ethnography and gender in latin america the case of brazil anthropology 224 · ethnography and...

Ethnography and Gender in Latin America The Case of Brazil

Anthropology 224

Faculty: Dr. Kintz Office: Sturges 13 Office Hours: TTH, 2-3 Semester: Spring 2008 Email Address: [email protected] TTH 11:20-12:35 Phone: 245-5277 Milne Library

COURSE DESCRIPTION Focus on scholarly readings, ethnographic writings, and an exploration of gender relations in Latin America. For this semester, the focus will be on Brazil. Attention is on materials that reveal the history of Brazil, patterns of male and female behavior, division of labor by sex and the social, economic, political and ideological patterns and organizations in Brazil and Latin America.

GOALS

Why are you taking this course? What do you expect to learn?

Required Readings Crocitti, John J. and Robert M. Levine, editors. 1999 The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham: Duke University Press. Hecht, Tobias. 2006 After Life: An Ethnographic Novel. Durham: Duke University Press. Reserve and eRes readings as listed below.

Kintz 2007 Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro

Kintz Syllabus p.2 of 26

Course Requirements Brazil Reader Essay Exam I and Scholarly Research 20% Fulbright Experience in Brazil Essay Exam II and Scholarly Research 20% Student Research and PowerPoint on Issues in Brazil 20% Final Exam and Scholarly Research 20% Class Wiki 20% Posting to the Class Wiki is required. Your grade will be affected in a positive or negative way by a subjective participation grade of +5 points assigned by the instructor. These points are based on your contribution (or lack thereof) to class discussions, maintenance of the intellectual rigor of the course. As a rule, in fairness to all students in the class, no late work will be accepted. Any exceptions will be made only under emergency situations for which you have to petition through official channels. Computer failure will not be a legitimate excuse.

Kintz 2007 Market Produce in Brazil


LEARNING OUTCOMES

Content, Research Methods, Theory, Writing Skills, Oral Competency, Critical Thinking, Scholarly Research

(1) Students will formally demonstrate mastery over content pertaining to issues of ethnography and gender in Brazil and Latin America in discussions and essay format. (2) Students will demonstrate mastery over ethnographic research methods and theories by comparing and contrasting investigations and theoretical positions of different scholars and ethnographers collecting information on culture and gender issues in Brazil and Latin America in discussions and essay format. (3) Students will demonstrate the ability to analyze and interpret patterns, symbols, and meaning associated with Brazil and Latin American cultures in class discussions and essay format. (4) Students will demonstrate critical thinking about gender issues in Brazil and Latin American cultures in discussions and essay format. (5) Students will demonstrate scholarly research skills by compiling focused bibliographies focused on gender issues in Brazil and Latin America.

Multi-cultural Graduation Requirement This course fulfills the M/ graduation requirement and focuses primarily on cultures and

issues pertaining to Latin America.


Date Topics, Films and Reading Assignments Jan 22 Issues in Brazil and Latin America: An Introduction

Environmental Preservation and Destruction, The Natural and Social Landscape, Urban/Rural Migration, Social Issues, the Questions of Gender, Economic Boom and Bust, Urban and Rural Poverty, Tourism and Development, The Nature of Brazilian Politics, Religion and Ideology, Peasants, and Tribal Culture in Brazil

Kintz 2007 The Amazon

Jan 24 Scholarly Research:

Posting to the Class Wiki and Surfing the Web Jan 29 THE BRAZIL READER

I. Origins, Conquest, and Colonial Rule Selected readings from The Brazil Reader: “The Origin of Fire,” “Noble Savages,” “Minas Uprising of 1720,” “Smuggling in the Diamond District,” and “Decree Elevating Brazil to a Kingdom” (22 pages total) … Gender On eRes… Nazzari, Muriel

1996 Concubinage in Colonial Brazil: the Inequalities of Race, Class, and Gender. Journal of Family History 21 (2):107–124.


…and the Tribal World On eRes… Hemming, John.

1981 Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians, 1500–1760 Ethnohistory 28 (3).

