everything you wanted to know about insulation · everything you wanted to know about insulation* *...

Everything you wanted to know about insulation*

*BUT WERE AFRAID TO ASK

Insulat ion3rd Issue March 2018

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Contents

1. Introduction 3

2. Howdoesinsulationwork? 4

3. CondensationRiskAnalysis 13

4. Howit’smade 14

5.Testing&quality 20

6. BuildingRegulations&Standards 22

7. ProductSelector 26

8. Buildit 32

9. Glossary 49

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This guide aims to provide you with everything you need to know about Kingspan’s insulation, from how it works, to its

manufacture, and finally its installation.

We will run through building regulations and show you how to comply with them for your projects.

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2.Howdoesinsulationwork?

Thermal insulation is commonly used to prevent heat loss / gain in buildings and so reduce energy usage.

The control of heat flowHeat flow is how heat moves. Heat moves from warmer to colder areas. This movement is what causes buildings to get colder in winter (heat leaking from a building into the colder environment outside) and hotter in summer (heat moving from the warmer outside environment into a building). This happens through one or more of three heat transfer mechanisms:

l conduction;

l convection; and

l radiation

Thermal insulation is designed to restrict and resist heat transfer via these three mechanisms.

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Conduction is how heat moves from one place to another as energy is transferred from molecule to molecule. This can happen in solids, liquids and gases and the ability of matter to conduct heat depends on its composition.

In buildings it is important that insulation materials have a low thermal conductivity (lambda value) as the lower the thermal conductivity, the better the ability of the material to resist heat transfer via conduction.

WarmCold

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Convection is how heat moves through liquids and gases. This form of heat transfer cannot happen in solids or in a vacuum. When the temperature of a liquid or gas increases the density of molecules change, warmer air or liquid becomes less dense and rises. Closed cell insulation, such as a phenolic or PIR board inhibits convection of neighbouring cells, making them less prone to affecting neighbouring cells.

Cold air Warm air


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Radiation is the transfer of heat as energy, in the form of electromagnetic waves. This form of heat transfer does not need gases, liquids or solids to take place and it can happen in a vacuum as it does not rely on particles to move heat from one space to another. The rate at which heat is transferred through radiation is controlled by three key things:

(a) Temperature – as the temperature increases the total amount of radiation also increases. For example, without insulation, a building that is heated loses more heat through radiation, this increases the warmer the building is;

(b) Distance – the distance between the surfaces; and

(c) Emissivity – how effective a material is at emitting heat energy (thermal radiation). The shinier the surface the lower its emissivity (ability to transfer heat) is. For example, an insulation with a foil facing has low emissivity as the foil inhibits the radiation of heat out of a building.

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Measuring insulation performance The effectiveness of thermal insulation is measured by its ability to restrict heat transfer – either its thermal conductivity or its thermal resistance. These are known as the lambda value and R–value respectively.

Lambda value (‘thermal conductivity’, ‘k–value’, ‘λ–value’)Firstly, the λ–value shows how well a material can conduct heat and is measured in units of W/m·K. A good insulation will have a low λ–value to reduce heat loss. This is a general measurement. To assess how a certain thickness of a material affects heat transfer, you need to calculate the R–value (‘thermal resistance’).

R–value (‘thermal resistance’)By dividing a material’s thickness (in metres) by its λ–value, you can find out how well it resists heat transfer at a specific thickness. Thermal resistance is measured in units of m2.K/W. The best insulation will have a higher R–value which shows it is better at reducing heat loss.

The basic equation for calculating R–values is shown below:

Thickness (m)Thermal conductivity (l)


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U–value (‘thermal transmittance’)The U–value is a sum of the thermal resistances of the layers that make up a building element (i.e. walls, floors, roofs etc.). It includes adjustments for any fixings, air gaps etc. This value is given in units of W/m.2K and this shows the ability of an element to transmit heat from a warm space to a cold space in a building and vice versa. The lower the U–value, the better insulated the building element is. The basic equation for calculating the U–value is shown below:

Envelopes & Thermal BridgesThe elements of a building make up the building envelope (the barrier between inside and outside). For insulation in the building envelope to reduce heat loss through conduction, convection and radiation it must have as few thermal bridges as possible.

[ ]U = + ΔU

Ʃ R = The Sum of all the R–ValuesΔU = Any corrections for fixings, air gaps etc.

1Ʃ R

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Thermal bridges (‘heat bridges’ or ‘cold bridges’).

These are pathways through which heat can escape. The principal types of thermal bridges are shown below:l repeating (linear and point). Repeating thermal bridges occur where there are regular interruptions for example,

timber studwork in a timber–frame wall construction (linear) or repeating fixings or fasteners e.g. wall ties (point). These are accounted for as an adjustment to a U–value calculation.

l point (non–repeating). A non–repeating point thermal bridge might arise where a steel beam or a flue passes through a wall construction.

l linear and geometrical (non–repeating). Linear and geometrical (non repeating) thermal bridging occurs at the junctions of a building’s elements (e.g. between roofs and walls), or where the thermal insulation layer is interrupted (e.g. around windows).

Generally, you can reduce the level of thermal bridging by ensuring either continuity of the insulation layer, or overlapping insulation layers where possible; using lower conductivity materials wherever possible can also reduce heat losses from bridging.

Ventilation & Air TightnessHeat transfer can take place in gases through convection, so it is important to control air movement in the building envelope. This can be done through air tightness and ventilation.l Air tightness will reduce the amount of heat loss at thermal bridges by preventing air leaking through the building

envelope.l Ventilation is used to help the movement of air through cavities in the building envelope. This movement will

significantly reduce the chances of condensation forming.


