The opening of internal borders between EU member states is a very tangible benefit for ordinary people, allowing them to travel freely without being subject to border controls. However, this freedom of internal movement must go hand in hand with increased controls at the EU’s external borders so as to combat effectively the trafficking of people and drugs, organized crime, illegal immigration and terrorism.

From 1815 to 1932, 60 million people left Europe primarily to North (United States, Canada, Cuba) and South America (particularly in Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela and Brazil); Australia, New Zealand.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second-largest in the world behind the British Empire.

By 1922 the British Empire included over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time. The empire covered more than 33,700,000 km2

(13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area

Features of Dutch culture, such as the Dutch language, still exist in the Netherlands' former and current territories. Migrants from its territories have made the Netherlands a very multiethnic, fascinating country.

As the countries of Europe recovered from World War II, they again became attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened their doors to immigrants to help rebuild their economies. Thus, the previous pattern of migration was reversed. This stirred major social changes in European countries that were not used to multicultural societies.

The common European immigration policy needs to provide a flexible framework that takes into account European Union (EU) countries’ particular situations.Frontex, based in Warsaw, is responsible for managing EU cooperation on external border security. The member states can lend its boats, helicopters and planes for carrying out joint patrols.

Video: Schengen AgreementEnshrining freedom of movement

Some of the most costly joint operations that have been coordinated and co-financed by Frontex are maritime operations aiming to curb migration by sea, such as the Hera operations off the Canary Islands and the Nautilus operations in the central Mediterranean.

Migration-related detention is the practice of asylum seekers and irregular immigrants until they can be deported, their identities established, or their claims adjudicated. 

HISTORY OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT

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