etymological study of semitic languages -...

Etymological Study of Semitic Languages (Arabic and Hebrew)

268

Appendices

Appendix A

Compatibility between Arabic and Hebrew with Proto-

Semitic

Appendix B

Proto-Semitic words with meanings

Appendix C

List of the Semitic languages

Appendix D

List of the main Hebrew words

Appendix E

List of the main Arabic words


269

Appendix A

Compatibility between Arabic and Hebrew with Proto-Semitic

Compatibility in sound form, and it considered Yes if it is compatible with

any possibility in proto-Semitic word, and the sound ā = a. For verb tens, we

used past tense only which it is in Semitic languages near to proto root with

little modification, few affixes. For names, nouns, adjectives and propositions

they used as they are:

No. Proto-Semitic word Compatibility

with Arabic Compatibility with Hebrew

Incompatibility with Arabic &

Hebrew

4.1.1 *’ab- (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.1.2 *‘aba (v) Yes Yes -

4.1.3 *’adam (n) Yes Yes -

4.1.4 *‘aḥad- (n) Yes No -

4.1.5 *’aḫ- (m.n) Yes No -

4.1.6 *’a/uḫt (f.n) Yes No -

4.1.7 *’ins/š (m.n) Yes No -

4.2.1 *ba’(a/i)s/š (v) No Yes -

4.2.2 *bașal- (n) Yes Yes -

4.2.3 *baʕl- (m.n) Yes No -

4.2.4 *bar(a)d- (n) Yes Yes -

4.2.5 *bi'r- (n) Yes No -

4.2.6 *baar (v) *bazaar (v) Yes Yes -

4.2.7 *bin- (m.n) No No Yes

4.3.1 *j/gadaʕ- (v) Yes Yes -

4.3.2 *jalajal- *gulg/(a/u)l- (n) No No Yes

4.3.3 *j/gam(a)l- (n) Yes Yes -

4.3.4 *j/gann- (n) No No Yes

4.3.5 *j/garab (n) Yes Yes -

4.3.6 *j/g(u/e)bn (n) Yes No -

4.3.7 *j/giyd- (n) Yes Yes -

4.4.1 *dā/(uw)s/š- (v) Yes Yes -

4.4.2 *d(a/i)bowrah (f.n) No Yes -

4.4.3 *dalw (n) Yes No -

4.4.4 *dam- (n) Yes Yes -

4.4.5 *damaʕ- (v) Yes Yes -

4.4.6 *daqaq- (v) No Yes -

4.4.7 *du/abb- (n) Yes No -


270

4.5.1 *hadar- (v) Yes Yes -

4.5.2 *ha/eykal (n) Yes Yes -

4.5.3 *halak- (v) Yes Yes -

4.5.4 *halal- (v) No Yes -

4.5.5 *haraj/g (v) Yes Yes -

4.5.6 *haras- (v) Yes Yes -

4.5.7 *huwa (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.6.1 *waʕ(i)l- (n) Yes No -

4.6.2 *w/’ah ad- (v) No No Yes

4.6.3 *warad- (v) Yes No -

4.6.4 *waraq- (n) Yes No -

4.6.5 *wat(a)r- (m.n) Yes No -

4.6.6 *waṯab- (v) Yes No -

4.6.7 *mowzān- (m.n) No No Yes

4.7.1 *zahar- (v) Yes Yes -

4.7.2 *zay(a)d- (v) No No Yes

4.7.3 *zaman- (m.n) Yes No -

4.7.4 *zamar- (v) Yes Yes -

4.7.5 *zanā (v) Yes Yes -

4.7.6 *zar(a)ʕ (v), *ar(a)ʕ (v) Yes No -

4.7.7 *zift- (n) Yes No -

4.8.1 *h abl- (n) Yes No -

4.8.2 *h ay(aw)- *h ay(a/u)w- No Yes -

4.8.3 *h ali(y)b- (n) Yes No -

4.8.4 *h anak-, *h ink- (n) Yes No -

4.8.5 *h aql- (n) Yes No -

4.8.6 *h ar(a)r- (v) Yes Yes -

4.8.7 *h imār- (n) Yes No -

4.9.1 *ţah an- (v) Yes Yes -

4.9.2 *ţayb- (adj) No No Yes

4.9.3 *ţall (n) Yes Yes -

4.9.4 ṭaʕam- (v), *ṭaʕ(a/ā)m (n) No Yes -

4.9.5 *ṭaʕan- (v) Yes Yes -

4.9.6 *ţafah - (v) Yes Yes -

4.9.7 *ṭifl, *ṭaf (n) Yes Yes -

4.10.1 *yabi/aš, *yabi/as (v) Yes Yes -

4.10.2 *yag/jaʕ *wag/jaʕ (v) Yes Yes -

4.10.3 *yad- , *‘iyd- (n) Yes Yes -

4.10.4 *yawm- (n) Yes No -

4.10.5 *yam(m). (m.n) Yes Yes -


271

4.10.6 *yamiyn- (n.adj) Yes Yes -

4.10.7 *yaš/sar- (v) Yes Yes -

4.11.1 *ka’s- (f.n) Yes No -

4.11.2 *kāhe/in (n) Yes No -

4.11.3 *Kabiyr , *kaba/ir- Yes Yes -

4.11.4 *kahal- (v), *kuhl (n) Yes Yes -

4.11.5 *kawā- (v) Yes Yes -

4.11.6 *kalb (m.n) Yes No -

4.11.7 *kat(a/i)f (f.n) Yes Yes -

4.12.1 *laban- (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.12.2 *la/ibinah- (f.n) Yes Yes -

4.12.3 *lahab (n), *lahab- (v) Yes Yes -

4.12.4 *lah m (m.n) Yes No -

4.12.5 *lu/iba/un- (m.n) Yes No -

4.12.6 *li/ubb- (n) Yes Yes -

4.12.7 *lis/šān (n) Yes No -

4.13.1 *ma/iţar- (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.13.2 *may (n) No Yes -

4.13.3 *malik- (m.n) Yes No -

4.13.4 *marar- (v) *mur(r)- (n) No Yes -

4.13.5 *muḫḫ (n) Yes No -

4.13.6 *mi/(a)lh - (n) Yes No -

4.13.7 *milāţ- (n) Yes No -

4.14.1 *nāqah (f.n) Yes Yes -

4.14.2 *naba’- (v) Yes Yes -

4.14.3 *nad(a)d- (v) Yes Yes -

4.14.4 *nahaq- (v) Yes Yes -

4.14.5 *na/uwaḫ- (v) Yes No -

4.14.6 *nam(a)lah- (f.n) Yes No -

4.14.7 *nafas/š- (v), *naf(i)s/š-

(n) Yes No -

4.15.1 *sah ab- (v) Yes Yes -

4.15.2 *sakkiyn- (n) No Yes -

4.15.3 *s/ša/ebaʕ- (v) Yes Yes -

4.15.4 *s/šakan (n), *s/šakan- (v) Yes No -

4.15.5 *š/s(a)lam- (n) Yes No -

4.15.6 *s/šamā(y)- (n) No No Yes

4.15.7 *s/šam(a/i)n- (n) Yes No -

4.15.8 *s/šanah (f.n) Yes Yes -

4.15.9 *š/saʕ(i)r (n) No No Yes

4.15.10 *š/saʕr- (m.n) Yes No -


272

4.15.11 *s/šurr-(a) (n) Yes No -

4.15.12 *s/šinn- (f.n) Yes No -

4.15.13 *šams/š (f.n) Yes No -

4.15.14 *šatā- (v) Yes Yes -

4.16.1 *ʕabd- (n), *ʕabad- (v) Yes No -

4.16.2 *ʕadā- (v) Yes Yes -

4.16.3 *ʕaţa/(i)s/š- (v) Yes Yes -

4.16.4 *ʕayn- (f.n) Yes Yes -

4.16.5 *ʕalā/y/w (v) Yes Yes -

4.16.6 *ʕaqad- (v) Yes Yes -

4.16.7 *ʕaqrab- (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.17.1 *f/pad(d)an- (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.17.2 *f/pah m- (m.n) Yes No -