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Controlling moistureHeat transfer can also take place in a liquid, so it is essential to avoid moisture build–up in the building envelope. Condensation can reduce the performance of insulation.

Condensation This takes place when water vapour in warm moist air meets cold surfaces that are resistant to water vapour. The water vapour condenses into liquid water droplets as either surface condensation or interstitial condensation.

l Surface condensation takes place on the visible surfaces of a building. Indoors, this can increase the risk of mould, which reduces air quality, and can cause staining. When thermal bridging is not addressed properly, cold spots on the internal surface of the construction can occur. When the warm air escaping the construction hits these spots it can lead to a risk of condensation and mould growth.

30 g/m2 fine mist 30–50 g/m2 droplets run down windows and walls

51–250 g/m2 droplets run down sloping surfaces

>250 g/m2 droplets drip from horizontal surfaces

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l Interstitial condensation happens between the layers in a construction, i.e. inside the roof, wall or floor. It can damage these elements or even cause them to fail completely. Building elements can be designed to resist interstitial condensation, or ventilation can be used to remove any condensation that forms before it causes any damage.

Did You Know:The average person produces up to

40 g of moisture per hour by breathing.


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3.CondensationRiskAnalysis

If insulation is installed correctly, the risk of condensation can be reduced or even completely avoided. A Condensation Risk Analysis (CRA) assesses the risk of condensation forming once insulation is installed. They are available alongside U–values from our Technical Service Department. Here is an example:

The top line (T) shows the temperature and the bottom line (D) represents the material’s predicted dewpoint temperature. The dewpoint temperature is normally lower than the air temperature and describes the point at which moisture in the air will condense. This depends on the amount of moisture in the air. If it is very humid, the dewpoint temperature will be higher. The amount of insulation you use and how you place it is key to keeping materials above their dewpoint temperature, and so avoiding condensation. You can use a vapour control layer like polythene on the inside (‘warm side’) of insulation to reduce water vapour from passing from warm to cold sides of the construction and condensing.

T

D

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Top layer of facing Oven

Bottom layer of facing

4.Howit’smade:KingspanKooltherm®(Phenolic)insulation

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Benefits:� Thermal conductivity of 0.018–0.023 W/m.K � The thinnest commonly used insulation products for any specific U–value � Uses a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) blowing agent � Each product achieves the required fire performance for its intended application � Fibre–free core.

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4.Howit’smade:KingspanKooltherm®(Phenolic)insulation

The wet foam insulation mix is added directly to the bottom layer of facing, it then expands to meet the top layer of facing.

As it dries, the foam reaches a tacky state and adheres itself to the facing, top and bottom.

The foam is then cooked under pressure once it has reached the necessary thickness.

The insulation then cures in a secondary oven, where it hardens. As the foam cures, it becomes a bright pink colour.

The boards are cut to the necessary size, packaged, and sent to the loading bay for collection.

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Did You Know:By using the products in our Kooltherm® K100 range, with a lower lambda, you can reduce the thickness of product you need to achieve your target U–value.

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1

2

3

Top layer of facing Oven

Bottom layer of facing

4.Howit’smade:KingspanThermaTM(PIR)Insulation

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4.Howit’smade:KingspanThermaTM(PIR)Insulation

The wet foam insulation mix is added directly to the bottom layer of facing, it then expands to meet the top layer of facing, bonding to it at the adhesive stage.

The mix is then cooked under pressure once it has reached the necessary thickness.

After hardening, the insulation is still releasing heat from the exothermic reaction of the foam.

The boards are cut to the necessary size, packaged and stored for collection.

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Did You Know:PIR must be cured for much longer than

phenolic insulation. Once packed, it is cured in a temperature controlled warehouse for

one day per 25 mm thickness.

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Benefits:� Thermal conductivity of 0.022–0.028 W/m.K � Uses a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) blowing agent � Each product achieves the required fire performance for its

intended application� Fibre–free core.

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4.Howit’smade:Kingspan (vacuum)Insulation

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Benefits:� Aged declared value thermal conductivity of 0.007 W/m.K � Provides an insulating performance that is up to five times better than other commonly used insulation

materials� Ideal for constructions where depth or space for insulation is limited� Available in a range of sizes and thicknesses � First Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) in the world to gain a BDA Agrément certified for thicknesses of

20 – 50 mm

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4.Howit’smade:Kingspan (vacuum)Insulation

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The dry insulation mix is pressed into shape to form the core of the panel.

The insulation core is placed inside a fleece coating.

The insulation is then dried.

The insulation is wrapped inside a barrier film.

The vacuum chamber removes the air from the insulation panel.

The panel is sealed, and is now ready for packaging and collection.

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Did You Know:The surface of the panel should look

wrinkled, if it is smooth then this means there is a puncture and the performance of

the panel will be reduced. Every panel made is individually tested to ensure quality.

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5.Testing&Quality

We test our insulation products for a number of reasons:

1. Standards – To make sure that the products meet or exceed regulatory requirements.2. Quality – To guarantee that the insulation is of top quality.3. Research and Development – To make the products more efficient in their performance or use of raw materials.

Some of the tests performed are listed below:

l Thermal conductivity

l Reaction to fire

l Length and width

l Thickness

l Squareness

l Flatness

l Dimensional stability

l Compressive strength

l Tensile strength

l Compressive creep

l Short and long term water absorption

l Water vapour transmission

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Rigid insulation boards will be loaded to test their compressive strength and freeze tested for 24 hours to make sure they still work in harsher weather. If the product has a foil facing, it will be water tested for 12 hours to make sure the facing does not delaminate (come unstuck) if exposed to moisture.

Every panel is made individually, so every single board must be tested once it’s made. A sample from every batch of Kooltherm® and ThermaTM produced is tested and only released for sale on successful completion of those tests.