Jan 31 II. Imperial and Republican Brazil

Selected readings: “Declaration of Brazilian Independence,” “Uprising in Maranhao,” “Drought and the Image of the Northeast,” “City of Mist,” and “Gaucho Leaders” (15 pages total) On eRes… … Gender Caulfield, Sueann

1993 Getting into Trouble: Dishonest Women, Modern Girls, and Women-Men in the Conceptual Language of "Vida Policial", 1925– 1927Signs 19 (1):146–176.

…and the Tribal World On eRes… Ribeiro, Rene

1993 Messianic Movements in Brazil Luso-Brazilian Review 29 (1):71–81.

Feb 5 III. Slavery and Its Aftermath

Selected readings: “The War against Palmares,” “Slave Life at Morro Velho Mine,” “Cruelty to Slaves,” “Slavery and Society,” and “Laws Regulating Beggars in Minas Gerais” (19 pages total)

Kintz 2007 Brazil


Feb 7 IV. The Vargas Era

Selected readings: “The Social Question,” “Heroes of the Revolution,” “Two Versions of Factory Life,” “Seized Correspondence from Communists,” “Rural Life,” “Educational Reform after Twenty Years,” and “Vargas’s Suicide Letter” (23 pages total) On eRes… …Gender Hahner, June E.

1980 Feminism, Women's Rights, and the Suffrage Movement in Brazil, 1850–1932 Latin American Research Review 15 (1):65–111.

Getúlio Vargas born April 19, 1882, São Borja, Brazil. died Aug. 24, 1954, Rio de Janeiro President of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54), who brought social and economic changes that helped modernize the country. Although denounced by some as an unprincipled dictator, Vargas was revered by his followers as the “Father of the Poor,” for his battle against big business and large landowners. His greatest accomplishment was to guide Brazil as it weathered the far-reaching consequences of the Great Depression and the accompanying

polarization between communism and fascism during his long tenure in office.

Vargas was born in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, into a family prominent in state politics. Contemplating a military career, he joined the army when he was 16 but soon decided to study law. In 1908, shortly after graduating from the Pôrto Alegre Law School, he entered politics. By 1922 he had risen rapidly in state politics and was elected to the National Congress, in which he served for four years. In 1926 Vargas became minister of finance in the Cabinet of President Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, a post he retained until his election as governor of Rio Grande do Sul in 1928. From his position as state governor, Vargas campaigned unsuccessfully as reform candidate for the presidency of Brazil in 1930. While appearing to accept defeat, Vargas in October of that year led the revolution, organized by his friends, that overthrew the oligarchical republic.


For the next 15 years Vargas assumed largely dictatorial powers, ruling most of that time without a congress. He held sole power as provisional president from Nov. 3, 1930, until July 17, 1934, when he was elected president by the constituent assembly. During this time he survived a São Paulo-led revolt in 1932 and an attempted communist revolution in 1935. On Nov. 10, 1937, Vargas presided over a coup d'état that set aside the constitutional government and set up the populist authoritarian Estado Novo (“New State”). In 1938 he, along with members of his family and staff, personally resisted an attempt to overthrow his government by Brazilian fascists. Prior to 1930 the federal government had been in effect a federation of autonomous states, dominated by rural landholders and financed largely by the proceeds of agricultural exports. Under Vargas this system was destroyed. The tax structure was revised to make state and local administrations dependent upon the central authority, the electorate was quadrupled and granted the secret ballot, women were enfranchised, extensive educational reforms were introduced, social-security laws were enacted, labor was organized and controlled by the government, and workers were assured a wide range of benefits, including a minimum wage, while business was stimulated by a program of rapid industrialization. Vargas, however, did not change the private-enterprise system, nor did his social reforms extend in practice to the rural poor. But on Oct. 29, 1945, Vargas was overthrown by a coup d'état in a wave of democratic sentiment sweeping postwar Brazil. He still, however, retained wide popular support. Although elected as senator from Rio Grande do Sul in December 1945, he went into semiretirement until 1950, when he emerged as the successful presidential candidate of the Brazilian Labour Party. He took office on Jan. 31, 1951. As an elected president restrained by congress, a profusion of political parties, and public opinion, Vargas was unable to satisfy his labor following or to placate mounting middle-class opposition. Thus, he resorted increasingly to ultranationalistic appeals to hold popular support and incurred the animosity of the U.S. government, which encouraged intransigent opposition from his enemies. By mid-1954 criticism of the government was widespread, and the armed forces, professing shock over scandals within the regime, joined in the call for Vargas's withdrawal. Rather than accept forced retirement, Vargas took his life on Aug. 24, 1954. His dramatic deathbed testament to the country led to a great resurgence of mass support, allowing for a rapid return of his followers to power.