4.17.3 *f/paras/š- (n) Yes Yes -

4.17.4 *f/parḫ- (m.n), *f/paraḫ-

(v) Yes No -

4.17.5 *f/patah- (v) Yes Yes -

4.17.6 *f/pwh- or *f/pyh- (m.n) No No Yes

4.17.7 *f/pwl (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.18.1 *șadaq- (v), *șe/idq (n) Yes Yes -

4.18.2 *șā/(aya)d- (v), *șayd (n) Yes No -

4.18.3 *șā/(awa)m- (v) *șa/owm Yes Yes -

4.18.4 *șay/wah - (v) No Yes -

4.18.5 *șalaḥ- (v) Yes Yes -

4.18.6 *șaʕaq- (v) Yes Yes -

4.18.7 *șarr- (v) Yes Yes -

4.19.1 *qabr- (n), *qabar- (v) Yes No -

4.19.2 *qawl- (n) Yes No -

4.19.3 *qal(a)l- (v) Yes Yes -

4.19.4 *qamh- (m.n) Yes No -

4.19.5 *qarn- (n) Yes No -

4.19.6 *qaraș- (v) Yes Yes -

4.19.7 *qatl- (n), *qatal- (v) Yes No -

4.20.1 *ra’ay- (v) No No Yes

4.20.2 *ra’(i)s/š- (m.n) Yes No -

4.20.3 *raway- (v) Yes No -

4.20.4 *raqad- (v) Yes Yes -

4.20.5 *ruwh (n) Yes No -

4.20.6 *rij/gl- (f.n) Yes No -

4.20.7 *ri/ummān (m.n) Yes No -


273

4.21.1 *tays/š- (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.21.2 *tam(a)m- (v) Yes Yes -

4.21.3 *tamr- (m.n) Yes No -

4.21.4 *tanniyn- (n) No Yes -

4.21.5 *tuwt (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.21.6 *tib(i)l (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.21.7 *tib(i)n (m.n) Yes Yes -

4.22.1 *ṯad- (n) No No Yes

4.22.2 *ṯa/uwr- (m.n) Yes No -

4.22.3 *ṯayn- (n) No No yes

4.22.4 *ṯakal- (v) No No Yes

4.22.5 *ṯalj/g- (m.n) Yes No -

4.22.6 *ṯanay- (v), *ṯāniy- (adj) No No Yes

4.22.7 *ṯaʕal (probably), *ṯaʕlab

(rare) (m.n) Yes No -

4.23.1 *ḫa/uţm- (n) Yes No -

4.23.2 *ḫaţa’- (v) No No Yes

4.23.3 *ḫaym- (n) Yes No -

4.23.4 *ḫams/š (f.n), ḫamis/šah

(m.n) Yes No -

4.23.5 *ḫarab- (v) No No Yes

4.23.6 *ḫaras/š- (v) No No Yes

4.23.7 *ḫilb- (n) Yes No -

4.24.1 *abah- (v) Yes No -

4.24.2 *a(w)ab- (v) Yes No -

4.24.3 *a/ikar (m.n) Yes No -

4.24.4 *anab (m.n) Yes No -

4.24.5 *aqan- (m.n) No No Yes

4.24.6 *i’b (m.n) Yes No -

4.24.7 *irāʕ (m.n) Yes No -

4.25.1 *d a’(i)n- (n) Yes No -

4.25.2 *d abb (m.n) Yes No -

4.25.3 *d abʕ- (m.n) Yes No -

4.25.4 *d ah ak/q- (v) No No Yes

4.25.5 *d afʕ- (n) Yes No -

4.25.6 *d ar(a)r- (v) *d ārr (n) Yes No -

4.25.7 *d ilʕ- (f.n) Yes No -

4.26.1 *ẓaby (m.n) Yes No -

4.26.2 *ẓa/uh(a)r- (n) Yes No -


274

4.26.3 *ẓalām- (n) Yes No -

4.26.4 *ẓami’- (v) *ẓama’ (n) Yes No -

4.26.5 *ẓuf/pr- (n) Yes No -

4.26.6 *ẓur(r)- (m.n) Yes No -

4.26.7 *ẓil(l)- (m.n) Yes No -

4.27.1 *ġādir- (n) Yes No -

4.27.2 *ġaţā- (v) Yes No -

4.27.3 *ġamaḍ- (v) Yes No -

4.27.4 *ġannā- (v) Yes No -

4.27.5 *ġarb- (m.n) No No Yes

4.27.6 *ġ(u/i)lā/im- (m.n) Yes No -

4.27.7 *ġur(a/i)b- (m.n) Yes No -

196 Proto-Semitic words 164 Yes 83.67%

85 Yes 43.36%

21 Yes 10.71%


275

Appendix B

Proto-Semitic words with meanings

No. Proto-Semitic word Meaning Proto-

Semitic root

4.1.1 *’ab- (m.n) father *‘b *abw

4.1.2 *‘aba (v) refuse/ be willing *‘by

4.1.3 *’adam (n) man, human *‘dm

4.1.4 *‘aḥad- (n) one *‘ḥd

4.1.5 *’aḫ- (m.n) brother *’ḫ *‘ḫw

4.1.6 *’a/uḫt (f.n) sister *’ḫ *‘ḫw

4.1.7 *’ins/š (m.n) human, people *’ns/š, *ns/š

4.2.1 *ba’(a/i)s/š (v) miserable, worsen *b's

4.2.2 *bașal- (n) onion *bșl

4.2.3 *baʕl- (m.n) higher level, master (husband),

(God) *bʕl

4.2.4 *bar(a)d- (n) hail, cold *brd

4.2.5 *bi'r- (n) well *b'r

4.2.6 *baar (v), *bazaar (v) to sow seeds *br, *bzr

4.2.7 *bin- (m.n) son *bn(w)

