ethical issues in indian civil services

[Type text]

Ethical Issues

In

Indian Civil

Services

Ethics Assignment

[Ethical Issues in Civil Services]

Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi University

EHTICAL ISSUES IN INDIAN CIVIL SERVICES

An assignment submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Award of the degree of

“Master of Human Resource and

Organisation Development”

By Rohit Kumar Singh

Shivika Tandon

Shweta Jatwani

Shruti Sayana

Mohit Yadav

Rahul Kumar

Ethics Assignment


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, DELHI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, DELHI UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that assignment entitled ‘EHTICAL ISSUES IN INDIAN CIVIL

SERVICES’ presented by Rohit Kumar Singh, Shivika Tandon, Shweta Jatwani, Shruti

Sayana, Mohit Yadav, Rahul Kumar students of first year MHROD, is the bona-fide

presentation of their work done by them under my supervision and guidance. They have

submitted this project report towards partial fulfillment for the award of degree of MHROD

of the Delhi University during the academic year 2009-2011. It is further certified that this

work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Faculty

……………….

Dr. Gauri Shankar

Ethics Assignment


CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in this assignment titled

“EHTICAL ISSUES IN TOURISM INDUSTRY” in partial fulfilment of requirement for

award of the degree of MHROD in Department of Commerce, Delhi University .This is an

authentic record of our work carried out under the able supervision of Dr. Gauri Shankar. We

have not submitted the matter embodied in this project for award of any other degree or

diploma anywhere else.

Date

10/10/2009

Rohit Kumar Singh

Shivika Tandon

Shweta Jatwani

Shruti Sayana

Mohit Yadav

Rahul Kumar

Ethics Assignment


Acknowledgement

We deem it our privilege to extend the gratitude and appreciation towards all those

who have been directly or indirectly involved themselves in making this assignment.

We wish to express our gratitude to our honourable Faculty Dr. Gauri Shankar for his

prompt and sincere guidance. He stood by us all the way and provided us additional insight

and ideas with painstaking attention to details. His comments and criticism have been

valuable.

Rohit Kumar Singh

Shivika Tandon

Shweta Jatwani

Shruti Sayana

Mohit Yadav

Rahul Kumar

Ethics Assignment


PREFACE Civil service refers to the body of government officials who are employed in civil

occupations that are neither political nor judicial. The concept of civil service was prevalent

in India from ancient times. The Mauryan administration employed civil servants in the name

of adhyakshas and rajukas. The examination for civil servants in those days too was very

stringent as quoted by Kautilya’s Arthasastra. The expanse of the territory and the need to

hold it intact made it imperative for the Mauryan administration to recruit civil servants based

on merit. The concept of civil service again came into prominence when British in search of

creating a framework to hold the territories of India, created the much coveted ‘Indian Civil

Services’ or the ICS.

Many changes took place in Indian Civil services since Lord Cornwallis

introduced it in India. The Indian Civil services were created to foster the idea of unity in

diversity . The civil service was expected to give continuity and change to the administration

no matter the political scenario and turmoil affecting the country. Indian civil service has also

played the part of giving this continuous support to the nation. But what is appalling and

needs a serious consideration is the element of ‘change’ and ‘ethical values’. It can be said

that the civil service as a whole has maintained its status quo instead of sweeping changes in

social and economic scenario. Some may argue that it is the resilience of the civil service, but

it is an obvious fact out in the street that the Indian civil service was not able to deliver

service based upon the expectations of the people or the founding fathers of the Constitution.

The present paper deals about the ethical problems affecting Indian civil service

and the reform that is needed to make it vibrant and deliver according to the expectations.

The civil service is an integral part of administration and the structures of administration to

determine the way the civil service functions.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. BACKDROP OF INDIAN ADMINISTRATION ...................................................................... 8

2. GOVERNANCE AND NEED FOR CIVIL SERVICES ........................................................ 10

3. ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE AND CIVIL SERVICES ............................................................ 11

