evaluation of hemolysis bbanys 2f82162c-6430-4e94-91b8-37855110a538...آ hemolysis sequelae acute...
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Evaluation of Hemolysis
Matthew Elkins, MD PhD Upstate University Hospital
Hemolysis Definition:
Disruption of the cell membrane of RBCs resulting in the release of free hemoglobin Intravascular hemolysis – disruption within the blood stream with release of RBC contents into the circulation Extravascular hemolysis – disruption outside of blood stream (in reticuloendothelial system)
Hemolysis Sequelae Anemia – decrease in hemoglobin below the patient’s usual baseline Acute anemia – loss of RBC, usually without loss of intravascular volume Chronic anemia – long term decrease in RBC mass, compensation
Pallor, lethargy, diaphoresis, nausea/vomiting, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, depression, shortness of breath, high‐output cardiac failure, death
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Hemolysis Sequelae
Schaer et al. 2013 Blood
Hemolysis Sequelae Free hemoglobin binds to nitric oxide to form methemoglobin Methemoglobin induces release of proinflammatory cytokines fromproinflammatory cytokines from endothelial cells (e.g. IL‐6, IL‐8) Fever, chills, SIRS
Decrease in NO results in increased vascular tone and hypercoagulability resulting in hypertension and stroke
Hemolysis Sequelae
Schaer et al. 2013 Blood
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Hemolysis Sequelae
Acute tubular necrosis
Damage to renal tubule epithelium
Acute, severe back/flank pain Can result in permanent kidney damage
Hemolysis Sequelae
Schaer et al. 2013 Blood
Causes of Hemolysis Non‐immune hemolysis Mechanical shearing (artificial heart valve, fibrosis) Trauma, toxins, infections Abnormal RBC or hemoglobin Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
Immune hemolysis Immune hemolysis Immune destruction of transfused RBCs due to alloantibodies produced by recipient
Immune destruction of patient RBCs due to antibodies in transfused plasma/antibody concentrate (e.g. RhoGam)
Immune destruction of patient RBCs due to autoantibody
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Hemolysis workup History, physical exam
—Symptoms and duration, PMHx
Hematology Lab tests ―CBC, Reticulocyte counts, Peripheral smears, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Osmotic fragility testing, Bone marrow evaluationevaluation
Chemistry Lab tests ―Haptoglobin, Bilirubin, LDH, Serum‐free hemoglobin, Urinalysis (hemoglobinuria)
Blood Bank Evaluation ―Type and screen, DAT, Eluate, RBC antibody identification
Hemolysis Work‐up
Is the patient undergoing hemolysis? Haptoglobin Lactate dehydrogenase Bilirubin Serum‐free hemoglobin Urinalysis
Chemistry Evaluation Haptoglobin Measured by immuno‐turbidometric measurement
Mix patient’s serum with anti‐human h t l bi Abhaptoglobin Abs
Resultant aggregate blocks light transmittance on a spectrophotometer
Hpt is also an acute phase reactant, so may see increase with inflammation
Hpt is produced from the liver, so low levels can be seen due to liver failure
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Hemolysis Anemic? Hemolysis may occur without anemia due to the capacity of bone marrow to replenish
Patient Evaluation
the capacity of bone marrow to replenish destroyed RBCs Anemia occurs if hemolysis exceeds erythropoiesis capacity of the bone marrow High rate of hemolysis Decreased erythropoiesis capacity
Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC) Automated counting of
–RBCs Platelets–Platelets
–WBCs Determined by size of cellular component Measured using either impedance or light scatter
Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC) Measured by impedance method: Set up two chambers with maintained electrical current at set voltage
+‐
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Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC) As cells pass through aperture between chambers, resistance to electrical flow increases in relation to cell size
RBC and platelets tested in one reaction Second sample tested after hydrolysis of RBCs
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Hematology Lab Tests Complete Blood Count (CBC) Light scatter measured using a flow cytometer Cellular constituents pass through a laser beam one at a time The light is refracted as it passes through the cell The amount of refraction (spread) correlates to the size of the cell