4.3.1 *j/gadaʕ- (v) to cut *jdʕ

4.3.2 *jalajal- *gulg/(a/u)l-

(n) skull, head *g/jlg

4.3.3 *j/gam(a)l- (n) camel *j/gml

4.3.4 *j/gann- (n) garden *j/gnn

4.3.5 *j/garab (n) scab *j/grb

4.3.6 *j/g(u/e)bn (n) cheese, curdled milk *j/gbn

4.3.7 *j/giyd- (n) sinew, thong, nerve *jyd

4.4.1 *dā/(uw)s/š- (v) trample *dws, dwš

4.4.2 *d(a/i)bowrah (f.n) bees *dbr

4.4.3 *dalw (n) bucket *dlw

4.4.4 *dam- (n) blood *dm

4.4.5 *damaʕ- (v) to weep, to shed tears *dmʕ

4.4.6 *daqaq- (v) to crush, to grind *dqq

4.4.7 *du/abb- (n) bear *dbb

4.5.1 *hadar- (v) swell, to be large, to pride *hdr

4.5.2 *ha/eykal (n) enormous building (temple) *hkl

4.5.3 *halak- (v) come and go, went for ever *hlk


276

4.5.4 *halal- (v) to shine, praise, rejoice *hll

4.5.5 *haraj/g (v) to kill *hrg/j

4.5.6 *haras- (v) crushed, pull down *hrs

4.5.7 *huwa (m.n) he -

4.6.1 *waʕ(i)l- (n) an ibex, mountain goat *wʕl

4.6.2 *w/’ah ad- (v) unite *wḥd, *‘ḥd

4.6.3 *warad- (v) descend, go to drink *wrd

4.6.4 *waraq- (n) greens, leafs *wrq

4.6.5 *wat(a)r- (m.n) cord, string *wtr

4.6.6 *waṯab- (v) to set *wṯb

4.6.7 *mowzān- (m.n) balance, scale *wzn

4.7.1 *zahar- (v) to shine, light, bloom *zhr

4.7.2 *zay(a)d- (v) to increase *zyd

4.7.3 *zaman- (m.n) time, season *zmn

4.7.4 *zamar- (v) to sing *zmr

4.7.5 *zanā (v) to commit fornication *zny

4.7.6 *zar(a)ʕ (v)*ar(a)ʕ (v) seed, planting *zrʕ, *rʕ

4.7.7 *zift- (n) pitch, asphalt *zft

4.8.1 *h abl- (n) rope *h bl

4.8.2 *h ay(aw)-

*h ay(a/u)w- life, animal (living being) *h yy

4.8.3 *h ali(y)b- (n) milk, fat *h lb

4.8.4 *h anak-, *h ink- (n) palate *h nk

4.8.5 *h aql- (n) field *h ql

4.8.6 *h ar(a)r- (v) to becomes hot, burn *h r, *h rr

4.8.7 *h imār- (n) donkey *h mr

4.9.1 *ţah an- (v) to grind *ţh n

4.9.2 *ţayb- (adj) good *ţyb

4.9.3 *ţall (n) dew, drizzle *ţll

4.9.4 ṭaʕam- (v)

*ṭaʕ(a/ā)m (n)

(v) to eat, to taste (n) food

*ṭʕm

4.9.5 *ṭaʕan- (v) strike with spear, pierce *ṭʕn

4.9.6 *ţafah - (v) to spread out, extend *ţfḥ

4.9.7 *ṭifl, *ṭaf (n) small or little one (child) *ṭfl, *ṭf

4.10.1 *yabi/aš, *yabi/as (v) becomes dry *ybs/š

4.10.2 *yag/jaʕ , *wag/jaʕ

(v) be tired, feel pain

*wj/gʕ

*yj/gʕ

4.10.3 *yad- , *‘iyd- (n) hand, authority, strength *yd,*ydy,

*‘yd

4.10.4 *yawm- (n) day *ywm


277

4.10.5 *yam(m). (m.n) sea (more used), river (less used),

lack (rare used) *ym, *ymm

4.10.6 *yamiyn- (n.adj) right, right hand *ymn

4.10.7 *yaš/sar- (v) to be straight, to be smooth *ys/šr

4.11.1 *ka’s- (f.n) cup *k’s , *kas

4.11.2 *kāhe/in (n) priest, foretell *khn

4.11.3 *Kabiyr (adj), *kaba/ir-

(v) (adj) big, large

(v) be big *kbr

4.11.4 *kahal- (v) *kuh l (n)

(v) to paint around the eyes with kohl, eyeliner, or antimony. (n) antimony, eyeliner, kohl.

*khl

4.11.5 *kawā- (v) to burn, scorch, to iron *kwy

4.11.6 *kalb (m.n) dog *klb

4.11.7 *kat(a/i)f (f.n) shoulder *ktf

4.12.1 *laban- (m.n) white (main meaning), yoghurt

(secondary meaning) *lbn

4.12.2 *la/ibinah- (f.n) brick *lbn

4.12.3 *lahab (n) *lahab- (v)

flame (n) to flame, to burn (v)

*lhb

4.12.4 *lah m (m.n) bread, food (main meaning), and

meat, fight (secondary meanings)

*lh m

4.12.5 *lu/iba/un- (m.n) frankincense, storax, incense *lbn

4.12.6 *li/ubb- (n) core (heart) *lb(b)

4.12.7 *lis/šān (n) tongue (main meaning),

language *ls/šn

4.13.1 *ma/iţar- (m.n) rain *mţr

4.13.2 *may (n) water *my(m/y)

4.13.3 *malik- (m.n) king, counselor *mlk

4.13.4 *marar- (v) *mur(r)- (n)

(v) be bitter (n) is bitterness

*mr(r)

4.13.5 *muḫḫ (n) marrow, brain *mḫ

4.13.6 *mi/(a)lh - (n) salt *mlh

4.13.7 *milāţ- (n) cement *mlţ

4.14.1 *nāqah (f.n) she-camel (female camel) *nw/aq

4.14.2 *naba’- (v) call, speak *nb’

4.14.3 *nad(a)d- (v) run (away), move away *ndd

4.14.4 *nahaq- (v) to bray, scream (from hunger) *nhq

4.14.5 *na/uwaḫ- (v) be extended, repose *nwḫ

4.14.6 *nam(a)lah- (f.n) ant *nml

4.14.7 *nafas/š- (v) (v) breath, becomes alive *nfs/š


278

*naf(i)s/š- (n) (n) soul, self

4.15.1 *sah ab- (v) drag, pull (cloud) *sh b

4.15.2 *sakkiyn- (n) knife *skn

4.15.3 *s/ša/ebaʕ- (v) to be sated *s/šbʕ

4.15.4 *s/šakan (n) *s/šakan- (v)

(n) lodging, habitation, stay (v) stay, dwell

*s/škn

4.15.5 *š/s(a)lam- (n) peace, be unharmed, healthy *s/šlm

4.15.6 *s/šamā(y)- (n) sky *s/šmw

4.15.7 *s/šam(a/i)n- (n) fat or oil *s/šmn

4.15.8 *s/šanah (f.n) year *s/šnh

4.15.9 *š/saʕ(i)r (n) barley *š/sʕr

4.15.10 *š/saʕr- (m.n) hair *s/šʕr

4.15.11 *s/šurr-(a) (n) navel string, navel *s/šrr

4.15.12 *s/šinn- (f.n) tooth *s/šnn

4.15.13 *šams/š (f.n) sun *šms/š

4.15.14 *šatā- (v) to drink *šty

4.16.1 *ʕabd- (n)

*ʕabad- (v)

(n) is slave (v) slave, worship, serve

*ʕbd

4.16.2 *ʕadā- (v) run *ʕdw/y

4.16.3 *ʕaţa/(i)s/š- (v) to sneeze *ʕţs/š

4.16.4 *ʕayn- (f.n) eye *ʕyn

4.16.5 *ʕalā/y/w (v) be high, ascend *ʕl

*ʕlā/y/w

4.16.6 *ʕaqad- (v) bind, tie *ʕqd

4.16.7 *ʕaqrab- (m.n) scorpion *ʕqrb

4.17.1 *f/pad(d)an- (m.n) plow, tableland *f/pdn

4.17.2 *f/pah m- (m.n) coal *f/ph m

4.17.3 *f/paras/š- (n) horse *f/prš

4.17.4 *f/parḫ- (n)

*f/paraḫ- (v)

(n) chick, brood (v) to germinate, sprout,

pullulate *f/prḫ

4.17.5 *f/patah- (v) open, begin *p/fth

4.17.6 *f/pwh- or *f/pyh-

(m.n) mouth (main meaning) and

opening (secondary meaning) *f/pwh, *f/pyh

4.17.7 *f/pwl (m.n) beans *f/pwl

4.18.1 *șadaq- (v) *șe/idq (n)