4. ETHICAL ISSUES IN INDIAN CIVIL SERVICES .............................................................. 13

4.1. ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION AND ABUSE OF POWER .............................................................. 13 4.2. LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY .................................................................................................... 14 4.3. POLITICAL INTERFERENCE AND CRONICYSM .......................................................................... 14 4.4. LACK OF INTEGRITY ............................................................................................................... 15 4.5. LACK OF ACTION AGAINST CORRUPT OFFICIALS ..................................................................... 15 4.6. LACK OF PROPER PROTECTION TO WHISTLEBLOWERS ............................................................ 15 4.7. LACK OF PROPER CODE OF CONDUCT FOR PUBLIC SERVANTS ................................................ 16 4.8. LACK OF TRANSPARENCY AND SENSITIVITY TOWARDS COMMON MAN ................................... 16

5. MEASURES FOR BETTER ETHICAL CONDUCT OF CIVIL SERVANTS ................... 18

5.1. MEASURES AGAINST CORRUPTION.......................................................................................... 18 5.2. FIXING OF ACCOUNTABILITY .................................................................................................. 18 5.3. TRANSPARENCY ..................................................................................................................... 19 5.4. REDUCING DISCRETION .......................................................................................................... 19 5.5. ENSURING ACCESSIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS ................................................................... 20 5.6. CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL SERVANTS ................................................................................... 20 5.7. LAW FOR PROTECTION OF WHISTLEBLOWERS ......................................................................... 20 5.8. INSULATING CIVIL SERVANTS FROM UNDUE POLITICAL INTERFERENCE .................................. 21 5.9. PROMOTING COMPETITION ..................................................................................................... 21

6. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS .......................................................................................... 22

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 24

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1. Backdrop of Indian Administration

Indian administration today is a product of history, in fact, an amazing continuity of

history. It has the heritage of Kautilya, Ashoka, Akbar, Shershah Suri and British

colonial administration; the last being the latest has made the deepest impact on Indian

administration. It is on this model that the administrative system of India has been built;

basically a model of force and extraction of surplus. The other models also continue to

haunt the Indian administration till date. The Kautilyan model was based on certain

premises, which were rooted in inequalities and tended towards unequal or graded

treatment of human beings. This is seen in caste hierarchy and religious legitimacy. But,

besides engaging in the extraction of surplus, and maintenance of law and order, the

Kautilyan model did talk of taking up some public works. Indeed kautiya exhorts the

king to pay attention to the welfare of his subjects. Kautilya can be regarded as one who

presented a model, which is extractive, but still combined with with a dose of welfare.

Ashoka’s paternalistic attitude is expressed in the remark, “All men are my

children”. He desired the welfare of his subjects in the same way as he would of his own

children and rightly regarded their welfare as his responsibility. He was always in

personal contact with his subjects to secure greater welfare for them, this in part, accounts

for his undertaking of extensive tours throughout his empire. His edicts depict that new

developments in administration for the wellbeing of the people were undertaken. He

abolished discrimination of caste and position in ordering punishment. Ashoka’s

administration, ingrained in ‘Dharma’, could be regarded as a programme of social

welfare, which in 20th century parlance is known as ‘welfare administration’.

During medieval period the feudal administration of Mughals and Shershah Suri

were meant for extracting revenues for plunder and pleasure. A close examination of their

working would reveal that the entire setup was meant to protect the interests of emperor

rather than the good of masses. The reforms introduced during this period were mainly

for plugging gaps and leakages and improving the system efficiency for revenue

collection.

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The colonial power, which entered India in search of business and profit did not

destroy the basic structure but improvised it to suit their own purpose. Colonialism,

because of its mission, deepened and sharpened the coercive apparatus of the state in the

process of extraction of the surplus, gradually destroying the productive processes. To

legitimise their roots, the colonial masters introduced educational and legal system, which

oriented to produce clerks and lawyers for administration to keep the administrative and

judicial system going. It created a class of people who were ‘black in colour but European

in thought’. All attempts of reforms were aimed at perpetuating the existing system,

rather than altering it in anyway. However, they created a new set of officers who not

only wielded power and worked as a source of power, but were also agents of the

supposedly welfare regime.

The arbitrary and undemocratic state power exercised through bureaucratic

apparatus coupled with enormous economic backwardness on one hand and growing

consciousness of the people on the other gave rise to the anti-colonial freedom movement.

But the freedom movement did not throw up any viable alternative form of organisation,

thus, the entire freedom movement got reduced to mere transfer of power. Once power

was transferred, the lack of clarity about the administrative institution became our legacy.

