AN EVOLUTIONARY missing link that was among the first fish to leave the sea and walk on land has been unearthed in the Canadian Arctic. The fossil discovery illuminates a chapter in the history of life on Earth that was essential to the ultimate emergence of human beings. Tiktaalik roseae, which lived about 375 million years ago, has features that blur the distinction between fish and terrestrial limbed creatures. The fossils found on Ellesmere Island, 600 miles from the North Pole, are a fine example of evolution in action. They have allowed scientists to freeze-frame a process of adaptation to land that took tens of millions of years, and which made possible the development of all the mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians that have existed since. Without creatures such as Tiktaalik there would have been no dinosaurs, no primitive mammals and none of the hominids such as Australopithecus africanus and Homo erectus that started the human family tree. This animal represents the transition from water to land the part of history that includes ourselves, said Neil Shubin, of the University of Chicago, who led the discovery team. Its as much a part of our history as, say, Australopithecus africanus. Tiktaalik roseae was a predator with sharp teeth and a head shaped like a crocodile that grew to between 4ft and 9ft (1.2m and 2.7m) long. It was named after consultation with elders from the Inuktikuk people native to the region, who suggested their word for large shallow-water fish. The second part of the name honours an anonymous benefactor of the research team. It had several remarkable anatomical features that show it was capable not only of wading in shallow water, like slightly earlier fish on the cusp of the move to land, but also of supporting itself outside the water in the manner of four-limbed animals or tetrapods. Tiktaalik blurs the boundary between fish and land animals, Dr Shubin said. This animal is both fish and tetrapod. We jokingly call it a fishapod. Unlike fish, it had a defined neck and a strong ribcage that would have enabled it to stand outside water. Its pectoral fins had a wrist joint which enabled it to crawl on the ground. Dr Shubin said this wrist is sufficiently similar to that of later animals, including human beings, to suggest that Tiktaalik or something very like it was an ancestor of all subsequent land animals. Heres a creature that has a fin that can do push-ups, he said. When we talk about the fishs wrist, were talking about the origin of parts of our own wrist. Farish Jenkins, of Harvard University, said it was clear from Tiktaaliks skeleton that it could support itself in shallow water or on land. This represents a critical early phase in the evolution of all limbed animals, including humans. The Tiktaalik fossils were found in 2004 after a five-year search of a rock formation on Ellesmere, chosen because it was laid down during the late Devonian period, between 380 million and 365 million years ago, when the transition to land is known to have taken place. Although the rocks are now within the Arctic Circle, in the late Devonian they lay close to the Equator. Richard Lane, of the US National Science Foundation, said: These exciting discoveries are providing fossil Rosetta Stones for a deeper understanding of this evolutionary milestone. Independent experts said the find was spectacular. Andrew Milner, of the Natural History Museum, said: Previous fossils representing this evolutionary event have really been fish with a few land characteristics, or land vertebrates with a few residual fish characteristics. These fossils show an animal that sits bang in the middle. Details are published in Nature and casts of the fossils will be displayed from today at the Science Museum, in London. *Human and Chimpanzee genomes. M stands for Mitochondrial DNA Quadrupedal animals like apes, have femurs in which the ball joint, the part that joins the pelvis, sits directly over the inside of the knee. The angle subtended by the femur at the knee in quadrupedal walkers is less than that of bipedal walkers. This diagram shows the femur with the same shape and structure as that of modern humans, but it is a little shorter. It subtends the same angle at the knee as that of a modern human and the inner bump of the knee joint is larger than the outer one. This shows that this hominin was also a bipedal walkerThis modern Homo sapiens bone shows the structure of the femur of an upright walker or bipedal animal. The ball joint, the part that joins the pelvis, sits directly over the outside of the knee. The angle subtended by the femur at the knee in bipedal walkers is greater than that of quadrupedal walkers. This results in the inner bump of the knee joint being longer than the outer bump.

*Chimp-human chromosome differences. The major structural difference is that human chromosome 2 (green color code) was derived from two smaller chromosomes that are found in other great apes (now called 2A and 2B, see: Entrez Pubmed 15218271). Parts of human chromosome 2 are scattered among parts of several cat and rat chromosomes in these species that are more distantly related to humans (more ancient common ancestors; about 85 million years since the human/rodent common ancestor: Entrez Pubmed 12552136)