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6.BuildingRegulations&Standards:EnglandandWales

1 Buildings essentially domestic in character e.g. student accommodation, care homes, and similar uses where occupancy levels and internal gains are essentially domestic in character

2 All other non–domestic buildings3 Cavity insulation4 External / internal insulation

Suggested / Required U–values (W/m2.K) for Different Elements in Various Scenarios

Element

New BuildingsBest Starting Point

Existing BuildingsExtension, Conversion & Renovation Of All Buildings

Dwellings Buildings Other Than DwellingsNew Elements

Refurbishment / Retained Elements England Wales

Lofts 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.151 / 0.152 0.16

All other roofs 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.151 / 0.182 0.18

Walls 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.211 / 0.262 0.553 / 0.304

Floors 0.11 0.18 0.22 0.181 / 0.222 0.25

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6.BuildingRegulations&Standards:EnglandandWales


Element


Existing BuildingsExtension, Conversion & Renovation Of All Buildings

Dwellings Buildings Other Than DwellingsNew Elements

Refurbishment / Retained Elements England Wales

Lofts 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.151 / 0.152 0.16

All other roofs 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.151 / 0.182 0.18

Walls 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.211 / 0.262 0.553 / 0.304

Floors 0.11 0.18 0.22 0.181 / 0.222 0.25

Did You Know:You can find more detailed information on building regulations by visiting our website:

www.kingspaninsulation.co.uk/buildingregs or calling our Technical Services Department on 01544 387 382.

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6.BuildingRegulations&Standards:Scotland

*Column A is for extensions where the existing dwelling’s walls and roof U–values are worse than 0.70 W/m2.K in the walls and worse than 0.25 W/m2.K in the ceiling. Column B is for other extensions, upgraded existing thermal elements, non–exempt conservatories and conversion of unheated buildings.


Element


Existing Buildings

Domestic Non–Domestic

Refurbishment & Extensions

Conversion of Heated Buildings

Domestic*Non–Domestic

A B

Lofts 0.10 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.25

All other roofs 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.25

Walls 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.25 0.30

Floors 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.25

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6.BuildingRegulations&Standards:Scotland

Did You Know:You can find more detailed information on building regulations by visiting our website:

www.kingspaninsulation.co.uk/buildingregs or calling our Technical Services Department on 01544 387 382.

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Element


Existing Buildings

Domestic Non–Domestic

Refurbishment & Extensions

Conversion of Heated Buildings

Domestic*Non–Domestic

A B

Lofts 0.10 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.25

All other roofs 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.25

Walls 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.25 0.30

Floors 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.25

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7.ProductSelector:Roofs

*

Kooltherm®

K107 Pitched Roof Board

Thermapitch®

TP10Thermaroof®

TR24 LPC/FMThermaroof®


TR27 LPC/FMThermataper®

TT44 LPC/FMThermataper®


TT47 LPC/FMStyrozone®

N 300 R

Styrozone®

N 500 R& N 700 R nilvent®

TEK®

Building System

Pitched RoofsOver / between / under rafter sarking Breathable membrane Flat RoofsTapered roofi ng system Under partially bonded built–up felt Under cold liquid applied waterproofi ng Under mastic asphalt Under mechanically–fi xed, single–ply non–bituminous membranes Under fully adhered singly–ply membranes In LPCB/FM approved constructions Partially bonded torch applied waterproofi ng Car park decks Lightweight protected membrane / maintenance access Insulation suitable for use under Green Roofs / Roof gardens Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

Roof Insulation

*Overlay board may be required

®

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*

Kooltherm®

K107 Pitched Roof Board

Thermapitch®

TP10Thermaroof®



TR27 LPC/FMThermataper®



TT47 LPC/FMStyrozone®

N 300 R

Styrozone®

N 500 R& N 700 R nilvent®

TEK®

Building System

Pitched RoofsOver / between / under rafter sarking Breathable membrane Flat RoofsTapered roofi ng system Under partially bonded built–up felt Under cold liquid applied waterproofi ng Under mastic asphalt Under mechanically–fi xed, single–ply non–bituminous membranes Under fully adhered singly–ply membranes In LPCB/FM approved constructions Partially bonded torch applied waterproofi ng Car park decks Lightweight protected membrane / maintenance access Insulation suitable for use under Green Roofs / Roof gardens Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

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Kooltherm®

K5 External wall Board

Kooltherm®

K106 Cavity Board

Kooltherm®

K108 Cavity Board

Kooltherm®

K112 Framing Board

Kooltherm®

K15 Rainscreen

Board

Kooltherm®

K118 Insulated

PlasterboardThermawall®

TW50Thermawall®

TW55Styrozone®

N 300 R nilvent®

Kooltherm®

Cavity Closer &

Kooltherm®

Cavity Closer PLUS

Thermabate® &

Thermabate®

PLUS

TEK® Building System & TEK®

Cladding Panel

Full fi ll cavity walls Partial fi ll cavity walls Internal dry–lining Insulated render systems Rainscreen cladding systems Timber frame Steel frame Basement walls Cavity Closers Breathable membrane Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

Wall Insulation

7.ProductSelector:Walls

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Kooltherm®

K5 External wall Board

Kooltherm®

K106 Cavity Board

Kooltherm®

K108 Cavity Board

Kooltherm®

K112 Framing Board

Kooltherm®

K15 Rainscreen

Board

Kooltherm®

K118 Insulated

PlasterboardThermawall®

TW50Thermawall®

TW55Styrozone®

N 300 R nilvent®

Kooltherm®

Cavity Closer &

Kooltherm®

Cavity Closer PLUS

Thermabate® &

Thermabate®

PLUS

TEK® Building System & TEK®

Cladding Panel

Full fi ll cavity walls Partial fi ll cavity walls Internal dry–lining Insulated render systems Rainscreen cladding systems Timber frame Steel frame Basement walls Cavity Closers Breathable membrane Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