Thus, the bureaucratic setup against which people fought during freedom movement

remained intact and was adopted as such, and is still continuing today.

The civil services setup designed by British to rule our country has been

tweaked time and again through various administrative reforms commissions to suit our

requirements, but still it is beset with many problems.

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2. Governance and Need for Civil services

Governance is the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage

a country’s affairs at all level. It consists of the mechanisms, processes and institutions

through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights,

meet their obligations and mediate their differences. Without good governance, no

amount of developmental schemes can bring in improvements in the quality of life of the

citizens. On the contrary, if the power of the state is abused, or exercised in weak or

improper ways, those with the least power in the society- the poor are most likely to

suffer. In that sense, poor governance generates and reinforces poverty and subverts all

efforts to reduce it. The civil service form an important part of the institution of the state

and play a crucial role in the administration of the country. It has to carry out task in

terms of the constitutional mandate and the legal framework. A stable body of

experienced and competent permanent in diverse fields, it constitutes an elite corps, with

the vast authority vested in it, to be exercised in public interest for achieving public policy

objectives.

Thus there is a need for an effective and efficient Public Services Institution for the

growth and welfare of a state.

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3. Ethics in Public life and Civil Services

Ethics is a set of values and principles that helps guide behaviour, choice and action.

Organizations as well as individuals have certain ethical standards. In democracy, every

holder of public office is accountable ultimately to the people. Such accountability is

enforced through a system of laws and rules, which the elected representatives of the

people enact in their legislature. Ethics provides the basis for the creation of such laws

and rules. Also, in a democracy any person holding a public office derives his authority

and power because of people.

Civil servants have a special responsibility because they are entrusted with

managing resources on behalf of the community, delivering services to the community

and taking decisions that affect a citizen’s life. The community, therefore, must be able to

trust the integrity of the civil service decision-making process. Civil servants are expected

to maintain high standards of professionalism, responsiveness and impartiality. One of the

most comprehensive statements of what constitutes ethical standards for holders of public

office came from the Committee on Standards In Public Life in the United Kingdom,

popularly known as Nolan Committee, which outlined following Seven Principles of

Public Life:

(i) Selflessness

Holders of public office should act solely in terms of the public interest. They should

not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their

family or their friends.

(ii) Integrity

Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other

obligation to outside individuals or organisations that might seek to influence them in

the performance of their official duties.

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(iii) Objectivity

In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding

contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public

office should make choices on merit.

(iv) Accountability

Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public

and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.

(v) Openness

Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and

actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict

information only when the wider public interest clearly demands.

(vi) Honesty

Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their

public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects

the public interest.

(vii) Leadership

Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership

and example.

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4. Ethical Issues in Indian Civil Services

Today the Indian Civil Services are facing a large number of ethical issues and most of

them, directly or indirectly, are related to corruption. Corruption is an important

manifestation of the failure of ethics. The word ‘corrupts’ is derived from the Latin word

‘corruptus’, meaning ‘to break or destroy’. The word ‘ethics’ is from original Greek term

‘ethicos’, meaning ‘arising from habit’. It is unfortunate that corruption has, for many,

become a matter of habit, ranging from grand corruption involving persons in high places

to retail corruption touching the everyday life of common people. Various ethical issues

faced by our civil services are:

4.1. Asymmetric distribution and Abuse of Power In our society, corruption and abuse of office at all levels and organs of state has

become a symbol of our civil services because of certain factors like enormous

asymmetry of power in our society. Nearly 90% of our people are in the unorganized

sector. Quite a number of them lead a precarious existence, depending on subsistence

wages with no job security. And nearly 70% of organized workers with job security

and regular monthly wages employed by state directly or through public sector

undertakings. Almost all these employees are educated in largely illiterate or

semiliterate society and economically even the lowliest of public servants are better

off than most people in the country. What is more, their employment in government

comes with all the trappings of power. Such asymmetry of power reduces societal

pressure to conform to ethical behaviour and makes it easy to indulge in corruption.

Also there is a colonial legacy of unchallenged authority and propensity to exercise

power arbitrarily. In such a society which worships power, it is easy for public

servants to deviate from ethical conduct. Over regulation, excessive state control,

near- monopoly of government in many sectors ,various state subsidies and

beneficiary oriented programs in a situation of asymmetry of power have converted

the public servants into patron and masters ( the so called mai-baap) and reduced

Ethics Assignment


most citizens into mendicants. This at once enhanced opportunities to indulge in

corruption and reduced the citizens’ capacity to resist extraordinary demands.

