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ETOPS Briefing European Academy For Aviation Safety

ETOPS HIST RY

ET PS Briefing

Delhi - February 1999

ETOPS Briefing European Academy For Aviation SafetyHistory - 2

Definitions

What is the meaning of ETOPS?

Extended range with Twin engine aircraft OPerationS

What is the scope of ETOPS?

Operation of twin engine aircraft on routes that go further

than 1 hour from a diversion airfield


Definitions

NBO

JIB

SLL

KHI

BOM

CMB

Non ETOPS flight

60’ circles


Definitions

NBO

JIB

SLL

KHI

BOM

CMB

ETOPS flight

60’ circles


ETOPS regulations are applicable to:

Overwater operations

Overland operations (desert areas...)

What is the meaning of EROPS?

Extended Range OPerationS

EROPS describes the applicability of ETOPS requirements

to any aircraft, regardless the number of engines

Definitions


History

Extended range “operations“ started very early:

1909: first English Channel crossing (L. Bleriot)

1919: first North Atlantic Ocean crossing (J. Alcock & A. Brown)


1927: first non-stop New York - Paris (C. Lindbergh)

first US Cost-Hawaï crossing (A.Hegenberger & L.Maitland)

first South Atlantic crossing (D. Costes & J. Le Brix)

• Extended range “operations“ started very early:

History


1928: first Pacific Ocean crossing (C.K. Smith & C.T. Ulm)

1930: first non-stop Paris - New York (D. Costes & M. Bellonte)

• Extended range “operations“ started very early:

History


“Extended range” commercial operations started in

the late 1930s:

1936: first trans-Pacific commercial flights

1939: first trans-Atlantic commercial flights

History


These types of flights required large multi-

engined flying-boats:

poor engine reliability and performance could not allow

design of equally efficient twin engine aircraft

History


Piston engine reliability

The following chart (1953 ICAO report) gives the probability of

failure for piston engines vs power at 1000 constant rpm:

the probability of failure increases as power is increased

1

2,03

3,36

4,97

6,84

8,94

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500engine horsepower

Fp x 10-4 FH

History


Piston engine reliability (cont’d)

The 1953 ICAO report shows that for the same amount of installed

horsepower, the risk of an engine failure is greater on a 2 engine

design than on a 4 engine design:

design required hp4000 5000 6000 7000

Engine Fp on Twin

Engine Fp on Quad

History


As reliable and reasonably light engines had limited

power:

design of long range aircraft (high weight) implied installation of

several engines (more than two)

twin engine aircraft had limited payload/range performance and

were only operated on short flights

History


In 1953, further to a review of the piston engine

reliability, the FAA published the initial “60 minutes”

rule:

applicable to three (until 1964) and two engine aircraft

special approval for operations beyond 60 minutes

At the same time, ICAO issued its “90 minutes”

recommendations:

no airplane shall be operated beyond 90 min (all engines

operative) from a diversion airfield, except if the route can be

flown with two engines inoperative

common interpretation was that twin engine aircraft could be

operated on 90 minutes routes

History


Until 1952, all commercial flights were operated with

piston engine powered airplanes:

1952: first commercial operation with jet airplane (DH Comet 1)

1958: first transatlantic commercial jet operation (DH Comet 4)

Since 1960, jet engine powered aircraft progressively

replaced piston engine powered aircraft:

on all long range routes

on most of regional routes

History


Higher performance of jet engines allowed

operations of twins on 90 min routes (Caribbeans,

Africa, Bay of Bengal, North Atlantic, South China

Sea, ...)

History


Jet engine reliability

More than 40 years of jet operations have shown that unlike

piston engines, jet engine failure probability is not affected by

the thrust or the size of the engine:

Therefore, the probability of an engine failure is now

higher on a quad-jet than on a twin-jet

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

JT8D V2500 RB211 CF6-80 PW4000

14-16K 22-25K 37-40K 48-50K 50-60K

IFSD rate(for 1000 FH)

History


The introduction in the 1980s of twin aircraft (A310,

B767) powered with modern (fuel efficient) turbofan

engines made the old 60/90 minute rules inadequate:

1984: ICAO ETOPS study group amend Annex 6

1985: FAA publishes first ETOPS regulation to address 120 min

operations

1985: first ETOPS operation (SIA/A310 - TWA/B767)

History


In 1988, the Authorities published rules for 180

minutes ETOPS based on the very good experience

with 120 minutes operations:

today, ETOPS operation is representing over 60% of North

Atlantic operations

Regulatory discussions are on-going to assess:

extension of the ETOPS limit beyond 180 minutes

increase of the non-ETOPS threshold above 60 minutes

History

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