(v) to be true (n) trueness, righteous

*șdq

4.18.2 *șā/(aya)d- (v)

*șayd (n) (v) to hunt, catch (fish or animal)

(n) hunting *șyd

4.18.3 *șā/(awa)m- (v)

*șa/owm (n) (v) to fast

(n) fast, fasting *șwm


279

4.18.4 *șay/wah - (v) shout *șy/wh

4.18.5 *șalaḥ- (v) be good, to succeed *șlḥ

4.18.6 *șaʕaq- (v) thunder, shout *șʕq

4.18.7 *șarr- (v) narrow, to bind *șrr

4.19.1 *qabr- (n) *qabar- (v)

(n) grave (v) to bury

*qbr

4.19.2 *qawl- (n) voice, saying *q(w)l

4.19.3 *qal(a)l- (v) be small, be light *ql(l)

4.19.4 *qamh- (m.n) flour *qmh

4.19.5 *qarn- (n) horn *qrn

4.19.6 *qaraș- (v) be bite, pinch, nip *qrș

4.19.7 *qatl- (n) *qatal- (v)

(n) killing (v) kill

*qtl

4.20.1 *ra’ay- (v) see *r’y

4.20.2 *ra’(i)s/š- (m.n) head *r’s/š

4.20.3 *raway- (v) to be saturated, to drink, one’s

fill *rwy

4.20.4 *raqad- (v) jump, leap *rqd

4.20.5 *ruwh (n) breath, wind, spirit *rwh

4.20.6 *rij/gl- (f.n) foot *rj/gl

4.20.7 *ri/ummān (m.n) pomegranate *rmn

4.21.1 *tays/š- (m.n) he-goat *tys/š

4.21.2 *tam(a)m- (v) (to be) completed *tm(m)

4.21.3 *tamr- (m.n) dates, palm tree *tmr

4.21.4 *tanniyn- (n) dragon, sea-monster, gig serpent *tnn

4.21.5 *tuwt (m.n) mulberry tree, mulberry *twt

4.21.6 *tib(i)l (m.n) spice, seasoning *tbl

4.21.7 *tib(i)n (m.n) haulm, straw, chaff *tbn

4.22.1 *ṯad- (n) (woman's) breast *ṯd(y)

4.22.2 *ṯa/uwr- (m.n) bull, ox *ṯwr

4.22.3 *ṯayn- (n) urine *ṯyn

4.22.4 *ṯakal- (v) to be childless, bereave (children) *ṯkl

4.22.5 *ṯalj/g- (m.n) snow *ṯlj/g

4.22.6 *ṯanay- (v)

*ṯāniy- (adj)

(v) fold, double, reduplicate (adj) two, a recurrence; second

*ṯny

4.22.7 *ṯaʕal (probably),

*ṯaʕlab (rare) (m.n)

fox, hollow in something (like hand, land, stone…)

*ṯʕl

4.23.1 *ḫa/uţm- (n) nose, snout, muzzle, beak *ḫţm

4.23.2 *ḫaţa’- (v) to sin, fault *ḫţ’

4.23.3 *ḫaym- (n) tent *ḫym


280

4.23.4 *ḫams/š (f.n)

ḫamis/šah (m.n) number five *ḫms/š

4.23.5 *ḫarab- (v) to be waste, be desolate *ḫrb

4.23.6 *ḫaras/š- (v) to be silent, be dumb, be deaf *ḫrs/š

4.23.7 *ḫilb- (n) grease tissue, (fat of the midriff) *ḫlb

4.24.1 *abah- (v) slaughter, sacrifice *bh

4.24.2 *a(w)ab- (v) flow, pour, melt, stream *wb

4.24.3 *a/ikar (m.n) male, man, phallus *kr

4.24.4 *anab (m.n) tail *nb

4.24.5 *aqan- (m.n) (bearded) chin, beard, old man *qn

4.24.6 *i’b (m.n) wolf *’b

4.24.7 *irāʕ (m.n) forearm, arm, strength *rʕ

4.25.1 *d a’(i)n- (n) small cattle, sheep *d ’n

4.25.2 *d abb (m.n) dabb, lizard *d bb

4.25.3 *d abʕ- (m.n) hyena, a rapacious animal *d bʕ

4.25.4 *d ah ak/q- (v) to laugh *d h k

4.25.5 *d afʕ- (n) dung, dung of cattle *d fʕ

4.25.6 *d ar(a)r- (v)

*d ārr (n) (v) be hostile, inflict harm

(n) enemy, harm *d r(r)

4.25.7 *d ilʕ- (f.n) rib, something curved, side *d lʕ

4.26.1 *ẓaby (m.n) gazelle *ẓby

4.26.2 *ẓa/uh(a)r- (n) midday, afternoon, be evident *ẓhr

4.26.3 *ẓalām- (n) darkness *ẓlm

4.26.4 *ẓami’- (v)

*ẓama’ (n)

(v) to be thirsty (n) is thirsty

*ẓm’

4.26.5 *ẓuf/pr- (n) claw, nail *ẓf/pr

4.26.6 *ẓur(r)- (m.n) flint, rock (sharp or round) *ẓrr

4.26.7 *ẓil(l)- (m.n) shadow *ẓll

4.27.1 *ġādir- (n) an animal remaining or left

behind *ġdr

4.27.2 *ġaţā- (v) to wrap *ġţy

4.27.3 *ġamaḍ- (v) to close the eyes *ġmḍ

4.27.4 *ġannā- (v) to sing *ġna

4.27.5 *ġarb- (m.n) sunset *ġrb

4.27.6 *ġ(u/i)lā/im- (m.n) young man of the age of puberty *ġlm

4.27.7 *ġur(a/i)b- (m.n) crow, raven *ġrb


281

Appendix C

List of the Semitic languages1683.

No. Language name found (Out of 196 word)

1 Arabic 196

2 Akkadian 132

3 Amharic 10

4 Aramaic 160

5 Assyrian 83

6 Biblical Aramaic 38

7 Canaanite 58

8 Eblaite 15

9 Epigraphic South Arabian1684 45

10 Ethiopic, Ethiopian 106

11 Geʕez 78

12 Hebrew 196

13 Judaic Aramaic 77

14 Mandaic Aramaic 60

15 Modern Aramaic 28

16 Phoenician 51

17 Syrian Aramaic 107

19 Syriac 156

20 Ugaritic 118

21 Other languages1685 6

1720 words

1683 Notice about the languages which used in comparison, for Aramaic (Mandaic, Judaic, Biblical, Syrian and Modern) are dialects rather than independents languages. The language Syriac is equal to Syrian Aramaic. 1684 It is not a special language, but old inscriptions for dead languages, they help in finding Proto-Semitic root. 1685 Other languages are: Amorite, old south Arabian, Moabite, Sabaean and Samaritan.


282

Arabic11%

Akkadian8%

Amharic1%

Aramaic9%

Assyrian5%

Biblical Aramaic2%

Canaanite3%

Eblaite1%

Epigraphic South Arabian

3%

Ethiopic, Ethiopian6%

Geʕez5%

Hebrew11%

Judaic Aramaic4%

Mandaic Aramaic3%

Modern Aramaic2%

Phoenician3%

Syrian Aramaic6%

Syriac9%

Ugaritic7%

Other languages0%

Semitic languageswhich used in comparison

1720 words


283

Appendix D

List of the main Hebrew words.