4.2. Lack of accountability There is a general feeling that existing mechanisms of accountability are inadequate.

On the one hand, there are alibis for non-performance and on the other, competence

and integrity are not adequately recognized or rewarded. Over-centralization has

increased the distance between authority and accountability. The large number of

functionaries between the citizen and final decision makers makes the accountability

diffused and the temptation to abuse authority stronger. Therefore, innovative and

effective mechanisms need to be put in place to protect public money, guarantee

intended outcomes and enforce accountability.

4.3. Political interference and Cronicysm The permanent bureaucracy is said to be the servant, or the operational tool, of its

political master. There is nothing offensive in being the servant of a democratic and

popularly accountable political master. But what happen’s when it is at the mercy of a

corrupt and ideology-less polity, and then increasingly joins the fun-and-games of

private pleasure overtaking public interest, adversely affecting professional

performance. The civilian administration not only faces continuous interference

(frequent transfers at all levels and inexplicable super-sessions at the higher level) but

worse, its members (especially at the higher levels) actually invite interference about

which few complain. Riddled with ever-increasing factors of casteism, regionalism

and cronyism, the large number of meritorious postings and so-far-neutral promotions

are overshadowed by instances of bad personnel decisions. This may explain the

growing public awareness of declining civilian performance as also why the armed

forces have a visible professional pride, while most civilian administrators lack it –

limiting themselves to individual self-praise.

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4.4. Lack of Integrity The dictionary defines integrity as 'soundness of moral principles; the character of

uncorrupted virtues; uprightness; honesty; sincerity, Integrity is, indeed, the most

essential attribute of a welfare state. The first five year plan rightly emphasised;

"Integrity in public affairs and administration is essential and there must, therefore,

be an insistence on it in every branch by public activity. The influence of corruption

is insidious. It undermines the structure of administration and the confidence of the

public in the administration. There must, therefore, be a continuous war against every

species of corruption within the administration."

Causes for decline in integrity:

a) Inadequate remuneration and spiralling costs of living.

b) Lack of strong public opinion against corruption.

c) Cumbersome, complicated and dilatory working mechanisms of public offices,

helping in growth of dishonest practices like ‘speedy money’.

d) Undue protection given to public services

4.5. Lack of action against corrupt officials Anti-corruption interventions so far made are seen to be in effectual and there is

widespread public cynicism about them .Conditions have deteriorated to such an

extent that corruption is way of getting things from civil servants, whereas it has

become impossible for a just and honest officer to conduct his duties impartially and

honestly, forcing them to succumb to corrupt practices or to leave their job or face

various difficulties. Committees are made to look into corrupt practices or

wrongdoings of corrupt officials but their findings are never implemented, guilty

officials escape any concrete exemplary punishment, which encourages others to

disregard various rules and regulations and encourages corruption.

4.6. Lack of proper protection to Whistleblowers Our country lacks proper statutory and legal framework to give proper protection to

whistleblowers and to ensure their safety. This discourages potential whistle blowers

to raise their voice against any unethical practices being followed, out of fear for their

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life and property. This also encourages unethical and corrupt practices in public

services.

4.7. Lack of proper Code of Conduct for Public Servants There is a lack of proper Code of Conduct regarding ethical behaviour of public

servants, there is no well defined set of rules which specifies various do and don’ts

for every civil servant right from higher level to lower level, such a condition gives

rise to arbitrariness in conduct of services, which encourages unethical behaviour.

4.8. Lack of transparency and sensitivity towards common man The fact, that the functioning of civil services has an impact on the quality of

governance and thus on the well-being of the citizen and the welfare of the

community as a whole is often forgotten. The perception of the civil services today is

of a vast impersonal organization without commitment to human needs and values. It

is necessary to redress the situation, particularly in this era of participative

democracy, by making the governance apparatus an instrument of service to the

people. The system is also beset with problem of lack of transparency, which arises

due to the rigid and non flexible services setup, which has no fear of any disciplinary

measures due to the protection provided to them by various constitutional provisions

Apart from these ethical issues there are various other issues which are ailing our

civil services setup. Some of them are as follows:

• Lack of professionalism and poor capacity building.