Poppino, Rollie

2007 Getúlio Vargas Encyclopædia Britannica. Electronic Document, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074844/Getulio-Vargas, accessed November 20, 2007.

Kintz 2007 Brazil


Feb 12 Scholarly Research: Finding and Using Scholarly Articles Feb 14 V. Seeking Democracy and Equity Selected readings: “Rehearsal for the Coup,” “The Military Regime,”

“Tropicalism and Brazilian Popular Music under Military Rule,” “Families of Fisherman Confront the Sharks,” “The Reality of the Brazilian Countryside,” “A Letter from Brazil,” and “Is Brazil Hopelessly Corrupt?” (27 pages total)

On eRes… … Gender Lovell, Peggy A.

2000 Gender, Race, and the Struggle for Social Justice in Brazil Latin American Perspectives 27 (6):85–102.

…and the Tribal World Kolata, Gina

1987 Anthropologists Turn Advocates for the Brazilian Indians Science 236 (4806):1183–1187.

News Brief, Brown urged to ratify convention protecting tribal ownership of land, http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/6010, accessed November 14, 2007.

Mammy Yanomami - Cacá Farias,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5p7SoY3AZM, accessed November 14, 2007.


Feb 19 VI. Women’s Lives Selected readings: ALL READINGS IN CHAPTER-sorry! (47 pages total)

… Gender On Reserve in Milne… Benjamin, M. and N. Mendonca

1997 Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman’s Story of Politics and Love. Oakland: Food First Books. Chs. 1, 6 and 10 (These are all short chapters!!!)

…and the Tribal World On Reserve in Milne… Murphy, Robert and Yolanda Murphy.

1985 Women of the Forest. New York: Columbia University Press.


Feb 21 VII. Race and Ethnic Relations Selected readings: “A Letter from Brazil,” “Growing Up Black in Minas Gerais,” “Brazil: Study in Black, Brown, and Beige,” “The Myth of Racial Democracy,” “What Color Are You?” (26 pages total) … Gender On Reserve in Milne… Benjamin, Medea and Maisa Mendonça

1997 Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman’s Story of Politics and Love. Oakland: Food First Books. [Read: Feminism With Passion, Ch. 5: p.103–118]

Feb 26 VIII. Realities

Selected readings: “The Animal Game,” “How Brazil Works,” “Crab and Yoghurt,” “Pixote’s Fate,” “Urban Indians,” “Mayor Orders Billboard Shacks Destroyed,” and “Liberation Theology’s Rise and Fall” (38 pages total) See the Film: Pixote on Sao Paulo


…

Gender On Reserve in Milne… Patai, Daphne.

1988 Brazilian Women Speak: Contemporary Life Stories. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. [Read: Family Portrait: p. 127–169, Three perspectives on poverty, politics, and gender issues by women in a family.]

…and the Tribal World On Reserve in Milne… Rabben, Linda.

2004 Brazil’s Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization: The Yanomami and the Kayapo. Seattle: University Washington Press. [Read: Yanomami Apocalypse, Ch. 5: p. 90–119]

Feb 28 IX. Saudades Portuguese Sephardic Jews in Brazil Selected readings: “Bananas Is My Business,” “Bahia Music Story,” “O

Axe de Zumbi,” and “At Carnival” (12 pages total) Mar 4 Due: Essay Exam I – on the Brazil Reader and Articles on Gender

and the Tribal World

''PIXOTE,'' the third feature film by the Argentine-born Brazilian director Hector Babenco, is a finely made, uncompromisingly grim movie about the street boys of Sao Paulo, in particular about Pixote. Pixote looks to be about 60 years old, though he's actually no more than 10 or 11. He may yet be growing, but one can't be sure. Clearly Sao Paulo's slums, backstreets, pinball parlors, whorehouses and reform schools are not providing much nourishment. He is still learning how to snatch purses, roll drunks, deal in dope and murder, but the physical part of him seems permanently fixed in withered puberty.


