evaluation of hemolysis bbanys halfday2f82162c-6430-4e94-91b8-37855110a538... · hemolysis sequelae...

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1 Evaluation of Hemolysis Matthew Elkins, MD PhD Upstate University Hospital Hemolysis Definition: Disruption of the cell membrane of RBCs resulting in the release of free hemoglobin Intravascular hemolysis – disruption within the blood stream with release of RBC contents into the circulation Extravascular hemolysis – disruption outside of blood stream (in reticuloendothelial system) Hemolysis Sequelae Anemia – decrease in hemoglobin below the patient’s usual baseline Acute anemia – loss of RBC, usually without loss of intravascular volume Chronic anemia long term decrease in RBC mass, compensation Pallor, lethargy, diaphoresis, nausea/vomiting, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, depression, shortness of breath, highoutput cardiac failure, death

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Page 1: Evaluation of hemolysis BBANYS halfday2F82162C-6430-4E94-91B8-37855110A538... · Hemolysis Sequelae Acute tubular necrosis Damage to renal tubule epithelium Acute, severe back/flank

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Evaluation of Hemolysis

Matthew Elkins, MD PhD

Upstate University Hospital

Hemolysis

Definition:

Disruption of the cell membrane of RBCs resulting in the release of free hemoglobin

Intravascular hemolysis – disruption within the blood stream with release of RBC contents into the circulation

Extravascular hemolysis – disruption outside of blood stream (in reticuloendothelial system)

Hemolysis Sequelae

Anemia – decrease in hemoglobin below the patient’s usual baseline

Acute anemia – loss of RBC, usually without loss of  intravascular volume

Chronic anemia – long term decrease in RBC mass, compensation

Pallor, lethargy, diaphoresis, nausea/vomiting, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, depression, shortness of breath, high‐output cardiac failure, death

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Hemolysis Sequelae

Schaer et al. 2013 Blood

Hemolysis SequelaeFree hemoglobin binds to nitric oxide to form methemoglobin

Methemoglobin induces release of proinflammatory cytokines fromproinflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells (e.g. IL‐6, IL‐8)

Fever, chills, SIRS

Decrease in NO results in increased vascular tone and hypercoagulability resulting in hypertension and stroke

Hemolysis Sequelae

Schaer et al. 2013 Blood

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Hemolysis Sequelae

Acute tubular necrosis

Damage to renal tubule epithelium

Acute, severe back/flank pain

Can result in permanent kidney damage

Hemolysis Sequelae

Schaer et al. 2013 Blood

Causes of HemolysisNon‐immune hemolysis 

Mechanical shearing (artificial heart valve, fibrosis)

Trauma, toxins, infections

Abnormal RBC or hemoglobin

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)

Immune hemolysis Immune hemolysis

Immune destruction of transfused RBCs due to alloantibodies produced by recipient

Immune destruction of patient RBCs due to antibodies in transfused plasma/antibody concentrate (e.g. RhoGam)

Immune destruction of patient RBCs due to autoantibody

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Hemolysis workupHistory, physical exam

—Symptoms and duration, PMHx

Hematology Lab tests 

―CBC, Reticulocyte counts, Peripheral smears, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Osmotic fragility testing, Bone marrow evaluationevaluation

Chemistry Lab tests 

―Haptoglobin, Bilirubin, LDH, Serum‐free hemoglobin, Urinalysis (hemoglobinuria) 

Blood Bank Evaluation

―Type and screen, DAT, Eluate, RBC antibody identification 

Hemolysis Work‐up

Is the patient undergoing hemolysis?

Haptoglobin

Lactate dehydrogenase

Bilirubin

Serum‐free hemoglobin

Urinalysis 

Chemistry EvaluationHaptoglobinMeasured by immuno‐turbidometricmeasurement

Mix patient’s serum with anti‐human h t l bi Abhaptoglobin Abs

Resultant aggregate blocks light transmittance on a spectrophotometer

Hpt is also an acute phase reactant, so may see increase with inflammation

Hpt is produced from the liver, so low levels can be seen due to liver failure

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Hemolysis 

Anemic?