Laser Detector
Side scatter used to quantitate WBC
Hemolysis Anemic What is the RBC morphology? RBC h l id i i ht i t th
Patient Evaluation
RBC morphology can provide insight into the underlying cause of anemia/hemolysis
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Peripheral Blood Smear
Sample of whole blood is spread on a glass slide Thin layer of blood isThin layer of blood is examined microscopically to evaluate morphology of platelets, RBCs, and WBCs
Case 1: Patient Presentation
52 year old woman Recent upper respiratory infection Left frontal headache Gingival bleeding Gross hematuria New ecchymoses bilateral extremities and petechiae on trunk
Case 1: Laboratories 13.2
14.4 7 37.2
LDH 1698, Bilirubin 3.1 Haptoglobin
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Case 2: Peripheral Case 2: Peripheral Blood Blood SmearSmear
Case 2: TTP Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Anti‐ADAMTS13 antibody or congenital defect Directly inactivates ADAMTS13 and causes increased clearance ADAMTS13 cleaves vWF extra large multimersADAMTS13 cleaves vWF extra‐large multimers Absence of functional ADAMSTS13 results in abundance of HMW vWF multimers Larger multimers activate platelets multiple thromboses Platelets used up thrombocytopenia
Case 2: TTP Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ADAMTS13 assay:
1:1 Mix
Normal pooled plasma
Patient Sample
Dilution (same final conc
Normal >67% activity or
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Peripheral Blood Smear Schistocytes Remnants of RBCs from intravascular shearing Small platelet‐fibrin clots transiently lodge in vessels, narrowing vascular channel andvessels, narrowing vascular channel and causing activation of complement cascade on vessel wall
Peripheral Blood Smear
Fibrin strands attach to endothelial walls RBCs passing through the vessels are transiently bound by these fibrin strands RBCs torn apart Resultant fragments cleared by the spleen
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias
Pathophysiology Activation of platelets/coagulation cascade in small vessels resulting in fibrin stranding and microthrombimicrothrombi Vascular occlusion, hemolysis, consumptive coagulopathy (platelets and/or coagulation factors)
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Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias Causes Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Systemic malignancy Malignant hypertension Autoimmune diseases (SLE, PAN) Severe infection (sepsis, DIC) Drugs – Quinine best example, but many causes
Schistocytes ≠ TTP Schistocytes = mechanical shearing of RBCs
Non‐MAHA Schistocytes
Marching hemolysis / drummer hemolysis Stenotic heart valves Artificial heart valves
– Peri‐valvular leak – Valvular stenosis – Mechanical valves
LVADs, ECMO, bypass Fibrosis of liver, bone marrow
Peripheral Smear Spherocytes RBC with smaller diameter and no central clearing Caused by either: Lack of functional cytoskeletal components A tib di ifi ll i i lf RBC tiAntibodies specifically recognizing self RBC antigens
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Peripheral Smear Spherocytes Abs recognized by macrophages in the splenic sinusoids which phagocytize RBC membrane Both pathways result in loss of cell membrane RBC cytoplasm and membrane equilibratesRBC cytoplasm and membrane equilibrates Anemia results due to clearing of the spherocytes
Peripheral Smear Other RBC morphologies Stomatocytes – hereditary, Rh null syndrome Acanthocytes (spur cells) – liver disease, dyslipidemias McLeod phenotypedyslipidemias, McLeod phenotype Echinocyte (burr cells) ‐ renal failure, burns phosphate deficiency Degmacyte (bite cells/blister cells) – oxidative hemolysis (ex. G6PD deficiency) resulting in condensation of hemoglobin which gets removed by macrophages
Peripheral Smear
Sickle cells, HgbC crystals Condensation of abnormal hemoglobin resulting in insoluble crystalsinsoluble crystals Distorts cell membrane Intravascular and extravascular hemolysis Chronic inflammatory state
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Hemolysis Anemic RBC morphology I h l i ?
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