No. Hebrew

word Transliteration

Gramatical Statues Meaning

āb (m.n) father, august, leader, God' אב 4.1.1

4.1.2 D¡A¡@ 'ābāh (v) be willing, want

4.1.3 M¡C¡@ ‘ādām (m.n) the first man made, a human

being

eḥad (n) one, unity, first, alone, single' אחד 4.1.4

4.1.5 G¡@ ‘āḥ (m.n) brother

4.1.6 Z]G¡@ ‘āh owt (f.n) sister (same father, different

mother, either parent it)

4.1.7 [¡P¨¡¥@ ,

[]Pª@ 'enaš, ‘änōš (m.n)

man, people, mankind, mortal, person

4.2.1 [¢@¡¡d bā'aš (v) to smell bad, to stink, to be evil

4.2.2 L¡V¡A bāșāl (n) onion

4.2.3 L¢R¢d baʕal (m.n) lord, owner, husband; citizen,

baal

4.2.4 C¡X¡A bārād (n) hail, hailstones

4.2.5 X¤@¥d bi'er (n) well

4.2.6 X¢F¡d bāzar (v) to scatter, to disperse, to

dissipate

4.2.7 O¤d ben (m.n) son, child, boy, grandson

4.3.1 R¢C¡B gādaʕ (v) to cut, to cut down, to prune

trees

4.3.2 Z£L«e¥L§e gulgolet (f.n) skull, head

4.3.3 L¡N¡e gāmāl (n) camel

4.3.4 O¢B gan (m.n) garden, kindergarten

4.3.5 A¡X¡B gārāb (n) scab

4.3.6 D¡PI¦A¥B gibiynah (f.n) milk, cheese, curdled milk

4.3.7 CI¦e giyd (n) sinew, vein

4.4.1 [hf duwš (v) to tread, thresh, trampled down

4.4.2 D¡X]A¥C dibowrāh (f.n) bee, wasp, hornet

4.4.3 I¦L¡C dāliy (n) bucket, any vessel for drawing

water

4.4.4 M¡f dām (n) blood

4.4.5 R¢N¡f dāmaʕ (v) to shed tears, weep

4.4.6 W¢W¡C dāqaq (v) to crush, to break in pieces

4.4.7 A«f , A]f dob, dowb (n) bear

4.5.1 X¢C¡D hādar (v) to be large, to swell up, to pride


284

4.5.2 L¡KI¤D heykal (n) temple palace, temple

4.5.3 `¢L¡D hālak (v) to go, to walk, to go along,

continue

4.5.4 L¢L¡D hālal (v) to boast, praise, to shine, to be

foolish

4.5.5 B¢X¡D hārag (v) to kill, to murder

4.5.6 Q¢X¡D hāras (v) to throw down, tear down

4.5.7 @hD huwa (m.n) he

4.6.1 L¤R¡I yāʕēl (n) mountain-goat

4.6.2 C¢G¡I yāḥad (v) to be one, to make one, unite

4.6.3 C¢X¡I yārad (v) to descend, to go down, to fall

4.6.4 W¡X¡I yārāq (n) green; a vegetable green, herbs

4.6.5 X£Z£I yeter (m.n) cord, string, hypotenuse

4.6.6 A¢[¡I yāšab (v) to sit, remain

4.6.7 M¦I¢P¥F@«N moznayim (m.n) dual, balance, scales

4.7.1 X¢D¡F zāhar (v) to shine, to be bright, to be

brilliant

4.7.2 ChF zuwd (v) to seethe, to boil up, to fit out

4.7.3 O¢N¥F zman (m.n) time, especially a stated time

4.7.4 X¢N¡F zāmar (v) to sing, to play, to dance

4.7.5 D¡P¡F zānāh (v) to commit fornication

4.7.6 R¢X£F zeraʕ (n) seed

4.7.7 Z£T£F zefet (f.n) pitch, asphalt

4.8.1 L£A£G h ebel (n) cord, rope, measuring line

4.8.2 D¡I¡G h āyā (n) animal, beast

4.8.3 A¡L¡G h ālāb (m.n) milk, fat, cheese

4.8.4 ¥J¤G h ēk (n) palate

4.8.5 L¢W©G h aqal (m.n) field

4.8.6 X¢X¡G h ārar (v) to burn, to glow

4.8.7 X]N¢G h amōr (n) he-ass, donkey

4.9.1 O¢G¡H ţāh an (v) to grind (in a hand-mill)

4.9.2 A]H ţowb (adj) good, pleasant, agreeable, kind

4.9.3 L¢H ţal (n) dew (as covering vegetation)

4.9.4 M¢R¡H ,

M¢R¢H ṭāʕam

ṭaʕam

(v) (n)

to taste taste

4.9.5 O¢R¡H ṭāʕan (v) to load a beast, lade, to stab

4.9.6 G¢T¡H ţāfaḥ (v) handbreadth, span

4.9.7 L£TªH ṭefel (m.n) child

4.10.1 [¢A¡I yābaš (v) to be dry, be dried up

4.10.2 R¢B¡I yāgaʕ (v) be tired, work, to toil, be weary

4.10.3 C¡I yād (n) hand


285

4.10.4 M]I yowm (n) day, time, year

4.10.5 M¡I yām (m.n) sea, lake, large basin

4.10.6 OI¦N¡I yāmiyn (n. adj) right side

4.10.7 X¢[¡I yāšar (v) to be smooth, be straight, be

right

4.11.1 Q]m kows (f.n) cup, goblet

4.11.2 O¤D«m kōhēn (n) priest, mediator; servant of all

4.11.3 XI¦A¡¡m ,

X¢A¡¡m Kābiyr kābar

(adj) (v)

great, large, much to be great

4.11.4 L¢G¡¡m kāhal (v) paint the eyelid

4.11.5 D¡E¡K kāwā (v) to burn, scorch

4.11.6 A£L£m keleb (m.n) dog

4.11.7 S¤Z¡m kātēf (f.n) shoulder, upper arm

4.12.1 O¡A¡L lābān (adj) white

4.12.2 D¡P¤A¥L libēnāh (f.n) brick, tile

4.12.3 A¢D¢L ,

A¢D¡L lahab lāhab

(n) (v)

flame to flame

4.12.4 M£G£L leh em (m.n) bread, food, fight, battle

4.12.5 D£P¥A¦L

D¡P«A¥L libneh lbōnāh (m&f.n) styrax, birch, frankincense

4.12.6 A¤L lēb (m.n) heart, mind, will, the inner part

4.12.7 O][¡L lāšōn (f&m.n) language, tongue, speech

4.13.1 X¡H¡N māţār (m.n) rain

4.13.2 I¢N may (n) water

4.13.3 J£L£N melek (m.n) king, sovereign

4.13.4 X¢X¡N

X«N mārar mōr

(v) (n)

to trickle myrrh

4.13.5 ¢G«N mōah (m.n) bone-marrow, brain

4.13.6 G¢L£N melah (m.n) salt

4.13.7 H£L£N meleţ (n) mortar, cement

4.14.1 D¡W@¡P nāqāh (f.n) female camel

4.14.2 @¡A¡P nābā (v) to call, proclaim

4.14.3 C¢C¡P nādad (v) to wander about, flee, to move

4.14.4 W¢D¡P nāhaq (v) to bray

4.14.5 GhP nuwah (v) to rest, settle down

4.14.6 D¡L¡N¥P nimālāh (f.n) ant

4.14.7 [¢T¡P,

[£T£P nāfaš nefeš

(v) (f.n)

to breathe breath of life, soul, mind, self

4.15.1 A¢G¡Q sāh ab (v) to drag, draw, pull

4.15.2 OI¦m¢\ sakkiyn (f.n) knife

4.15.3 R¢A¡\ sābaʕ (v) to be sated, be satisfied


286

4.15.4 O£K£[,

O¢K¡[ šeken šākan

(m.n) (v)