Mar 4 Begin discussion on - THE FULBRIGHT EXPERIENCE IN BRAZIL Case Study: Urbanized Sao Paulo and Atlantic Coast

Kintz 2007 Sao Paulo On eRes…

Perz, Stephen G.

2000 The Rural Exodus in the Context of Economic Crisis, Globalization and Reform. Brazil International Migration Review 34 (3): 842–881.

Mar 6 Scholarly Research: Finding and Using Scholarly Books Mar 11 Case Study: The Issue of Poverty - Rio de Janeiro Favelas

Kintz 2007 Rio de Janeiro


On eRes…

Oliveira, Ney dos Santos. 1996 Favelas and Ghettos: Race and Class in Rio de Janeiro and New York City. “The "Urban Question" in Latin America” Latin American Perspectives 23 (4): 71–89.

Pino, Julio Cesar.

1997 Sources on the History of Favelas in Rio de Janeiro. Latin American Research Review 32 (3):111–122.

… Gender Neuhouser, Kevin.

1995 “Worse Than Men”: Gendered Mobilization in an Urban Brazilian Squatter Settlement, 1971–91. Gender and Society 9 (1): 38–59.

Mar 13 Film: City of God

The City of God is the name of a city slum in Rio de Janeiro. The movie is so shocking in the amount of violence that takes place in these streets, that it is one place you must not go. The movie follows the lives of several kids who grow up in the slums during the 60s, 70s, and 80s. Some kids took the path of crime, violence and the drug trade, and others tried to escape the slum. The senseless violence in this movie was so brutal that even the cops wouldn't go into the slums without a squad of men. It looked like all the teenagers had a gun, and they would use it if anybody looked the wrong way. One of the kids, Buscape became a photographer for a newspaper, and this story was described and seen through his eyes.


Available as an electronic book…check in Glocat Twine, FW.

1997 Racism in A Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

"Twine offers one of the most sophisticated analyses to date of the intransigence of Brazilian racism. Her nuanced account of the complex interplay of gender, race, and class is particularly exciting. This book will have a powerful impact not only on the field of Brazilian racial studies, but on the whole burgeoning literature on the African Diaspora." —Howard Winant, author of Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons "This wonderfully engaging study explodes the myth of racial democracy in a pathbreaking analysis of racism Brazilian style." —Karen Brodkin, UCLA "A revealing and sharply observed dissection of how racism works 'on the ground' in Brazil." —George Reid, author of Blacks and Whites in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988 In Racism in a Racial Democracy, France Winddance Twine asks why Brazilians, particularly Afro-Brazilians, continue to have faith in Brazil's "racial democracy" in the face of pervasive racism in all spheres of Brazilian life. Through a detailed ethnography, Twine provides a cultural analysis of the everyday discursive and material practices that sustain and naturalize white supremacy. This is the first ethnographic study of racism in southeastern Brazil to place the practices of upwardly mobile Afro-Brazilians at the center of analysis. Based on extensive field research and more than fifty life histories with Afro- and Euro-Brazilians, this book analyzes how they conceptualize and respond to racial disparities. Twine illuminates the obstacles Brazilian activists face when attempting to generate grassroots support for an antiracist movement among the majority of working-class Brazilians. Anyone interested in racism and antiracism in Latin America will find this book compelling. France Winddance Twine is professor of sociology at Duke University and the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Mar 17 - 21 Spring Break Mar 25 Case Study: The Tribal World

… Gender Guarani women raped as rancher’s men threaten community,

http://www.survival-international.org/news/2596m, accessed November 14, 2007. [Also read three associated stories on the Guarani]

Search eHRAF on the Guarani


Mar 27 Case Study: Issue of Educational Opportunities – Candeal Favela, Salvador and English as a Second Language

Kintz 2007 Candeal Favela, Salvador, Brazil

Baker, G 2001 ‘Cool your head, Man”: Preventing gender based violence in favelas. Development 44 (3):94–98.

Apr 1 Case Study: The Issue of the Environmental Sustainability and

Development – Silves Island, Amazonia, and Precious Woods

Bunker, Stephen G. 1981 Class, Status, and the Small Farmer: Rural Development Programs and the Advance of Capitalism in Uganda and Brazil. Latin American Perspectives 8 (1): 89–107.

Cleary, David,

2001 Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Prehistory to the Nineteenth Century. Latin American Research Review 36 (2): 64–96.

