Prof Awad S. Hanna

Ear t hwor k includes:� 1. Excavat ion� 2. Gr ading: Moving ear t h t o change

elevat ion� 3. Tempor ar y shor ing� 4. Back f ill or f ill: Adding ear t h t o r aise

gr ade� 5. Compact ion: I ncr easing densit y� 6. Disposal

A. J ob condit ions� Mat er ial t ype� Wat er level and moist ur e cont ent� J ob size� Lengt h of haul� Haul r oad condit ion (accessibilit y and

load r est r ict ions)

B. Management condit ions� Equipment condit ions and maint enance

pr act ices� Skills of wor k f or ce and management� Planning, super vision and coor dinat ion of

wor k.

Job Conditions** Excellent Good Fair Poor

Excellent 0.84 0.81 0.76 0.70

Good 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65

Fair 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.60

Poor 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.52

Management Conditions*

Prof Awad S. Hanna

� Cubic Yar d (bank, loose, or compact ed)Bank (BCY): Materials in its natural

state before disturbance (in-place, in-situ)

Loose (LCY): Material that has been compacted or disturbed or loaded

Compacted (CCY): Material after compaction

Prof Awad S. Hanna

1.0

1.25

0.90

1.0 CUBI C YARD I N NATURAL CONDI TI ON (I N-PLACE YARD)

1.25 CUBI C YARD AFTER DI GGI NG (LOOSE YARDS)

0.90 CUBI C YARD AFTER COMPACTED (COMPACTED YARDS)

In place CompactedLoose

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Bank: VB

� Bank cubic yar ds (BCY)� Densit y B Lb / BCY

Loose: Vl

� Loose cubic yar ds (LCY)� Densit y L Lb/ LCY

Compact ed: Vc

� Compact ed cubic yar ds (CCY)� Densit y C LB/ CCY

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Swell:A soil incr ease in volume when it is

excavat ed.Swell (%) = ( - 1) x 100

Load f act or =

Bank Volume = Loose volume x Load f act or

Loose densit yBank densit y

Bank densit yLoose densit y

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Shr inkage:A soil decr eases in volume when it is compact ed

Shr inkage (%) = (1 - ) x 100

Shr inkage f act or = 1 - Shr inkageCompact ed volume= Bank volume x Shr inkage f act or

Bank densit yCompact ed densit y

Prof Awad S. Hanna

MaterialLoose (lb/cy)

Bank (lb/cy)

Swell (%)

Load Factor

Clay, dry 2,100 2,650 26 0.79Clay, wet 2,700 3,575 32 0.76Clay and gravel, dry 2,400 2,800 17 0.85Clay and gravel, wet 2,600 3,100 17 0.85Earth, dry 2,215 2,850 29 0.78Earth, moist 2,410 3,080 28 0.78Earth, wet 2,750 3,380 23 0.81Gravel, wet 2,780 3,140 13 0.88Gravel, dry 3,090 3,620 17 0.85Sand, dry 2,600 2,920 12 0.89Sand, wet 3,100 3,520 13 0.88Sand and gravel, dry 2,900 3,250 12 0.89Sand and gravel, wet 3,400 3,750 10 0.91

� Exact values will var y wit h gr ain size, moist ur e cont ent , compact ion, et c. Test t o det er mine exact values f or specif ic soils.

Prof Awad S. Hanna

InitialSoil Type Soil Condition Bank Loose Compacted

Clay Bank 1.00 1.27 0.90Loose 0.79 1.00 0.71Compacted 1.11 1.41 1.00

Common earth Bank 1.00 1.25 0.90Loose 0.80 1.00 0.72Compacted 1.11 1.39 1.00

Rock (blasted) Bank 1.00 1.50 1.30Loose 0.67 1.00 0.87Compacted 0.77 1.15 1.00

Sand Bank 1.00 1.12 0.95Loose 0.89 1.00 0.85Compacted 1.05 1.18 1.00

Convrted to:

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Angle of Repose2’-0”or mor e

Prof Awad S. Hanna

For Sloping Sides of Excavat ion

Or iginalGr ound Line

Sol

id R

ock,

Sla

te o

r Ce

men

ted

San

d an

d G

rave

l(9

0 D

eg.)

Com

pact

ed A

ngul

ar G

r ave

ls

1/2:

1 (63

Deg

.)

Recom

mende

d Slop

e for

Ave

r age

Soil

s

1:1 (4

5 Deg

.)