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Kooltherm® K103 Floorboard

Kooltherm® K110 FM Soffi t Board &

Kooltherm® K110 PLUS Soffi t Board

Thermafl oor®

TF70Styrozone®

N 300 RStyrozone®

N 500 RStyrozone®

N 700 R

Solid ground fl oors Suspended ground fl oors Floating ground fl oors Soffi t lining Heavy duty / industrial / cold fl oor stores

Floor Insulation

7.ProductSelector:Floors

Kooltherm® K110 FM

®

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Kooltherm® K103 Floorboard

Kooltherm® K110 FM Soffi t Board &

Kooltherm® K110 PLUS Soffi t Board

Thermafl oor®

TF70Styrozone®

N 300 RStyrozone®

N 500 RStyrozone®

N 700 R

Solid ground fl oors Suspended ground fl oors Floating ground fl oors Soffi t lining Heavy duty / industrial / cold fl oor stores

Did You Know:To fi nd out how much insulation you need for a fl oor means you need to

fi nd out the P/A Ratio. Check out the glossary for how to do this.

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8.Buildit:PitchedRoofs

Insulation Between and Under Rafters (Fully Filled – Unventilated)

Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board & K118 Insulated Plasterboard

Find me at www.uvalue–calculator.co.uk

Thickness (mm) of material to achieve U–values (W/m2.K)

ItemU–values

0.10 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.25

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3

Kingspan Kooltherm® K118 Insulated Plasterboard

72.5 62.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 n/a

Kingspan Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board between 150 mm timber rafters

150 150 150 120 110 80

Kingspan nilvent® 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Counter–batten cavity 38 38 38 38 38 38

Tiles / slates on battens 30 30 30 30 30 30

Calculations assume rafters at 600 mm centres.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

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Insulation Between and Under Rafters (Partially Filled – Unventilated)

Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board & K118 Insulated Plasterboard



ItemU–values

0.10 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.25



72.5 72.5 37.5 32.5 32.5 n/a

Kingspan Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board between timber rafters

150 120 125 125 110 80

Timber rafter cavity 0 30 25 25 40 70



Calculations assume 150 mm rafters at 600 mm centres. *Standard plasterboard & vapour control layer.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

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8.Buildit:PitchedRoofs

Insulation Between and Over Rafters (Fully Filled – Unventilated)

Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board



ItemU–values

0.10 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.25


Plasterboard 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

Vapour control layer 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kingspan Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board between timber rafters

90 80 60 60 50 25

Kingspan Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board fixed above rafters

100 90 70 60 60 40


Counter–batten cavity 38 38 38 38 38 38


Calculations assume 100 mm rafters at 600 mm centres. NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

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Warm Flat Roof on Concrete Deck (Single-ply Waterproofi ng – Fully Adhered)

Thermaroof® TR27 LPC/FM

8.Buildit:FlatRoofs

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Plasterboard 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

Timber battens 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Concrete deck 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Screed to falls 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Vapour control layer 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kingspan Thermaroof® TR27 LPC/FM

100+120 100+110 85+90 160 145 120 85

Single–ply membrane 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5


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8.Buildit:FlatRoofs

Warm Flat Roof on Metal Deck (Single-ply Waterproofi ng – Mechanically Fixed)

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Profi led metal deck – – – – – – –



105+105 95+95 160 150 140 120 85

Single–ply membrane 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

These calculations assume the use of telescopic tube fasteners with a thermal conductivity of 1.00 W/m.K or less, the effect of which is insignifi cant.


Thermaroof® TR26 LPC/FM

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Warm Flat Roof on Timber Deck (Single–ply Waterproofi ng)

& Thermaroof® TR27 LPC/FM

8.Buildit:Balconies&Terraces

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Plasterboard 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

Timber joists 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Plywood deck 18 18 18 18 18 18 18


Protection layer 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Kingspan Balcony & TerraceSystem

45+50 40+40 30+30 30+25 50 40 25


25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Fully adhered single–ply membrane

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Deck coveringe.g. paving slabs

35 35 35 35 35 35 35

For purposes of these calculations, the bridging effect of Kingspan flex infi ll panels has been taken to be 20%. The actual bridging effect will depend upon the fi nal design of the Balcony & Terrace System.


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8.Buildit:Walls


U–value (W/m2.K) 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.55

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Plasterboard 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

Plaster dabs cavity 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Blockwork 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Kingspan Kooltherm® K108 Cavity Board

100 90 85 75 60 60 50 45 40 35 20

Cavity 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Brickwork 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5

Calculations assume inner leaf brockwork of medium density (0.51 W/m.K).NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

Cavity Wall

Kooltherm® K108 Cavity Board

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External Wall Board

Kooltherm® K5 External Wall Board

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30

Item Thickness (mm)

Dense Plaster 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Blockwork 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215

Kingspan Kooltherm® K5 External Wall Board

120 60+ 55 55+50 100 85 80 70 65 60 55

Cavity 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

These calculations assume the use of telescopic tube fasteners with a thermal conductivity of1.00 W/m.K or less, the effect of which is insignifi cant.

NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

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8.Buildit:Walls


Internal Wall Insulation

Kooltherm® K118 Insulated Plasterboard

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.28

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3


82.5 72.5 67.5 62.5 57.5

Timber batten cavity 25 25 25 25 25

Brickwork 215 215 215 215 215

Calculations assume timber battens at 600 mm centres and carbon steel fasteners of cross sectional area 4 mm2 at a density of 16.7 per m2.