Hemolysis may occur without anemia due to the capacity of bone marrow to replenish

Patient Evaluation

the capacity of bone marrow to replenish destroyed RBCs

Anemia occurs if hemolysis exceeds erythropoiesis capacity of the bone marrow

High rate of hemolysis

Decreased erythropoiesis capacity 

Hematology Lab Tests 

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Automated counting of 

–RBCs

Platelets–Platelets

–WBCs

Determined by size of cellular component

Measured using either impedance or light scatter

Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Measured by impedance method:

Set up two chambers with maintained electrical current at set voltage

+‐

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Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC)

As cells pass through aperture between chambers, resistance to electrical flow increases in relation to cell size

RBC and platelets tested in one reaction

Second sample tested after hydrolysis of RBCs

+‐

Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Light scatter measured using a flow cytometer

Cellular constituents pass through a laser beam one at a time

The light is refracted as it passes through the cell

The amount of refraction (spread) correlates to the size of the cell

Laser Detector

Side scatter used   to quantitate WBC 

Hemolysis 

Anemic

What is the RBC morphology?

RBC h l id i i ht i t th

Patient Evaluation

RBC morphology can provide insight into the underlying cause of anemia/hemolysis 

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Peripheral Blood Smear

Sample of whole blood is spread on a glass slide

Thin layer of blood isThin layer of blood is examined microscopically to evaluate morphology of platelets, RBCs, and WBCs

Case 1: Patient Presentation

52 year old woman

Recent upper respiratory infection

Left frontal headache

Gingival bleeding

Gross hematuria

New ecchymoses bilateral extremities and petechiae on trunk 

Case 1: Laboratories

13.2

14.4                 7

37.2

LDH 1698, Bilirubin 3.1

Haptoglobin <10

Blood Type: B+

Antibody Screen: Negative

DAT: Negative

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Case 2: Peripheral Case 2: Peripheral Blood Blood SmearSmear

Case 2: TTPThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Anti‐ADAMTS13 antibody or congenital defect

Directly inactivates ADAMTS13 and causes increased clearance

ADAMTS13 cleaves vWF extra large multimersADAMTS13 cleaves vWF extra‐large multimers

Absence of functional ADAMSTS13 results in abundance of HMW vWF multimers

Larger multimers activate platelets multiple thromboses

Platelets used up  thrombocytopenia 

Case 2: TTPThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

ADAMTS13 assay:

1:1 Mix

Normal pooled plasma

Patient Sample

Dilution(same final conc

Normal >67% activity or <33% inhibition

Patient result <5% activity or >95% inhibition 

1:1 MixResult=23%

(same final conc. as 1:1 mix)Result = 53%

Corrected 23/53=43.4%Percent Inhibition=56.6%

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Peripheral Blood Smear

Schistocytes

Remnants of RBCs from intravascular shearing

Small platelet‐fibrin clots transiently lodge in vessels, narrowing vascular channel andvessels, narrowing vascular channel and causing activation of complement cascade on vessel wall

Peripheral Blood Smear

Fibrin strands attach to endothelial walls 

RBCs passing through the vessels are transiently bound by these fibrin strands

RBCs torn apart

Resultant fragments cleared by the spleen 

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias

Pathophysiology

Activation of platelets/coagulation cascade in small vessels resulting in fibrin stranding and microthrombimicrothrombi

Vascular occlusion, hemolysis, consumptive coagulopathy (platelets and/or coagulation factors)

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Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias

Causes Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Systemic malignancy

Malignant hypertension

Autoimmune diseases (SLE, PAN) 

Severe infection (sepsis, DIC)

Drugs – Quinine best example, but many causes

Schistocytes ≠ TTP  

Schistocytes = mechanical shearing of RBCs

Non‐MAHA Schistocytes

Marching hemolysis / drummer hemolysis

Stenotic heart valves

Artificial heart valves– Peri‐valvular leak

– Valvular stenosis

– Mechanical valves

LVADs, ECMO, bypass

Fibrosis of liver, bone marrow

Peripheral Smear

Spherocytes

RBC with smaller diameter and no central clearing

Caused by either:Lack of functional cytoskeletal components 

A tib di ifi ll i i lf RBC tiAntibodies specifically recognizing self RBC antigens

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Peripheral SmearSpherocytes

Abs recognized by macrophages in the splenic sinusoids which phagocytize RBC membrane

Both pathways result in loss of cell membrane

RBC cytoplasm and membrane equilibratesRBC cytoplasm and membrane equilibrates

Anemia results due to clearing of the spherocytes

Peripheral SmearOther RBC morphologies

Stomatocytes – hereditary, Rh null syndrome

Acanthocytes (spur cells) – liver disease, dyslipidemias McLeod phenotypedyslipidemias, McLeod phenotype

Echinocyte (burr cells) ‐ renal failure, burns phosphate deficiency

Degmacyte (bite cells/blister cells) –oxidative hemolysis (ex. G6PD deficiency) resulting in condensation of hemoglobin which gets removed by macrophages

Peripheral Smear

Sickle cells, HgbC crystals

Condensation of abnormal hemoglobin resulting in insoluble crystalsinsoluble crystals

Distorts cell membrane

Intravascular and extravascularhemolysis

Chronic inflammatory state

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Hemolysis 

Anemic

RBC morphology

I h l i ?