Compact ed Shar p Sand

1 1/ 2 :1

(33 Deg.)

Well Rounded Loose Sand

2:1 (26 Deg.)

Prof Awad S. Hanna

1.End Ar ea Met hod

2. Cont our Line/ Gr id Met hod

Prof Awad S. Hanna

� Used in sit es wher e lengt h is much gr eat er t han widt h

Prof Awad S. Hanna

1. End Ar ea Met hoda. Take cr oss-sect ions at r egular int er vals,

t ypically, 100’ int er vals.

b.Calculat e t he cr oss-sect ion end ar eas

c. The volume of ear t hwor k bet ween sect ions is obt ained by t aking t he aver age of t he end ar eas at each st at ion in squar e f eet mult iplied by t he dist ance bet ween sect ions in f eet and dividing by 27 t o obt ain t he volume in cubic yar ds.

Prof Awad S. Hanna

FillCut

80 82 84 86 88

80

84

86

88

82

78

A’ B’ C’ D’ E’ F’

A B C D E F100' 100' 100' 100' 100'

500'

300'

Prof Awad S. Hanna

80

78

76

82

80

78

84

82

80

86

84

88

86

90

88

78.5

80.3

82.3

84.2

86.2

88.2

Sec. A’- A

Sec. B’- B

Sec. C’- C

Sec. D’- D

Sec. E’- E

Sec. F’- F

Proj

ect

Cros

s S

ecti

ons

Prof Awad S. Hanna

80

79

78

77

76

79.5

78.5

76.7

Sect ion A’- A

Ar ea = = 173.7193 x 1.8

2

Ar ea = = 53.5107 x 1.0

2

Prof Awad S. Hanna

82

81

80

79

78

81.8

80.3

76.7

Sect ion B’- B

Ar ea = = 189.0210 x 1.8

2

Ar ea = = 67.590 x 1.5

2

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Section Emb (CCY) Exc. (BCY) Exc. x B/C(CCY)

Net Exc.(CCY)

Cum Exc(CCY)

A-B 672 224 254 - 418 - 418B-C 567 441 499 - 68 - 486C-D 215 791 896 681 195D-E 0 1031 1167 1167 1362E-F 0 1222 1384 1384 2746

Prof Awad S. Hanna

� Used f or par king lot s and sit e “leveling”

� Gr id size f r om 10’x10’ t o 50’x50’� t he gr eat er t he t er r ain var iance t he

smaller t he gr id

Prof Awad S. Hanna

St ep lDet er mine by visual st udy of t he sit e dr awing if t he net t ot al will be an impor t (mor e f ill r equir ed t han cut ) an expor t (less f ill r equir ed t han cut ) or a blend (cut and f ill about equal)

St ep 2Det er mine t he pat t er n of calculat ion point s or gr id size.

St ep 3 Det er mine elevat ions at each calculat ion locat ion, t he cor ner s of each gr id.

St ep 4 Calculat e t he cubic yar ds of cut or f ill r equir ed in each gr id cell.

St ep 5Add t he individual Gr id Cell quant it ies t oget her t o ar r ive at t he t ot al cut , t ot al f ill volume and t he impor t or volume expor t yar dage r equir ed f or t he j ob.

Prof Awad S. Hanna

A B C D E F87.6 88.6 89.4 90.4 91.6 93.2

G H J K L M87.4 88.2 89.5 90.6 91.6 92.7

N O P Q R S87.2 87.7 89.0 90.4 91.3 92.0

87.6 88.5 89.3 90.3 91.5 95.0

94.3

93.5

93.1

A B C D E F G300’

88’ 89’ 90’ 91’ 92’ 93’ 94’

No ScaleNot es:1. Br ing t he ent ir e sit e t o elevat ion 90.2. All gr ids ar e 50’x 50’ = 2500 sq. f t .3. Pr esent cont our s

Prof Awad S. Hanna

� Pur poseGr ade t he ent ir e sit e t o gr ade 90’

� Quick and Dir t yAssume one gr idExist ing 90.50Pr oposed 90.00Cut 0.50

Tot al Cost = = 833CY150 x 300 x 0.5027

300'

150'Need

FillNeedCut

90'

90' 91'

90.5'

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Aver age elevat ion

=

= 88.08change = 90-88.08

= 1.92cut =

= 177.77 CYand so on.

I f we choose t he gr id size t o be 50’x50’

87.6+88.5+87.6+88.64

87.688.6

87.687.6