dwelling, lodging dwell, abide

4.15.5 M¤L¡[

M]L¡[ šālēm šalom (n)

well being, safety, completeness, health, condition, peace

4.15.6 @¡I¢N¥[ šimayā (m.n) visible heavens, sky, Heaven

4.15.7 O£N£[ šemen (m.n) oil, fatness, olive oil, fat

4.15.8 D¡P¡[ šānāh (f.n) year

4.15.9 D¡X«R¥\ siʕōrāh (f.n) barley, stye (in the eye)

4.15.10 X¡R¤\ sēʕār (m.n) hair

4.15.11 X«[ X£X«¥[ šōr šōrer (m.n) navel string, navel

4.15.12 O¤[ šēn (f.n) ivory, tooth, claw, jaw

4.15.13 [£N£[ šemeš (f&m.n) sun

4.15.14 D¡Z¡[ šātāh (v) to drink accept, to warp

4.16.1 C£A£R

C¢A¡R ʕebed

ʕābad

(n) (v)

servant, slave, worshipper to work, serve, work, labor, toil

4.16.2 D¡C¡R @¡C¢R ʕādāh ʕadā (v) to pass by, to attack in a hostile manner, to make, to pass over

4.16.3 [¢H¡R ʕāţaš (v) to sneeze

4.16.4 O¦I¦¢R ʕayn (f.n) eye

4.16.5 D¡L¡R ʕālāh (v) to go up, ascend

4.16.6 C¢W¡R ʕāqad (v) to bind, to tie with thongs

4.16.7 A¡X¥W¢R ʕaqrāb (m.n) scorpion

4.17.1 O¡f¢s paddān (m.n) plow, the table-land

4.17.2 M¡G£s peh ām (m.n) charcoal, coal, soot

4.17.3 [¡X¡T

D¡Q¥X¢T pārāš parsāh (m.n) horse, steed, mare, equine

4.17.4 ¢G«X¥T£@

G¢X¡s ‘efrowaḥ

pāraḥ

(n) (v)

young bird, chicken to fly, to sprout

4.17.5 G¢Z¡s pātah (v) to open, to let loose, to begin

4.17.6 D£s peh (m.n) mouth, speech, command,

opening

4.17.7 Lhs puwl (m.n) bean, gland

4.18.1 W¢C¡V W£C£V șādaq ședeq

(v) (n)

to be just, be righteous justness, correctness, justics

4.18.2 ChV C¦I¢V șuwd șayid

(v) (m.n)

to hunt, catch hunting, game, food, provision

4.18.3 MEV

M¡V șwm șām

(v) (n)

to fast fast

4.18.4 G¢E¡V șāwah (v) to cry aloud, shout

4.18.5 G¢L¡V șālaḥ (v) to succeed, to be fit

4.18.6 W¢R¡V șāʕaq (v) to cry, cry out, and shout


287

4.18.7 X¢X¡V șārar (v) bound, tied up, to press

4.19.1 X£A£W

X¢A¡W qeber qābar

(m.n) (v)

sepulcher, grave to bury

4.19.2 L]W qowl (n) voice, sound, noise, thunder,

report

4.19.3 L¢L¡W qālal (v) to be light, be slight, to belittle

4.19.4 G¢N£W qemah (m.n) flour, meal, bread, food, powder

4.19.5 O£X£W qeren (f.n) horn, shofar

4.19.6 U¢X¡W qāraș (v) to cut, nip, pinch, to tear, to bite

4.19.7 @¡L¡H¥W

L¢H¡W qiţālā qāţal

(n) (v)

Killing to kill, slay

4.20.1 D¡@¡X rā’āh (v) to see, regard, to look, behold

4.20.2 [@«X roaš (m.n) head, chief, principal member

4.20.3 D¡E¡X rāwāh (v) to drink one’s fill, to be satisfied

with drink

4.20.4 C¢W¡X rāqad (v) to skip about, to dance, to leap

4.20.5 ¢GhX ruwah (m&f.n) wind, air, breath, soul, spirit,

side, courage, mind

4.20.6 L£B£X regel (f.n) foot, leg, base, step

4.20.7 O]o¦X rimmown (m.n) pomegranate

4.21.1 [¦I¢Z tayiš (m.n) he-goat

4.21.2 M¢¢N¡x tāmam (v) to complete

4.21.3 X¡N¡x tāmār (m.n) palm tree, date palm

4.21.4 OI¦p¢x tanniyn (m.n) sea monster, serpent, dragon,

crocodile

4.21.5 Zhx tuwt (m.n) mulberry

4.21.6 L£Aªx tebel (m.n) spice, seasoning

4.21.7 O£A£Z teben (m.n) straw, stubble

4.22.1 C¢[ šad (m.n) female breast, protuberance

4.22.2 X][ šowr (m.n) ox, bull

4.22.3 O¦I¢[ šayin (n) urine

4.22.4 L¢K¡[ šākal (v) to miscarry, to bereave

4.22.5 B£L£[ šeleg (m.n) snow

4.22.6 D¡P¡[

I¦P¤[ šānāh šēniy

(v) (n.adj)

to repeat, to fold second, again, double

4.22.7 L¡Rh[ šuwʕāl (m.n) fox

4.23.1 M£H«¥G h oţem (m.n) nose, snout

4.23.2 @¡H¡G h āţā (v) to miss the mark, to wrong, to

sin

4.23.3 L¢D«@ ‘ohal (m&f.n) tent, tabernacle, shelter,

habitation


288

4.23.4 [¤N¡G

D¡[¦N©G h āmēš h amišāh

(f.n) (m.n)

five, the fifth part

4.23.5 A¢X¡G h ārab (v) to be waste, be desolate

4.23.6 [¢X¡G h āraš (v) to be silent, secret, to make deaf

4.23.7 A£L£G h eleb (n) fat, grease, fatness

4.24.1 G¢A¡F zābah (v) sacrifice, to slaughter, feast

4.24.2 AhF zuwb (v) to flow, to become liquid

4.24.3 X¡K¡F zākār (m.n) male

4.24.4 A¡P¡F zānāb (m.n) tail

4.24.5 O¡W¡F zāqān (m.n) beard, elder, ancient, old, aged

4.24.6 A¤@¥F zi’ēb (m.n) wolf, weapons, strength

4.24.7 R]X¥F zirowaʕ (f.n) shoulder, arm, foreleg, strength

4.25.1 O@«V șo’n (f.n) small cattle, sheep, goats

4.25.2 A¡V șāb (m.n) turtle, tortoise, a kind of lizard

4.25.3 RhA¡V șābuwaʕ (m.n) hyena, a rapacious animal

4.25.4 W¢G¡V șāh aq (v) to laugh

4.25.5 RhT¥V șifuwaʕ (n) excrement (as protruded), dung

4.25.6 X¢X¡V

X¡V șārar șār

(v) (adj-n)

to bind, to show hostility toward, to be sharp

narrow

4.25.7 R¢L¤V șēlaʕ (f.n) rib, slope of a mountain, side

chamber

4.26.1 I¦A¥V șibiy (m.n) gazelle, deer, beauty, glory

4.26.2 X¢D«V

M¦IX¨D¡V șohar șāhārayim (n) a light, midday, noon

4.26.3 Z£E¡N¥L¢V șalmāwet (n) great darkness

4.26.4 @¤N¡V

@¡N¡V șāmē’ șāmā’

(v) (m.n)

to thirst, be thirsty thirst

4.26.5 O£X«s¦V șipporen (n) fingernail, pen, nib

4.26.6 X¢V X«V șar sor (m.n) rock, flint, cliff

4.26.7 L¤V șēl (m.n) shadow, shade, shelter,

protection

4.27.1 X£C¤R ʕēder (m.n) herd, flock

4.27.2 D¡H¡R ʕāţāh (v) to wrap

4.27.3 U¢N¡R ʕāmaș (v) to close (the eyes)

4.27.4 D¡P¡R ʕānāh (v) to sing, to eye, to heed

4.27.5 A£X££R ʕereb (m.n) sunset, evening, eve, soiree

4.27.6 M£L£R ʕelem (m.n) young man, youth, lad

4.27.7 A¤X«R

A¤X]R ʕorēb ʕowrēb (m.n) raven, crow


289

Appendix E

List of the main Arabic words.