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Timber Frame

Kooltherm® K112 Framing Board & K118 Insulated Plasterboard

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3


37.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Polythene vapourcontrol layer

n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kingspan Kooltherm® K112 Framing Board between timber studs

130 120 110 100 130 110 85 80 70 60

Timber stud cavity 10 20 30 40 10 30 55 60 70 80

OSB sheathing 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Kingspan nilvent® 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Cavity 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Brickwork 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5Calculations assume 140 mm timber studs with a thermalconductivity of 0.12 W/m.K and a bridging factor of 15%.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

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8.Buildit:Walls


Dwarf Walls (Loft Conversion – Ventilated and Unventilated)

Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board & K118 Insulated Plasterboard (Ventilated)

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3


57.5 52.5 42.5 37.5 n/a* n/a* 37.5 n/a* n/a* 32.5

Kingspan Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board

100 100 100 100 140 130 60 110 100 50

Ventilated loft void 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

Sarking felt 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Tiles / slates on battens 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Stud depth to suit thickness of insulation. Bridging effect of the studs has been taken to be 15%.*Standard plasterboard & vapour control layer.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

43


Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board & K118 Insulated Plasterboard (Unventilated)

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30

Item Thickness (mm)

Plaster skim 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3


52.5 42.5 37.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 n/a* n/a* n/a* n/a*

Kingspan Kooltherm® K107 Pitched Roof Board between timber studs

100 100 100 100 80 70 95 90 80 75

Ventilated loft void 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Sarking felt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Tiles on tiling battens 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Stud depth to suit thickness of insulation. Bridging effect of the studs has been taken to be 15%.*Standard plasterboard & vapour control layer.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

44

8.Buildit:Floors

Ground Floor – Below Floor Slab

Kooltherm® K103 Floor Board

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Screed 65 65 65 65 65 65 65

Concrete 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Separation layer 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kingspan Kooltherm® K103 Floorboard

140 110 95 75 65 55 45

Damp proof membrane 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Calculations assume a P/A ratio of 0.5. The soil has been assumed to be sand or gravel.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.


45


Ground Floor – Beam & Block


U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Screed 65 65 65 65 65 65 65


Kingspan Kooltherm® K103 Floor Board

140 110 95 75 65 60 50


Beam & block 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Calculations assume a P/A ratio of 0.5. The soil has been assumed to be sand or gravel.NB Speak to your local merchant or distributor for stocked board thicknesses.

46

8.Buildit:Floors

Ground Floor – Concrete

Flooring System

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Screed 65 65 65 65 65 65 65



KingspanFlooring System

70 60 50 40 30 30 25


Concrete slab 150 150 150 150 150 150 150


Hardcore – – – – – – –

Calculations assume a P/A ratio of 0.5.The soil has been assumed to be sand or gravel. The bridging effect of the Kingspan flex infi ll panels has been taken to be 15%. The actual bridging effect will depend upon the fi nal design of the Flooring System.


47


Ground Floor – Suspended Timber (Between Joists)


U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Tongue & groove chipboard

18 18 18 18 18 18 18


Kingspan Kooltherm® K103 Floorboard

120+120 100+100 80+80 130 110 100 80

Calculations assume a P/A ratio of 0.5. The insulation is laid between 50 mm wide fl oor joists at 400 mm centres. The soil has been assumed to be sand or gravel.


48

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item

Tongue & Groove chipboard

18 18 18 18 18 18 18


Kingspan Thermafl oor® TF70

80 + 80 130 115 90 75 65 55

Concrete slab 150 150 150 150 150 150 150


Hardcore – – – – – –

Calculations assume a P/A ratio of 0.5.The soil has been assumed to be sand or gravel.

8.Buildit:Floors

Ground Floor – Floating Floor

Thermaroof® TF70


49


Soffi ts

Kooltherm® K110 and K110 PLUS Soffi t Board

U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Concrete deck 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

Kingspan Kooltherm® K110 Soffi t Board(packer board)

30 25 25 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Kingspan Kooltherm® K110 PLUS Soffi t Board

126 116 96 106 91 81 71

Calculations assume use of thermally broken fi xings with a thermal conductivity of 1.00 W/m·K.


U–value (W/m2.K) 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25

Item Thickness (mm)

Concrete deck 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

Kingspan Kooltherm® K110 Soffi t Board

85+90 70+60 110 100 85 75 65

Calculations assume use of thermally broken fi xings with a thermal conductivity of 1.00 W/m·K.


50

9.Glossary

ACD Approved / Accredited Construction Details are a set of standardised construction details developed by regulators to deal with the issue of heat loss / gain and other issues.

Acoustic insulation is a product used to impede the transfer of sound, either via airborne or impact transfer. Typically internal constructions within buildings are required to utilise acoustic insulation products to aid in minimising the transfer of sound from one adjacent room into another. “Approved Document E” and Part E – Robust Details” contain further information on common methods of controlling the transfer of sound in buildings.

Air tightness is the uncontrolled leakage of air from a building through cracks, unsealed penetrations or interfaces between different building elements.

Air infiltration is air passing into a building through cracks or gaps.

Ambient when referring to heat, temperature, etc. ambient describes the surrounding conditions. i.e. the Ambient temperature is the average temperature surrounding a material.

Ballast a ballast layer is typically used in warm or inverted roofs down to weigh down the insulation or waterproofing system. Common items used to form ballast layers include concrete paving slabs, round washed pebbles or a green roof system (e.g. plants and growing medium such as soil). The weight of the ballast required is dependent on results from a wind uplift calculation.

BER Building Emission Rate details the energy performance of a building calculated following the NCM (National Calculation Methodology) eg SBEM. These measurements will be compared to the TER to define whether a building passes building regulations.