Patient Evaluation

Immune hemolysis?

What blood is compatible with patient? 

Blood Bank TestingABO and Rh Typing ‐ Forward typing:

Patient’s RBCs with anti‐A, anti‐B and anti‐D

Blood Bank TestingABO and Rh Typing ‐ Reverse typing:

Patient’s plasma with A RBCs and B RBCs

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Blood Bank TestingAntibody Screen – non‐ABO antibodies:

Patient’s plasma with screening O cells

Case 2: Patient Presentation

45 yo woman G2P2 

Admitted with a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to right carotid bifurcated aneurysm. 

d f i l i hFour days after surgical repair, she was transfused two units RBC for Hgb=7.0 mg/dL.

Two weeks later she was transfused two additional units (Hgb=7.1 mg/dL).  

Case 2: Patient Presentation

Early in the 2nd unit, the patient became febrile (38.140.1C), tachycardic (99106), hypertensive (128/72153/76). 

The nurse also noted new “cranberry” coloredThe nurse also noted new  cranberry  colored urine in her catheter bag. 

Her past transfusion history was significant for RBC approx. 15 yrs earlier. 

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Case 2: Laboratory Workup

LDH= 821

Bilirubin (T/D)= 1.9 / 0.5 

Haptoglobin= <6 

Serum Free Hemoglobin= 87

UA= Hemoglobinuria

Visual hemolysis check:  positive

Case 2: Laboratory WorkupPatient ABO/Rh type:       O+ (pre, post samples)

ABO/Rh RBC units 1+2: O+ 

Direct Coombs: negative (C3, IgG: pre, post)

Repeat Antibody screen: anti‐ Lea, C, SC, Sp y , ,,(using enhanced methods)

Repeat Full Crossmatch:

Unit 2, Incompatible (C+, S+)

+

Blood Bank Testing

Direct Coombs test

Test for antibodies 

Direct Agglutination Test (DAT)

or complement bound to patient RBCs

Use AHG for IgG

Anti‐C3 for IgM

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Immune‐mediated Hemolysis with Negative DAT

Antibody present, but all Ag+ cells hemolyzed

IgA IgD or IgE autoantibodyIgA, IgD, or IgE autoantibody (only IgG and C3 detected)

Low affinity binding –antibody dislodged during wash steps in DAT

Blood Bank Testing

Tests patient serum for anti‐RBC antibodies

Indirect Coombs Test

Combine serum with test RBCs

Add AHG to agglutinate if antibodies bound

Eluate Evaluation

Determine specificity of antibodies bound toof antibodies bound to the patient’s RBCs

Elute off antibodies from patient’s RBCs

Test against screen RBCs with AHG

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Antibody‐mediated Hemolysis

Alloantibody to antigen present on transfused RBCs

Transfused alloantibodies into patient with RBCs expressing antigenRBCs expressing antigen

— Transfused antibody concentrate (IVIG, RhoGam)

— Transfused non‐ABO compatible plasma

— All reported cases are type O plasma into type A or type AB patients

Antibody‐mediated Hemolysis

Autoantibody recognizing RBC antigen

Abnormal antibody recognizing normal antigen

– Warm autoantibody : IgG, reacts at 37⁰, extravascular hemolysisextravascular hemolysis

– Cold autoantibody : IgM, reacts at 24 ⁰, intravascular hemolysis

Case 3: Patient presentation

5 year‐old girl

2 week history of progressive dry cough

Afebrile 37.4 (99.4 F)

Vomiting, diarrhea

Tired, lethargic, shortness of breath

Chest pain

No significant PMHx

Multiple family members with cold symptoms

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Case 3: Patient presentation