Hallewell, Laurence and Monica Dias Martins.

2002 Globalization and Development in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives 29 (6):94–99.

Silvas Island Link: http://www.iedonline.net/brazil.htm


Precious Woods Sustainable Forestry

In Brazil, Precious Woods has developed the first sustainable forest management operation in the Amazon. Our forest area of 80,000 hectares or 198,000 acres is managed under a 25-year harvest cycle. We take special care in avoiding any soil erosion and all natural watercourses are preserved. Harvest areas are analyzed for botanical and topographical data and this information is demonstrated on detailed maps. From these maps we organize and plan the low impact logging operations, which are independently certified in accordance with the rules and guidelines of the Forest Stewardship Council. www.pwamazon.com.br/Pwa_fIng.html Precious Woods is a world leader in the sustainable management and use of tropical forests. Based in Switzerland, our company employs some 2,300 people worldwide and has subsidiaries in Brazil, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Gabon, Holland and Switzerland. Activities Sustainable Management of Existing Forests: In Brazil we manage existing tropical forest according to the guidelines of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in a sustainable and low-impact manner, thereby ensuring its long-term preservation. The timber is processed locally in our own sawmills. Reforestations: In Central America we reforest abandoned pastureland with a mosaic of teak and various indigenous tree species. The reforestations are carried out in conformity with the guidelines of the FSC. Carbon and Energy: Further integral parts of our approach to sustainable forestry are the use of waste wood to produce energy and the registration and sale of carbon emission rights. Trade: The subsidiary in Holland sells the certified tropical timber to European customers. The subsidiary in Brazil administrates sales in South America, Asia and North America and the Central American subsidary deals with sales to domestic markets. Link: www.preciouswoods.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=4&Itemid=30 Link: www.preciouswoods.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6&Itemid=37


Apr 3 Case Study: Issues of Urban Development: Recife and Olinda

Olinda has nearly 500 years of History. In the first 100 years of Brazil, Olinda was one of the richest cities in the country. The Dutch occupied Olinda for 24 years, adding to the already rich culture, mixture of Portuguese, black and Indian elements. When the Dutch left, the neighbour city of Recife took the role of commercial and political center. The proximity with Recife kept Olinda in constant cultural, political and intellectual movement; on the other hand, the signals of progress (skyscrapers, shopping centers, wide avenues) preferred to establish in Recife, allowing Olinda to grow at their own pace. Olinda knows that "Our biggest asset is culture". The culture of Olinda is expressed in every house, street, church; Olinda was declared World Heritage by UNESCO, and changes in the architecture are very restrictive. Most important, culture is expressed by the people of Olinda; few cities in Brazil open so much space to the musicians, dancers, handicrafters and other culture representatives as Olinda. Few cities in Brazil are so proud of their culture and so open to visitors as Olinda. Walking around Historic Olinda and watching the olindenses is like taking a lesson about Brazilian History and Culture. Recife was built as a port city along tropical, white-sand beaches lined with palm trees. It is the capital of the northeastern state of Pernambuco. Recife is a fast-growing urban area that has been called the "Venice of Brazil" because it is dissected by numerous waterways and connected by many bridges. The city got its name from the coral reefs that line the coast. Local fishermen go out into the high seas in jangadas, crude log rafts with beautiful sails unique to the area, that require expert navigational skills to maneuver. Recife exports great quantities of the hinterland's products, including sugar, cotton, and coffee. Its population is around 1,500,000 inhabitants. (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC.)

Roberts, Bryan R.

1989 Urbanization, Migration, and Development. Sociological Forum 4 (4): 665–691.

Hutchinson, Bertram.

1961 Fertility, Social Mobility and Urban Migration in Brazil. Population Studies 14 (3):182–189.


Apr 8 Case Study: The Issue of Environmental Boom and Bust – Manaus, the Rubber Capital Barham, Bradford L. and Oliver T. Coomes

1993 Interpreting the Amazon Rubber Boom: Investment, the State and Dutch Disease. Latin American Research Review 29 (2):73–109.

Burns, Bradford

1965 Manaus, 1910: Portrait of a Boom Town Journal of Inter-American Studies, 7 (3):400–421.

Slater, Candace

1994 "All That Glitters": Contemporary Amazonian Gold Miners' Tales. Comparative Studies in Society and History 36 (4):720–742.