A

B

51

BIM Building Information Modelling manages the information required for a construction project. This database is referred to as AIM (Asset Information Model). In accordance with the government’s ‘Construction Industry Strategy 2011’, all new public constructions should use BIM from 2016.

Blowing agent a blowing agent is a substance used during the manufacture of cellular foam insulation products. These agents are typically used to enhance the thermal performance of the finished product by filling the cells within the insulation with a low thermal conductivity gas. The Kooltherm and Therma ranges of insulation products we produce use blowing agents with zero Ozone Depletion Potential and low Global Warming Potential (GWP).

BPEO Best Practice Environmental Option includes initiatives such as Kingspan’s Waste Collection Service.

BREEAM is an environmental assessment and rating system for buildings. It uses recognised measures of performance, which are set against established benchmarks, to evaluate a building’s specification, design, construction and use.

Breathability is a non–scientific term used when discussing moisture transport through a construction (see Ventilation).

Building Control Bodies are public and private organisations that assess and verify compliance with building regulations and standards.

Building envelope separates the internal and external environments, such as a roof or walls. In order to provide the adequate protection against heat leakage, the building envelope should have as few thermal bridges and unintended gaps as possible.

Built–up roof a roof made up of layers of building elements, typically roofing felt and asphalt with waterproofing layer and gravel on top.

Butt Joints a joint made from two materials placed end to end without overlapping. They are used in pipe insulation and when laying loose boards on a floor or roof.

52

9.Glossary

Carrier membrane is a membrane typically used to provide a suitable substrate for laying another product, i.e. such as for a liquid applied waterproofing system to be applied onto. Refer to individual waterproofing manufacturers for specific recommendations on when such layers are required, and if they are what is used for them.

Cavity closers are insulated extrusions for closing wall cavities at openings such as window reveals and door reveals. Cavity closers reduce heat transfer and therefore thermal bridging and associated risk of condensation and mould growth. They can even be used to pre–form openings when window and door frames are fitted later. Kingspan Kooltherm Cavity Closer and Kingspan Thermabate are examples.

CE label shows compliance with EN and CEN standards

Cellular insulation such as polyurethane, polyisocyanurate and phenolic insulation, which is made up of small individual cells.

Centres of rafters/joists are measured by taking the centre point of one joist/rafter to the centre point of the following adjacent joist/rafter. Timber joists and rafters are traditionally located at 400 mm, 450 mm or 600 mm centres, or in refurbishments sometimes their imperial approximate equivalents of 16, 18 and 24 inches.

Closed cell insulation has a more compact and denser structure than open cell insulation. As a result, it decreases the ingress of moisture and is more resistant to heat transmission. Insulation with a closed cell structure is also more resistant to flood damage. Because of its low water take–up, closed cell insulation panels recover from immersion in flood water more quickly than mineral fibre insulations for example.

Cold bridging is a type of thermal bridging that occurs when a structural element of a building lets heat flow through it because it has a lower thermal resistance than other components in the construction.

C

53

Compressive creep is the measure of how much a material changes thickness under long–term load. Heavy duty insulation materials ideally have a low compressive creep so they have a suitable durability in heavy duty applications.

Compressive strength is a material’s ability to maintain its structural integrity when compressed. Insulation products with a high compressive strength such as Kingspan Styrozone are used for heavy duty floors and roofs.

Condensation is the conversion of a substance (typically water when referenced in the construction industry) from the vapour state to a liquid due to a change in temperature or pressure, e.g. such as warm moist air hitting a cold surface causing: a reduction in temperature of the air; and moisture vapour to condense out of the air. The two main occurrences of condensation are:

Surface Condensation which can lead to mould and staining through its formation on the visible surface of a material.

Interstitial Condensation occurs between the layers of a construction. This type of condensation can both reduce the effectiveness of insulation components and reduce their lifespan.

Convection is the transfer of heat through movement of air.

Conduction is the transference of heat through a material, or from one material to another when they have direct contact.

CRA Condensation Risk Analysis is performed on the construction elements of a building, taking into account the order in which they appear, and the building’s geographical location. Kingspan’s Technical department present CRA with U–value calculations.

54

9.Glossary

DER Dwelling Emission Rate details the energy performance of a building calculated using SAP. These measurements will be compared to the TER to define whether a dwelling passes building regulations.

DFEE Dwelling Fabric Energy Efficiency. This is compared to the TFEE to comply with building regulations in England.

DPM Damp Proof Membrane is used with some insulations to prevent moisture building up on the insulation layer.

Emissivity is the ‘shininess’ of a material. A high emissivity will increase the amount of heat transfer through radiation. It is measured in watts per square metre (W/m2) in relation to an ideal black surface as a ratio from 0 to 1. The closer to 0 the emissivity ratio, the lower the emission of heat as radiation. A foil facing on an insulation board allows a low emissivity to be taken when calculating the thermal resistance of an unventilated airspace. eg in a cavity wall construction.

EPC Energy Performance Certificate is required upon completion of a dwelling in accordance with the English, Scottish and Welsh building standards. This necessitates energy calculations eg SAP or SBEM. They measure on a scale of A–G, the green to red scale covers the energy efficiency rating, while the blue to grey scale measures the environmental impact rating of the construction.

EPS Expanded Polystyrene is a light rigid foam insulation that has low thermal conductivity and high impact resistance.

EWI External Wall Insulation – insulation on the outside or cold side of a wall.

D

E

55

Facing is the surface element of an insulation board. Rigid and semi–rigid insulation boards often have a foil facing which lowers the emissivity of the insulation element.

Fully bonded is typically used in reference to flat roofing, and refers to where a bond between two materials is considered to cover the whole surface. As a full bond covers a greater proportion of the roof area, these systems can generally provide greater restraint against wind uplift than partially bonded systems.

