evaluation of some sweet cherry cultivars to winter freeze...
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EVALUATION OF SOME SWEET CHERRY CULTIVARS TO WINTER FREEZE IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF ROMANIA Adrian AS NIC , Dorel HOZA, Valerica TUDOR, Georgeta TEMOCICO
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, 59 Marasti, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania, Phone, Fax: +40 21 318 36 36, E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract A very large number of sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstocks was tested for freeze injuries in the winter of 2011/2012. The cultivars evaluated were Van, Celeste, Lapins, Kordia, Giant Red, Ferrovia, Early Red, Firm Red, Skeena, New Star, Regina grafted on PHLC rootstock in Istrita Nursery Station; Van and Stella on Prunus mahaleb L. in Moara Domneasca Didactic Farm; Ferrovia, Lapins, Celeste, Vega, Skeena, Early Red, New Star, Kordia, Mora di Vignola, Firm Red, Giant Red, Katalin, Ulster, Sam, B. Burlat, Boambe de Cotnari, Hedelfinger, Germersdorf, Van, Rivan, Regina, Giorgia grafted on PHLC, Colt, CAB6P, CAB11E and Prunus mahaleb L. in USAMV Bucharest Experimental Field. The wood hardness of the cultivars was assessed considering the branch types and the position in the crown. Frost hardiness results indicate a wide spectrum of cultivar resistance in terms of winter damages between 9.98% to 63.92% in Istrita region, 1.96% to 48.25% in Bucharest and Moara Domneasca area. The most affected by frost was Skeena at Istrita and Germersdorf in Bucharest. Keywords: sweet cherry, frost injuries, hardiness evaluation INTRODUCTION
The benefits of the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) consumption and fruit growing are well known worldwide [4]. Because of his importance, many producers are trying to adapt the new release cultivars [9] and rootstocks [1] in different regions in order to maximize the quality and yield of fruits [5]. A lot of remarkable sweet cherries varieties recently introduced coming from different breeding conditions [9] have abroad origin. In the new concept of european market and globalization, sweet cherry productions should come from cultivars more homogenous [2] with standard required quality. Due to a lack of data regarding their performance in the traditional and non traditional Romanian cultivation area of sweet cherry, many of these cultivars could be affected by winter frosts and may register serious production losses in the unfavourable years. The climate changes problems should not be ignored in this case and might be a subject for further researches. The temperature fluctuations in winter and the sudden amplitudes are the main cause for frost
injuries [7] in the south-eastern part of Europe where the absolute minimum temperature is not the major factor involved for cherry. The effect of low temperatures is also expressed by cultivars according to genetic heritage [2] and rootstock used. For instance, Gisela 5 one of the most recommended and used dwarf rootstock for cherry is mentioned by some authors [8, 10] as hardier than Mazzard. Other authors [7] found that 'Burlat' grafted on Gisela 5 recorded much severe frost injuries than P. mahaleb L. seedlings or Weiroot rootstock series. A research conducted on many sweet cherry cultivars from Fruit Genebank Dresden-Pilnitz show no correlation between frost and diseases resistance of the cultivars, so this issue must be approached separately [3]. MATERIAL AND METHOD In order to evaluate the hardiness of some sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstocks in the condition of 2011/2012 winter, three locations were choosed for test. The cultivars evaluated were Van, Celeste, Lapins, Kordia, Giant Red, Ferrovia, Early Red,
23
Scientific Papers, Series B, Horticulture, Vol. LVI, 2012
ISSN Online 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653
Firm Red, Skeena, New Star, Regina grafted on PHLC rootstock in Istrita Nursery Station; Van and Stella on Prunus mahaleb L. in Moara Domneasca Didactic Farm; Ferrovia, Lapins, Celeste, Vega, Skeena, Early Red, New Star, Kordia, Mora di Vignola, Firm Red, Giant Red, Katalin, Ulster, Sam, B. Burlat, Boambe de Cotnari, Hedelfinger, Germersdorf, Van, Rivan, Regina, Giorgia grafted on PHLC, Colt, CAB6P, CAB11E and Prunus mahaleb L. in USAMV Bucharest Experimental Field (photo 4). The wood hardiness of the cultivars was assessed considering the branch types and the position in the crown. From each cultivar it were collected spur, medium and long branches, detached from first level and upper half of the crown (second level). At the end of January and in the first decade of February, it were analyzed 100 floral buds on each variant and it was calculated the percentages of losses. As statistical method it was used Duncan's multiple range test (P 0.05) where means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the last time, in Romania as in other European countries, the climate changes are more often mentioned when pay attention to very low temperatures in winter or very hot summers with long periods of dryness. The winter of 2011/2012 is one of the hard winter examples, when low temperatures have persisted for many days and the wind blew harder. In the Istrita condition (table 1), the highest degree of frozen flower buds was recorded by Skeena (63,92%). The biggest losses were counted in the bazal part of the crown and the most affected type of branch was the medium one (90,91%). In the upper part of the tree, the percentages of damages were under 50% for the medium and long branches. Not all of cultivars react like Skeena. For instance, Kordia tolerate quite well the low temperatures and has numbered only 9,98% frost buds/tree.