V/S= T 37.6, HR 135, BP 98/55, RR 42

130   94    25                            12

71           6.8           240

3 5 12 0 6 36 23.5    12    0.6                          36.2

Imaging shows bilateral pneumonia with left empyema

Pleural fluid culture showed Streptococcus pneumoniae

Over 3 days, Hgb  6.3

Case 3 : Strep pneumo aHUS

Neuraminidase produced by S. pneumo cleaves N‐acetylneuraminic acid on glycoproteins of cell membrane proteins

Exposure of Thomsen‐F i d i h ti (T

High titers of antibodies against T‐antigens are normally found in all patients 

Friedenreich antigen (T‐antigen) on glycophorins A and B on RBC and renal endothelial cell membranes Oliver et al 2010

Binds to RBC ag polyagglutination, hemolysis

Binds to renal endothelium  HUS

Case 3 : Strep pneumo aHUS

Lectins T Th Tn HEMPAS Cad

Lectins T Th Tn HEMPAS Cad

Arachis hypogea

+ + 0 0 0

Glycine max (soja)

+ 0 + 0 0

Salvia sclarea 0 0 + 0 0

Salvia horminum

0 0 + 0 +

Dolichos biflorus

0 0 + 0 +

DAT + in 90%Lectin assay most sensitive/specific

Treatment may require minimization of exposure to donor plasma

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Antibody‐mediated Hemolysis

Autoantibody recognizing RBC antigen

Abnormal antibody recognizing normal antigen

– Warm autoantibody : IgG, reacts at 37⁰, extravascular hemolysisextravascular hemolysis

– Cold autoantibody : IgM, reacts at 24 ⁰, intravascular hemolysis

Normal antibody recognizing abnormal antigen

– Bacterial toxins resulting in exposure of cryptic antigens or creation of foreign antigens

Case 4: Patient presentation

54 year‐old man

History of coronary artery disease, GERDdisease, GERD

Transferred to UMHS for treatment of hemolytic anemia

Case 4: Patient presentation

6/28Sent home on antibiotics for 

UTI

7/6For presumed AIHA, given IVIG, steroids, 

d 2 it RBC6/25

Prostate biopsy

6/28 Presents at OSH w/ fever, chills, headache, urinary 

frequency

UTI

7/5Re‐presents to OSH with same sx, and now hematuria

and 2 units RBCs

7/7Transferred to UMHS for treatment of hemolytic anemia

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Case 4: Clinical Presentation

On admission: 

Hemoglobin 7.4, Hematocrit 21.8

LDH 1955LDH 1955

Total bilirubin 4.7

Haptoglobin <10 

UMHS Blood Bank work‐up

DATPolyspecific= 3+

Anti‐IgG= 3+

Anti‐C3= 3+

IVIG given at OSH

UMHS Blood Bank work‐up

Serum:

Negative

Eluate:

Negative

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Antibiotics

6/28Sent home on antibiotics for 

UTI

7/6For presumed AIHA, given IVIG, steroids, 

d 2 it RBC6/25

Prostate biopsy

6/28 Presents at OSH w/ fever, chills, headache, urinary 

frequency

UTI

7/5Re‐presents to OSH with same sx, and now hematuria

and 2 units RBCs

7/7Transferred to UMHS for treatment of hemolytic anemia

Drug‐induced hemolysis

Drug‐dependent Autoantibody

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Antibiotics

6/28Sent home on antibiotics for 

UTI

7/6For presumed AIHA, given IVIG, steroids, 

d 2 it RBC6/25

Prostate biopsy

6/28 Presents at OSH w/ fever, chills, headache, urinary 

frequency

UTI

7/5Re‐presents to OSH with same sx, and now hematuria

and 2 units RBCs

7/7Transferred to UMHS for treatment of hemolytic anemia

Cefotetan and hemolysis

Cephamycin antibiotic with coverage similar to 2nd generation cephalosporins

Most common cause of drug‐dependent drug‐induced hemolysisinduced hemolysis

Commonly given prior to surgery as prophylactic

Detectable drug persists on RBCs up to 92 days after last dose (Davenport et al. 2004)

Treatment is supportive until drug is eliminated

DAT+ with negative eluate

Drug‐dependent antibody—Most commonly beta‐lactam antibiotics

Antibody with rare antigen specificity

False‐positive DAT (hyperviscosity, contamination by Wharton’s jelly)

Dialyzed patients – exposure to formaldehyde from tubing alters RBC antigens, eluate will react with formalin‐treated test RBCs

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Questions

??