Geotextile membrane is a non–woven geo–synthetic membrane used in a variety of applications within the construction industry to act as separation and filtration membranes.

GWP Global Warming Potential is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere, and in turn how much the product is estimated to contribute towards global warming. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years.

Green Guide Rating The 2008 Green Guide Rating system uses data from Environmental Profiles to classify performance of construction materials in a number of areas to award a summary rating on a scale of E (worst) up to A+ (best).

HTB or Transmission heat transfer coefficient associated with non–repeating thermal bridges. The HTB is the overall sum of heat–loss / gain from each junction multiplied by that junction’s length.

G

F

H

56

9.Glossary

ISO International Standardisation Organisation is a certification body that proved assessments such as 9001- quality management, 14001- environmental management, 18001- Occupational Health and Safety (OHSAS), and 50001- energy management.

IWI Internal Wall Insulation – insulation on the inside or warm side of a wall.

Kappa value relates to the thermal mass of a construction. It is the measure of how much heat will be stored per metre squared of a building and represents ‘k’ in the unit of measure kJ/m2K. ‘k’, or the heat capacity of a building, can be calculated using the following equation:

k = 10 – 6 x Ʃ (dj rj cj)

dj = thickness of layer (mm)

rj = density of layer (kg/m3)

cj = specific heat capacity of layer (J/kg·K)

The calculation is over all layers in the element, starting at the inside surface and stopping at whichever of the following conditions is encountered first (which may mean part way through a layer):

• The total thickness of the layers exceeds 100mm

• The midpoint of the construction is reached

• An insulation layer is reached (defined as thermal conductivity ≤ 0.08 W/m.K)

I

K

57

Lambda value Sometimes called the ‘k–value’ or ‘ʎ–value’, measures the thermal conductivity of a material. k–value is shown in units of W/mK where ‘m’ represents the thickness of the material in metres. Insulants have a low thermal conductivity meaning heat cannot pass through them easily. The k–value shows the general performance of a material with regards to thermal conductivity and does not relate to the material’s thickness.

LCA Life Cycle Assessment is how the environmental impact of a building is assessed from raw materials to disposal or recycling.

Loose fill insulation For example cellulose or mineral insulations that are typically installed in the air cavities of buildings through a gap or drilled hole in the building element.

Moisture ingress is the act of water entering something. In construction terminology the term is typically used in reference to external moisture (i.e. ground moisture or precipitation) entering a construction.

MVHR Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery: A system that ventilates a space by removing indoor air, recovering the heat from that indoor air, and using it to pre–heat fresh air from outside.

Open cell insulation has an irregular structure that allows moisture and vapour to permeate through it more easily and compromises the thermal performance.

OSB Oriented Strand Board, also known as OSB, Sterling board or Exterior board and is an engineered wood product formed by layering strands (flakes) of wood in specific orientations set within a resin to form a rigid board. The product is typically available in differing thickness from 6–25mm, and comes in differing grades from 1–4. Grades 2–4 are most common, with grade 3 or 4 generally being used in structural applications. A common application for boards of this type is as a structural sheathing to timber frames where they enhance the bending and racking strength of the frame.

M

O

L

58

9.Glossary

P/A Ratio is the perimeter / area ratio and is worked out by dividing the exposed perimeter given by the floor area. This will calculate how much floor insulation is needed. The exposed perimeter refers only to the walls that connect to an unheated space, so this will mainly be an outside space or areas such as a garage. The smaller the P/A figure the smaller the amount of insulation that is required, for example, a large area with a small exposed perimeter will have less heat loss and, therefore, will require less insulation.

Partial bonding is typically used in reference to flat roofing and relates to the method of bonding various components to the substrates beneath. When using a partial bond only a proportion of the two adjacent layers are bonded to one another, this can be to allow for a degree of differential movement, the release of gas during installation, or just due to discontinuity in the substrate, i.e. such as in the case of a profiled metal deck. When referring to built–up bituminous felt partially bonded systems are generally achieved by using a 3G perforated felt, which is loose laid above the substrate (i.e. deck or insulation) and the next layer of felt is then partially bonded to the substrate at the points of the perforations in the 3G layer.

Passivhaus or Passive House Standard. ‘A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post–heating or post–cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’ The Passivhaus standard is a very high standard of energy efficiency by reducing levels of heat loss through high levels of insulation and preventing air loss, the building is heated passively through the sun, human occupants and household appliances with the remaining heat being supplied through heating or cooling of air in a mechanical ventilation system.

P

59

Phenolic Foam (PF) is an insulant such as Kingspan Kooltherm rigid phenolic boards. It has a high compressive strength and a closed cell structure. The thermal conductivity of phenolic foam is lower than that of rigid polyurethane or extruded polystyrene.

Plenum in ductwork, a plenum is a space above a ceiling that allows the collection of air in order to let it move between different spaces in the building.

PIR Polyisocyanurate foam is a rigid polymeric foam insulation, for example Kingspan Thermapitch that has a thermal conductivity of 0.022 W/m·K.

Psi value or Ψ value is the measure of heat loss per K shown in units of W/m·K where ‘m’ details the length of a junction in metres. It is used to account for heat lost from non–repeating thermal bridges.

PU is a family of rigid cellular thermoset polymeric foam with a close cell structure that forms both PIR and PUR based polymer forms. Kingspan’s Therma range is made up of PU rigid urethane insulants.

PUR Polyurethane foam is a rigid polymeric foam insulation with a high thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity. It can be used on its own or to seal air gaps between existing insulation elements.

Retrofit is the installation of insulation over pre–existing building elements or insulation.

RH Relative Humidity is a percentage that measures the relationship between the actual moisture content of the air and the saturated moisture content of the air.