Salgado, 1986, Brazil. Untitled from the Serra Pelada Mine


Apr 10 Case Study: The Issue of African/Brazilian Culture – Candomblé, ORIXÁS – Brazil

ORIXAS


On eRes… …Gender Caldwell, Kia Lilly.

2001 Racialized Boundaries: Women’s Studies and the Question of “Difference” in Brazil. The Journal of Negro Education 70 (3): 219–230.

Rodrigues, Jose Honorio.

1962 The Influence of Africa on Brazil and of Brazil on Africa. Journal of African History 3 (1): 49–67.

See Video

The dance of the Orixas, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3rklqri5m0, accessed November 14, 2007.

On Reserve in Milne… Voeks, Robert A.

1997 Sacred leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press. BL2592.C35 .V64 1997

Apr 15 Case Study: Issue of the Urban Environment – Brasilia Plan and Satellite

Communities On Reserve in Milne…

Epstein, David G.

1973 Brasília, plan and reality; a study of planned and spontaneous urban development. Berkeley: University of California Press. HD7323.B7 E67

Apr 17 Cultural Issues – Brazilian Music, Tom Jobim, and the Bossa Nova

Reily, Suzel Ana 1996 Tom Jobim and the Bossa Nova Era. Popular Music 15 (1):1–16.

Hutchinson, H.W.

1964 Cultural Change in Brazil: An Analytical Model. Journal of Inter-American Studies 6 (3): 303–312.

Listen to Brazilian Music


STUDENT RESEARCH AND POWERPOINTS ON BRAZIL

Apr 22 Issues of the Tropical Environment: The Amazon

Student Research Group I - Environmental Destruction and Proposals for Protection of the Amazon (Greenpeace and other organizations) [Include video and music as part of the project] Student Research Group II – The Challenge of Tribal Survival and National Policy focused on the Amazon [Include video and music as part of the project]

Apr 24 Issues of Urban Landscapes and Culture

Student Research Group III – Urban Migration and Social Challenges in Sao Paulo [Include multiple videos and music as a reflection of Sao Paulo cityscape and culture]

Student Research Group IV – Favelas - Challenges and Solutions to

Poverty in Rio [Include video and music as part of the presentation] Apr 29 Issues of Rural Development

Student Research Group V – Cattle Ranching and Tourism – A Partnership for Solving Destruction of the Pantanal [see music from the Pantanal and include video] Student Research Group VI – Development and Environmental Preservation in Fernando de Noronha [Human Use, Spinner Dolphins and Sea Turtles] [Include video and music]

May 1 Issues of Culture and Class

Student Research Group VII – Candomblé and Afro-Brazilian Identity [Include multiple videos and music]

Student Research Group VIII – Capoeira and Afro-Brazilian Identity [Include multiple videos and music] May 6 Final Remarks and Summary May 7 Study Day DATE? Final Exam III and Scholarly Research


Additional Research Resources Books: Alves, Miriam, ed.

1994 Finally Us: Contemporary Black Women Writers. Carolyn Richardson Durham, trans. Boulder. CO: A Three Continents Book.

Anderson, Lykke E. and Clive W.J. Granger, Eustaquio J. Reis, Diana Weinhold, and Sven Wunder

2002 The Dynamics of Deforestation and Economics Growth in the Brazilian Amazon. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Arons, Nicholas Gabriel

2004 Waiting for Rain: The Politics and Poetry of Drought in Northeast Brazil. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Bastide, Roger

1978 [1960] The African Religions of Brazil: Toward a Sociology of the Interpenetration of Civilizations. Helen Sebba, trans. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Benjamin, Medea and Maisa Mendonca 1997 Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman’s Story of Politics and Love. Oakland: Food First Books.

Finkel, Michael 2007 Raging Malaria. National Geographic, July 2007: 212, 1. Fontaine, Pierre-Michel ed.

1985 Race, Class and Power in Brazil. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies University of California.

Hecht, Susan and Alexander Cockburn

1989 The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon. London: Verso.

Hecht, Tobias 2006 After Life: An Ethnographic Novel. Durham: Duke University Press. Heffron, Mary J., and Thomas P. Fenton, eds.