Table 1. Floral buds losses due to 2011/2012 winter frost at some sweet cherry cultivars grown in Istrita, Buzau (%) Cultivar I level (below) II level (upper) Mean
per tree Spurs Medium branches
Long branches
Average I level
Spurs Medium branches
Long branches
Average II level
Van 68.29a 60.00d 57.30b 61.87b 22.95f 20.29de 44.93a 29.39d 45.63b Celeste 7.73h 53.33e 14.04g 25.03g 1.56h 0 0.00 0.52h 12.78g Lapins 42.18c 37.25g 32.31d 37.25e 6.21h 8f 10.09f 8.10gh 22.67f Kordia 13.76g 9.92j 2.38i 8.68j 12.58g 7.31f 13.92e 11.27g 9.98h Giant Red 28.92d 61.36c 28.33ef 39.54d 38.02c 18.46e 5.61g 20.70f 30.12e Ferovia 20.83f 7.37j 11.43h 13.21i 27.78e 25.53c 43.30b 32.20c 22.71f Early Red 28.48d 67.21b 29.79e 41.83c 3.85h 9.09f 10.37f 7.77gh 24.80f Firm Red 43.33c 35.53h 27.42f 35.43f 43.33b 35.52b 27.42c 35.43b 35.43c Skeena 65.52b 90.91a 77.55a 77.99a 58.57a 45.45a 45.52a 49.85a 63.92a New Star 42.51c 40.58f 45.16c 42.75c 31.21d 21.84d 19.44d 24.17e 33.46d Regina 26.72e 26.72i 15.38g 22.94h 6.77h 4.80f 7.89fg 6.49h 14.72g Media 35.30 44.56 31.01 36.96 22.98 17.84 20.77 20.54 28.75 * means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different. With no significant differences, Lapins, Ferrovia and Early Red positioned in the "under 30%" group. According to Kolesnikov [6], cited by Budan S. [2], the sweet cherry production started to decrease only when the flowering buds were lost in a higher percentage than 30%. Other cultivars with a good resistance that recorded under 35% losses are Celeste, Regina, New Star and Giant Red.
The analyze of the frost injuries depending on branch type (fig. 1) is revealing the fact that the losses are linked with genetic information of the cultivar and with flowering bud formation on the fruit branches.
24
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[7] Lichev V. and PapachatzisA., 2006. Influence of ten rootstocks on cold hardiness of flowers of cherry cultivar 'Bigarreau Burlat'. Sceintific Works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Sodininkyste IR Darzininkyste. 25(3). 296-301. [8] Lynn E. Long and Clive Kaiser. 2010. Sweet cherry rootstocks for the Pacific Northwest. A Pacific Northwest Publication, PNW 619, September 2010.
[9] Sansavini, S. and Lugli, S., 2008. Sweet Cherry Breeding Programs In Europe And Asia. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 795:41-58. [10] Sitarek, M., Z. Grzyb, 1998. Frost injuries of sweet cherry and plum after winter 1996/97. - Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 6:1, 15-22.
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