• Outmoded rules and procedures that restrict civil servants from performing

effectively.

• Systemic inconsistencies in promotion and empanelment.

• Arbitrary and whimsical transfers- insecurity in tenure impedes

institutionalization.

• Ineffective incentive systems that do not appreciate upright and outstanding civil

servants but rewards the corrupt and incompetent.

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5. Measures for better ethical conduct of civil servants

In view of above facts and issues regarding ethical conduct of civil servants and its

importance in nation building and larger welfare of citizens of a country, it is necessary to

adopt various measures to set things right. Some of the measures which can be adopted

are:

5.1. Measures against corruption All forms of corruption are reprehensible and we need to promote a culture of zero

tolerance towards corruption. But some forms of corruption are much more pernicious

than other and deserve closer attention than others. In vast majority of cases of bribe a

citizen is a victim of extortion and is compelled to pay a bribe for a service in order to

get a service to which he is entitled. There are several cases of collusion between the

bribe giver and the corrupt public servant. In such cases of collusive corruption both

parties benefit at immense cost to society. Awarding of contract for public works and

procurement of goods and services, recruitment of employees, evasion of taxes,

substandard projects, collusive violation of regulations, adulteration of food and

drugs, obstruction of justice and concealing or doctoring evidence in investigation are

all examples of such dangerous forms of corruption. To eliminate and prevent all such

forms of corruption, all procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and

come in way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated. The perverse

system of incentives in public life, which make corruption a high return and low risk

activity, need to be addressed. In this context, public example had to be made out of

people convicted on corruption charge and the legal process in such cases has to be

expedited. This hopefully, will also address the growing permissiveness in the society,

in the more recent times, to the phenomenon of corruption.

5.2. Fixing of accountability In our civil services, at most levels authority is divorced from accountability, leading

to a system of realistic and plausible alibis for non-performance. Most functionaries

are thus caught in a vicious circle. The term accountability is derived from the word

‘account’ and it denotes the answerability for the proper discharge of one’s duty. To

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be accountable means to be answerable for one’s conduct and to render an account of

one’s activity. Subordinates are accountable to their superior for the satisfactory

performance of the work assigned to them. Thus a proper system of accountability

should be developed to pin point the defaulters who do not adhere to set standards.

For greater accountability, the following are some of the measures suggested:

• Strengthening and streamlining reporting mechanisms

• Streamlining and fast-tracking departmental enquiries

• Linking performance with incentives

• Overhaul of employee grievance procedures

• Action on audit findings

• Implementation of Citizens Charters’ for monitoring service delivery

• Right to Information Act and its enforcement

• Code of conduct for civil servants

5.3. Transparency The Right to Information Act, 2005, is one of the most concrete steps towards

increasing transparency, in its statement of objectives it recognizes that ‘democracy

requires an informed citizenry and transparency of information, which are vital to its

functioning and also to contain corruption and hold governments and their

instrumentalities accountable to the governed.’ There is widespread consensus that

good governance must be participatory, transparent and accountable. The present

system in India, however, is firmly grounded on mistrust. This system of mistrust has

to be removed to achieve better results in working of our civil services. Media can

also play a key role in highlighting the prevalent corruption and in creating negative

public opinion against tolerance of corruption.

5.4. Reducing discretion Opportunities for corruption are greater in a system with excessive discretion in the

hands of the official machinery particularly at lower levels. Such opportunities can be

minimized by reducing discretion and introducing transparency in the system and

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introducing strict accountability for action. There are large numbers of governmental

activities where discretion can be reduced or totally eliminated. Wherever it is not

possible to eliminate discretion, then the exercise of power should be bound by well

defined guidelines to minimize discretion. Reducing discretion paves the way for

preventing arbitrary decisions.

5.5. Ensuring accessibility and responsiveness Departments of government have to be accessible to members of public and

responsive to their need and aspirations and also responsible for prompt redressal of

their grievances. To ensure this, it is necessary that the facilities, concessions and

rights which are available to them in each department should be made public and the

details about authority who are competent to grant them together with the procedure

for securing the same and getting their grievances should be put in public domain.

Every department should be required to take steps to understand the problems of its

customers, define the standards which the department would maintain in the provision

of its services and specify the conditions which customer should fulfil to qualify for

the same.