1987 Women in the Third World: A Directory of Resources. New York: Orbis Books. Levine, Robert M. and Johj J. Crocitti, eds.

1999 The Brazil Reader: History, Culture and Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.


Lindsay, Beverly, ed.

1980 Comparative Perspectives of Third World Women: The Impact of Race, Sex and Class. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Marchal, Lucien

1954 The Sage of Canudos. Charles Duff, trans. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company. McGowan, Chris and Ricardo Pessanha

1998 [1997] The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil. New Edition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Patai, Daphne

1988 Brazilian Women Speak: Contemporary Life Stories. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Perrone, Charles A. 1989 Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Song. Austin: University of Texas Press. Plotkin, Mark J.

1993 Tales of a Shaman’s Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines in the Amazon Rain Forest. Middlesex: Viking.

Rabben, Linda

2004 Brazil’s Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization: The Yanomami and the Kayapo. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy

1992 Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Torres, Antonio

1989 Blues For A Lost Childhood. John Parker, trans. Columbia, LA: Readers International.

Wagley, Charles and Eduardo Galvao 1949 The Tenetehara Indians of Brazil. New York: Columbus University Press. Yamashita, Karen Tei 1992 Brazil-Maru. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press.


Journal Articles: Bak, John

2000 Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in Brazil: The Negotiation of Workers’ Identities in Porto Alegre’s 1906 Strike. Latin American Research Review 35 (3):83–123. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Bunker, Stephen G.

1981 Class, Status and the Small Farmer: Rural Development Programs and the Advance of Capitalism in Uganda and Brazil. Latin American Perspectives 8 (1): 89–107. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Cleary, David

2001 Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Prehistory to the nineteenth Century. Latin American Research Review 36 (2): 64–96. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Fischlowitz, Estanislau and Madeline H. Engel 1969 Internal Migration on Brazil. International Migration Review 3 (3): 36–46. Huchzermeyer, Marie

2002 Informal Settlements: Production and Intervention in Twentieth-Century Brazil and South Africa. Latin American Perspectives 29 (1):83–105. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Hutchinson, Bertram

1961 Fertility, Social Mobility and Urban Migration in Brazil. Population Studies 14 (3): 182–189. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Hutchinson, H.W.

1964 Culture Change in Brazil: An Analytical Model. Journal of Inter-American Studies 6 (3): 303–312. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Jacobs, Jamie Eleizabeth

2002 Community Participation, the Environment and Democracy: Brazil in Comparative Perspective. Latin American Politics and Society 44 (4): 59–88. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Lavrin, Asuncion 1981 Women in Latin American History. The History Teacher 14 (3): 387–399. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org. (Massive index).

Leff, Nathaniel H.

1973 Tropical Trade and Development in the Nineteenth Century: The Brazilian Experience. The Journal of Political Economy 81 (3):678–696. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.


Lovell, Peggy A. 1994 Race, Gender and Development in Brazil. Latin American Research Review 29 (3): 7–35. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Martins, Monica Dias and Laurence Hallewell

2002 Globalization and Development in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives 29 (6):94–99. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Moran, Emilio F. 1982 Ecological, Anthropological and Agonomic Research in the Amazon Basin. Latin American Research Review 17 (1): 3–41. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Pereira, L.C. Bresser

1962 The Rise of Middle Class and Middle Management in Brazil. Journal of Inter-American Studies 4 (3):313–326. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Reich, Gary M.

1998 The 1998 Constitution a Decade Later: Ugly Compromises Reconsidered. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 40 (4): 5–24. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Roberts, Bryan R.

1989 Urbanization, Migration and Development. Sociological Forum 4 (4):665–691. JSTOR. http:www.jstor.org, accessed October 4.

Wagland, Charles 1948 Regionalism and Cultural Unity in Brazil. Social Forces 26 (4): 457–464. Weyland, Kurt

1993 The Rise and Fall of President Collor and Its Impact on Brazilian Democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35 (1):1–37. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Yap, Lorene

1976 Internal Migration and Economic Development in Brazil. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 90 (1): 119–137. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

Young, Jordan M.

1964 Some Permanent Political Characteristics of Contemporary Brazil. Journal of Inter-American Studies 6 (3): 287–301. JSTOR, http:www.jstor.org.

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