Radiation also known as infrared radiation, this is the movement of heat through an open space which is not reliant on any contact between the heat source and the heated object.

R

60

9.Glossary

R–value demonstrates thermal resistance of a material in relation to its thickness. It is measured in units of m2K/W.

SAP Standard Assessment Procedure which measures the energy performance or efficiency of a domestic building. It covers the energy consumed in relation to the floor area, a fuel–cost–based efficiency rating, and CO2 emissions. The procedure follows the structure of BREDEM (BRE Domestic Energy Model).

Sarking board are rigid boards, such as timber planks, plywood or OSB used above rafters in a pitched roof. The use of sarking boards is most common in Scotland, where traditionally sarking boards comprised softwood sawn planks fixed to the upper face of the rafters.

SBEM Simplified Building Energy Model assesses the energy efficiency of a non–domestic building. The software is used to measure the CO2 emissions of non–domestic buildings and whether they comply with building regulations and standards.

SIPs Structurally Insulated Panels are a combination of insulation and structural elements such as timber facings in one board. An example is the Kingspan TEK Building System.

Soffit is the underside of an architectural component, for example an arch, beam, staircase or underneath car park decks. Insulations for this type of building element include Kingspan Kooltherm K10 FM Soffit Board and Kooltherm K10 PLUS.

S

61

Tanking membrane a water proof membrane used to prevent moisture ingress further into a construction. Products of this type are often used in basement wall or floor constructions. A variety of materials ranging from membranes to liquid applied systems, with both bituminous, cementitous and synthetic plastic products all being available in the market place.

TER is the Target Emission which is based on a ‘notional building’, concurrent specification, which differs based on the country in which you are building (eg England, Wales or Scotland).

TFEE Target Fabric Energy Efficiency is an additional standard in England presented alongside the TER.

Thermal bridges are areas through which heat can be lost when a material has a higher thermal conductivity than adjacent building elements. They can also be referred to as Cold bridges or Heat bridges. The main types of thermal bridges are:

Repeating thermal bridges, where the bridging occurs in a regular, accountable way, for example where there are timber studs, or a steel framing system (SFS) in walls. U–value calculations take account of the effect of repeating thermal bridges e.g. a 15% timber bridging fraction might be taken for studs in a timber framed wall.

Point thermal bridges, when repeating, can also be used as an adjustment to the U–value of a building element to account for the thermal bridging effects from fixings or fasteners.

Non–repeating linear or geometrical thermal bridges occur in an irregular pattern at junctions between building elements e.g. Between walls and floors or roofs, or around windows and doors.

Non–repeating point thermal bridges can be used to account for losses associated with breaching an insulated layer e.g. with an isolated beam end, or where a flue passes through the wall.

T

62

9.Glossary

Thermal Conductivity is the measure of thermal conductivity used on materials in which heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation.

Thermal mass is how well an element absorbs, stores and releases heat per metre squared (See Kappa Value).

Thermal Resistivity as with thermal conductivity, this measures a material’s ability to resist heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation in relation to the material’s thickness or surface emittance (see emissivity).

Thermoset is a type of insulation that sets permanently after cooling. If the insulation is reheated it will not change shape. Thermoset materials will not run, melt or drip when exposed to fire. Examples include Kingspan’s Kooltherm and Therma ranges.

U–value The U–value is a sum of the thermal resistances of the layers that make up a building element i.e. walls, floors, roofs etc.). It includes adjustments for any fixings, air gaps etc. This value shows in units of W/m2K the ability of an element to transmit heat from a warm space to a cold space in a building and vice versa. The lower the U–value, the better insulated the building element is.

Ventilation is the process of “changing” or replacing air in any space to remove excess moisture or other pollutants, such as carbon dioxide or ground gases such as radon and replaced with external air (See MVHR).

U

V

63

Water flow reduction layer is a membrane such as Kingspan Aquazone typically utilised within inverted roof constructions where it is laid above the thermal insulation to aid in minimising the cooling effect associated with rain water draining beneath thermal insulation. These products typically compose non–woven, spun–bonded polyolefin with micro–perforations which allow the escape of moisture vapour while preventing the majority of liquid water from percolating further down into the construction.

Wind uplift / Wind load calculations wind can apply a positive or negative force onto objects depending on the construction detail, its orientation to the direction of wind, and the difference between internal and external air pressures. Wind load calculations are particularly important for systems restrained to the outside of a building, such as warm or inverted flat roofs and external wall insulation systems such as EWI render and rainscreen systems.

A wind load calculation considers a number of factors, such as the location and altitude of the building plot, local topography (i.e. geographical features, valleys, hillside etc.), adjacent structures which may shelter or funnel wind towards the building, also the construction type, its height from ground, and position on the construction in relation to the prevailing wind direction.

XPS Extruded Polystyrene has a high resistance to condensation damage and has a high thermal resistance. Kingspan Styrozone is a rigid extruded polystyrene.

Y–value is an approximation of a specific building’s heat loss via its junctions. It is calculated by dividing the HTB (overall thermal bridging coefficient) by the buildings’s total exposed area (See HTB).

X

Y

W

Kingspan Insulation LtdPembridge, Leominster, Herefordshire HR6 9LA, UK

www.kingspaninsulation.co.uk

® Kingspan, Kooltherm, Nilvent, OPTIM-R, Thermafloor, Thermapitch, Thermabate, Styrozone, TEK, Thermaroof and the Lion Device are Registered Trademarks of the Kingspan Group plc in the UK and other countries. All rights reserved.

TM Therma is a Trademark of Kingspan Group plc.Kingspan Insulation Ltd. Registered in England & Wales, No. 01882722. Registered Office: Pembridge, Leominster, Herefordshire HR6 9LA UK.

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