5.6. Code of Ethics for Civil servants A proper and detailed code of ethics should be developed for civil servants

mentioning about various do and don’ts by civil servants while performing their

duties. It should clearly list various standards which are expected from a civil servant.

The training system should be adapted and developed for inculcating ethical values in

newly recruited civil servants.

5.7. Law for protection of whistleblowers A strong and comprehensive law should be framed in order to ensure safety and

security of whistleblowers. Strong provisions should be there to prevent

whistleblowers from any harm, so that potential whistleblowers can feel encouraged

to complain about any wrongdoing or corrupt practices being followed by civil

servants in any department.

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5.8. Insulating civil servants from undue political interference In a democracy, the civil service has to be answerable to the elected government.

There is criticism, however, that increasingly partisan intervention and cronyism are

undermining the rule of law, distorting incentives and condoning corruption. This is

adversely affecting the morale of public servants. The relationship between the

political executive and the civil services needs to be transformed on the basis of

mutual understanding, respect and recognition of each other’s distinct roles and

responsibilities.

5.9. Promoting Competition Most public services in India are provided by government in a monopolistic setting.

Such a situation by its very nature is conducive to arbitrariness, and complacence with

a high probability of a section of functionaries taking advantage of the ‘departmental

hegemony’ for corruption. Introduction of an element of competition in the provision

of public services is thus a very useful tool to curb corruption. Two successful

initiatives can be cited in this connection; first, the gradual de-monopolisation of the

telecom sector; second, the growing role of private players in providing direct

marketing services to farmers outside the government controlled mandis in Madhya

Pradesh.

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5. Concluding Observations

Within the framework of good governance, an all pervasive ethical conduct is

required. In the maxims of accountability, openness, transparency, freedom of

information and effective administrative system, ethics is the inevitable component

and an intervening variable. In the Government of India’s Action Plan on Effective

and Responsive Administrative System, there is clear emphasis on establishing a code

of ethics for public service as well as on tackling corruption and cleansing

administration. This naturally implies that good governance would demand an

integrated control system that would synthesize intrinsic (self) regulation and extrinsic

control. Some of the suggested mechanisms in this context are:

• Creation of national multi-headed ombudsmen (Lok Pal) with effective

punitive powers and granting it a constitutional status.

• Expanding the network of Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) and state

vigilance bodies and granting the CVC a constitutional status.

• Creating effective sectoral ombudsmen on the Swedish and British pattern and

establishing institutions like Banking Lok Pal in the realms of railways,

power, insurance, telecommunications and other associated sectors.

• Revamping the judicial system and for quicker decisions and disposal. Slow

justice is never a threat to fast tracked crimes. All judicial cases should be

assigned time limit for disposal.

• Anti-corruption machinery at the state level should not remain the reserve of

the police department. Inter-institutional organizations, including the

representatives of judicial bodies, should be created for investigation and

further processing of cases within specified time limits.

• The jurisdiction of CBI should be extended to state level crimes of corruption.

However the procedures involved in investigation should be streamlined in

order to drastically reduce the time consumed in conducting enquiry.

• On Australian pattern, Whistleblower in the public system should be given

constitutional protection.

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• Article 311 of the constitution should be amended in order to facilitate quick

and severe punitive action against civil servants of doubtful integrity.

• ‘Freedom’ of information should transform itself into ‘Right’ to information

with even common citizens showing assertiveness in demanding and

obtaining information on the inner dynamics of governance.

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6. Bibliography

1) ‘Contemporary Debates in Public Administration’ by ‘Alka Dhameja’,

Publication : Prentice Hall India

2) ‘Politics, Ethics and Social Responsibility of Business’ by ‘B.B. Tayal &C B

Gupta’ Publication: Sultan Chand and Sons

3) ‘Reforms in Governance And Administration (An approach paper of the

Second Administrative reforms Commission)’

4) Seminar lecture ‘Transforming Our System Of Governance’ by ‘M.Veerappa

Moily’ and ‘Corruption and Right to Information’ by ‘Wajahat Habibullah’

Source:www.indiaseminar.com

5) Paper on ‘Civil Services Reforms’ by ‘M.Satish ,Knowledge Manager(Human

Development), Centre For Good Governance, Hyderabad

ethical issues in indian civil services

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