No. Arabic word

Transliteration Statues Meaning

ab (m.n) father‘ أة 4.1.1

abā (v) to refuse, to hate‘ أث 4.1.2

adam (n) name of first prophet, human‘ آظ 4.1.3

aḥad (n)‘ أزع 4.1.4God, one, single, matchless,

lonely

aḫ (m.n) brother‘ أش 4.1.5

uḫt (f.n) sister, companion‘ أضذ 4.1.6

ins (m.n) mankind, people, human‘ اف 4.1.7

bi'sa (v) worsen ثئف 4.2.1

bașal (n) onion ثظ 4.2.2

baʕl (m.n) master, husband ثع 4.2.3

barad (n) hail ثؽظ 4.2.4

bi'r (n) well, pit ثئؽ 4.2.5

ثؿؼ , ثػؼ 4.2.6 baara bazaar (v) to sow seeds, to scatter seeds

ibn , ibn (m.n) son‘ اث 4.2.7

jadaʕa (v) to cut off the hand, nose, or ears خعع 4.3.1

jalajah (n) skull, head خدخ 4.3.2

4.3.3 jamal (n) camel خ

jannah (f.n) garden, palm trees, heaven خخ 4.3.4

jarab (n) scab خؽة 4.3.5

jubn (m.n) cheese, curdled milk خج 4.3.6

jiyd (n) neck, woman’s long neck خ١ع 4.3.7

ـ ظاـ 4.4.1 ظ dāsa dawasa (v) trample, stepping on, thrash

seeds

dabuwr dabrah (m&f.n) bees, wasps ظثؽح ظثؼ 4.4.2

dalw (n) bucket ظ 4.4.3

dam (n) blood ظ 4.4.4

ع 4.4.5 damaʕa (v) to weep, to shed tears ظ

daqqa (v) ظق 4.4.6bruise, break, to beat something

until smashing it

dub (n) bear ظة 4.4.7

hadara (v) عؼ 4.5.1shedding blood in vain, null, to

waist

haykal (n) temple or church, high building ١ى 4.5.2


290

halaka (v) perish, pass away, deception ه 4.5.3

4.5.4 halla (v) he shouted, it began to shine

haraja (v) ؽج 4.5.5he fell into war, slaughter or

disorder

ـ 4.5.6 ؽ harasa (v) smashed, crushed, pounding

4.5.7 huwa (m.n) he

ع 4.6.1 waʕl (m.n) mountain-goat

waḥḥada (v) combine, unite, integrate, conjoin زع 4.6.2

warada (v) to go for drink, to come, to bring ؼظ 4.6.3

ؼق 4.6.4 waraq (n) leaf of trees, leaf or page of a

book

رؽ 4.6.5 water (m.n) cord, nerve, tendon

ثت 4.6.6 waṯaba (v) he leapt, jumped

١ؿا 4.6.7 miyzān (m.n) balance, scales

ؽ 4.7.1 zahara (v) shone, brighten, bloom, flower ؾ

zāda (v) to increase, to exceed ؾاظ 4.7.2

ب 4.7.3 .zamān (m.n) time, season, age, era ؾ

ؽ 4.7.4 zamara (v) he sang by using reed ؾ

zanā (v) to commit fornication ؾ 4.7.5

zarʕ (n) to sow, to plant, to scatter seed ؾؼع 4.7.6

zift (m.n) pitch, asphalt ؾـذ 4.7.7

h زج 4.8.1 abl (n) binding, bond, tie, cord, cable,

bridle

h ز١ا 4.8.2 ayawān (n) animal, living, being

h ز١ت 4.8.3 aliyb (m.n) milk

h زه 4.8.4 anak (n) upper part of inner mouth, palate

h زم 4.8.5 aql (n) field

h زؽ 4.8.6 arra (v) becomes hot

بؼ 4.8.7 h ز imār (n) ass, donkey

4.9.1 ţah ؿس ana (v) to grind milling, mill

ţayyib (adj) good ؿ١ت 4.9.2

4.9.3 ţall (n) light rain, dew, drizzle, mizzle ؿ

4.9.4 ؿع

ؿع ṭaʕima

ṭaʕm

(v) (n)

to taste, to eat taste, flavor

ṭaʕana (v) ؿع 4.9.5to stab, thrust through, piercing,

stabbing

ţafaḥa (v) becomes full ؿفر 4.9.6

ṭifl (n) child (boy or girl), anything small ؿف 4.9.7

yabisa (v) becomes dry ٠جف 4.10.1

خع 4.10.2 wajaʕa (v) to be pained, suffered

yad (n) hand, handle, handgrip ٠ع 4.10.3


291

4.10.4 ٠ yawm (n) day, judgment day, war day

4.10.5 ٠ yam (m.n) sea

4.10.6 ١٠ yamiyn (n. adj) oath, right, right hand

yasara (v) to be smooth, ease, facilitate ٠كؽ 4.10.7

ka’s (f.n) cup, goblet وؤـ 4.11.1

4.11.2 kāhin (n) diviner, soothsayer وب

4.11.3 وج١ؽ وجؽ

kabiyr kabira

(adj) (v)

great, aged to grow up

4.11.4 وس

وس kahala kuh l

(v) (n)

to paint around the eyes with eyeliner

antimony, kohl, eyeliner

4.11.5 kawā (v) وto scorch, iron (clothes) using an

iron

Kalb (m.n) dog وت 4.11.6

katif (f.n) shoulder, upper arm وزؿ 4.11.7

laban (m.n) milk, sour milk, yoghurt ج 4.12.1

labinah (f.n) brick جخ 4.12.2

4.12.3 ت ت

lahab lahiba

(n) (v)

blaze, burn flamed, blazed

lah س 4.12.4 m (m.n) meat, flesh

lubān (m.n) جب 4.12.5frankincense, incense, kind of

gum

lubb (m.n) center of anything, core, essence ت 4.12.6

lisān (f&m.n) tongue, language, speech كب 4.12.7

ـؽ 4.13.1 maţar (m.n) rain

بء 4.13.2 mā’ (m.n) water

malik (m.n) king ه 4.13.3

4.13.4 ؽ

ؽ marra murr

(v) (n)

become bitter bitter

ص 4.13.5 muḫḫ (n) brain, marrow, cerebrum

ر 4.13.6 milh (n) salt

لاؽ 4.13.7 milāţ (n) cement, lute, mortar, slush

nāqah (f.n) she-camel بلخ 4.14.1

naba’a (v) to inform about, tell, announced جؤ 4.14.2

nadda (v) to fled, ran away ع 4.14.3

ك 4.14.4 nahaqa (v) to bray (of donky)

ش 4.14.5 nawaḫa (v) to lie down upon his breast

(camel)

خ 4.14.6 namlah (f.n) ant

4.14.7 فف

فف nafasa

nafs (v) (n)

breath soul, self, soul


292

sah قست 4.15.1 aba (v) to drag, pull

sikkiyn (m&f.n) Knife قى١ 4.15.2

šabiʕa (v) to be sated شجع 4.15.3

4.15.4 قى

قى sakan

sakana (m.n)

(v) lodge, house

calm down, stay, dwell

salām (n) قلا 4.15.5peace, benignity, security,

sincerity

بء 4.15.6 samā’ (n) sky, heaven ق

4.15.7 samn (n) cooking fat, butter, ghee ق

sanah (f.n) year, twelvemonth, annum قخ 4.15.8

šaʕiyr (m.n) barley, a kind of seeds شع١ؽ 4.15.9

šaʕr (m.n) hair شعؽ 4.15.10

surrah (f.n) navel, navel string قؽح 4.15.11

4.15.12 sinn (f.n) tooth ق

ف 4.15.13 šams (f.n) Sun ش

šatā (v) to rain, to be in wintertime شزب 4.15.14

4.16.1 عجع

عجع ʕabd

ʕabada

(n) (v)

slave, adore, bond, chattel, thrall to obey, slave to (God or man)

ʕadaā (v) run, race ععا 4.16.2

ـف 4.16.3 ʕaţasa (v) sneeze ع

ʕayn (f.n) eye ع١ 4.16.4

ʕalā (v) rise, tower, ascend علا 4.16.5

ʕaqada (v) to be bond, legal act, hand fast عمع 4.16.6

ʕaqrab (n) scorpion عمؽة 4.16.7

ـعا 4.17.1 faddān (m.n) yoke of oxen, bull, ox, farmland

ـس 4.17.2 fahm (m.n) coal

ـؽـ 4.17.3 faras (n) horse, steed, mare

4.17.4 ـؽش ـؽش

farḫ

faraḫa

(m.n) (v)

young bird germinate, sprout, pullulate

ـزر 4.17.5 fataha (v) open, unlock, unwrap

4.17.6 ـ ـ fam fawh (m.n) mouth

ـي 4.17.7 fuwl (m.n) beans, a kind of seeds

4.18.1 طعق طعق

șadaqa șidq

(v) (n)

sanction, ratify, believe, certify honesty, sincerity, truth

4.18.2 طبظ

ط١ع șāda șayd

(v) (m.n)

hunt, shoot hunting, shikar

4.18.3 طب

ط șāma șawm

(v) (n)

to fast fast

șāh طبذ 4.18.4 a (v) to shout

șalaḥa (v) was in good condition, reform طر 4.18.5


293

șaʕaqa (v) flabbergast, shock, stun طعك 4.18.6

șarra (v) parcel, wrap up, tied up, bound طؽ 4.18.7

4.19.1 لجؽ

لجؽ qabr

qabara (n) (v)

grave, tomb to bury

qawl (n) word, speech, uttering لي 4.19.2

4.19.3 qalla (v) to be diminished, minimize ل

ر 4.19.4 qamh (m.n) wheat ل

qarn (m.n) horn, century لؽ 4.19.5

qarașa (v) pinched, nip لؽص 4.19.6

4.19.7 لز لز

qatl qatala

(n) (v)

death, killing, murder kill, slay

ra’ā (v) see, observe, view ؼأ 4.20.1

ra’s (m.n) head, head of anything ؼأـ 4.20.2

rawi/aya (v) to drink one's fill, water much ؼ 4.20.3

raqada (v) sleep, slumber ؼلع 4.20.4

rawh, ruwh ؼذ 4.20.5 (f.n) atman, pneuma, soul, spirit

rijl (f.n) foot, leg ؼخ 4.20.6

ب 4.20.7 rummān (m.n) pomegranate ؼ

tays (m.n) he-goat, billy goat ر١ف 4.21.1

4.21.2 tamma (v) to be complete, accomplished ر

ؽ 4.21.3 tamr (m.n) dates, dried dates ر

tinniyn (n) ر١ 4.21.4big serpent, largest serpent, sea

monster, name of star

tuwt (m.n) mulberry tree, mulberry رد 4.21.5

tibl (m.n) spice, seasoning, flavoring رج 4.21.6

tibn (m.n) haulm, straw, chaff رج 4.21.7

ṯady (m&f.n) breast, bust, udder, mamma ثع 4.22.1

ṯawr (m.n) bull, ox ثؼ 4.22.2

ثبخ 4.22.3 maṯānah (n) bladder (The organ that stores

urine)

4.22.4 ṯakila (v) be bereaved, bereave, lose ثى

ṯalj (m.n) snow, ice ثح 4.22.5

4.22.6 ث

ثب ṯanā

ṯāniy

(v) (n.adj)

double, reduplicate double, second, dual

ṯaʕlab (m&f.n) fox ثعت 4.22.7

ḫaţm (n) nose, snout, beak of any bird ضـ 4.23.1

ـئ 4.23.2 ḫaţi’a (v) made a mistake ض

خ 4.23.3 ḫaymah (f.n) tent ض١

ف 4.23.4 كخ ض ض ḫams ḫamsah (f)(m) number five

ḫariba (v) was in ruins, was waste ضؽة 4.23.5

ـ 4.23.6 ḫarisa (v) was dumb, was mute, was ضؽ


294

speechless

ḫilb (n) claw, nail ضت 4.23.7

abaha (v) غثر 4.24.1to slay, to cut from deep of

fauces, butcher, kill, sacrifice

ة 4.24.2 awaba (v) melt, thaw, dissolve, flow غ

akar (m.n) male, man, male organ, strong غوؽ 4.24.3

anab (m.n) tail, the last of anything غت 4.24.4

aqn (m.n) bears, (bearded) chin غل 4.24.5

i’b (m.n) wolf, wild dog غئت 4.24.6

irāʕ (m&f.n) forearm, arm, cubit, radius, ell غؼاع 4.24.7

d ػؤ 4.25.1 a’n (n) sheep, lamb

d ػت 4.25.2 abb (m.n) dabb, lizard

d ػجع 4.25.3 abʕ (m.n) hyena

d ػسه 4.25.4 ah ika (v) to laugh, laugh at, poke fun at

d ػفع 4.25.5 afʕ (n) dung, dung of cattle

4.25.6 ػؽ

ػبؼ d arra d ārr

(v) (n)

harmed, injured, damage, harm damage, injury, harm

d ػع 4.25.7 ilʕ (f.n) side, rib, costa, side (of chest)

ẓaby (m.n) gazelle, deer, antelope ظج 4.26.1

ؽ 4.26.2 ẓuhr (n) ظnoon, noontime, noontide,

noonday

ẓalām (n) darkness, dimness, night, dark ظب 4.26.3

ئ 4.26.4 ؤ ظ ẓami’a ẓama’ (v)(n) ظ(v) make thirsty (n) thirst,

thirstiness

ẓufr (n) claw, nail, fingernail ظفؽ 4.26.5

ẓurr (m.n) ظؽ 4.26.6flint, round stone, sharp rock or

stone

4.26.7 ẓill (m.n) shade, shadow ظ

ġādir (m.n) ؼبظؼ 4.27.1an animal remaining or left

behind

ـ 4.27.2 ġaţā (v) ؼcovered, cap, lid, wrap, case,

sheet

غ 4.27.3 ġamaḍa (v) to close or shut one's eyes ؼ

ġannā (v) sing, vocalize, chant ؼ 4.27.4

ġuruwb (m.n) sunset, nightfall, sundown ؼؽة 4.27.5

ġulām (m.n) boy, laddie ؼب 4.27.6

Ġurāb (m.n) crow, raven ؼؽاة 4.27.7

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