ergonomic risk identification and assessment - identification and assessment tool

7/27/2019 Ergonomic Risk Identification and Assessment - Identification and Assessment Tool

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ERGONOMIC RISK IDENTIFICATION

AND ASSESSMENT TOOL

Prepared for:

Prepared by:

CAPP and CPPI

Ergonomics Working Group

Technical content provided by:

BC Research Inc.

Suite 880 - 401 9 th Avenue SW

Gulf Canada SquareCalgary, Alberta T2P 3C5

Version 1.0, January 2000

Canadian Association

of Petroleum Producers


2/54TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page #

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................1

Process Overview and Flowchart.........................................................................................................................2

Level 1 - Risk Identification ....................................................................................................................................4

The Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury Risk Identification ............................................................................5

Form A Signs and Symptoms Questionnaire ..................................................................................................8

Form B Ergonomic Task Identification ..............................................................................................................10

Level 1: Summary Form .........................................................................................................................................11

Level 2 - Risk Assessment.........................................................................................................................................12

Form C Task Procedures........................................................................................................................................13

Form D: Primary Risk Rating - Back, Legs, Neck ...........................................................................................15

Form E: Primary Risk Rating - Upper Limb .....................................................................................................16

Form F: Forces and Contact Stresses ..................................................................................................................17

Form G: Organizational Factors..........................................................................................................................18

Form H: Environmental Factors ..........................................................................................................................19

Form I: Sitting Workstation Layout (including driving) ..............................................................................20

Form J: Non-sitting Workstation Layout ..........................................................................................................21

Form K: Computer Workstation Layout............................................................................................................22

Level 2: Summary Form .........................................................................................................................................23

Level 3 - Risk Control ..................................................................................................................................................24

Reducing the Risk of MSI at Computer Workstations - The Basics .......................................25

Definitions............................................................................................................................................................................32

References .............................................................................................................................................................................34


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Risk Identification & Assessment Tool 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Ergonomic risk identification and assessment tools have been developed to assist workers and health and safety

personnel to identify and prioritize tasks which place workers at significant risk of musculoskeletal injuries. The

goal of implementing these tools is to reduce work related musculoskeletal injuries. The tools will also help

identify areas where ergonomic solutions are needed to improve workers health, comfort and performance atwork. This tool has been developed to address both office and field work environments in a comprehensive and

systematic manner. Please read carefully through this instruction booklet and all of the forms and definitions.

Recognizing the common need to generically address computer workstation risk factors, a "short cut" section

(pages 25 to 31) has been included to provide a simplified process that workers can use to directly reduce

individual risk to most musculoskeletal injuries related to computer use. The complete assessment tools should

be comprehensively applied to address individual and/or complex computer workstation risk situations.

These tools are intended to supplement and support existing worksite injury management processes, providing

operations with a systematic process to assess and control ergonomic risk factors. Only minimal reduction in

musculoskeletal injuries will be achieved if these tools are used in isolation, or in the absence of effective injury

reporting and investigation processes, worker fitness-to-work assessments and comprehensive injury case

management, including capability assessment and worker accommodation processes.

For comprehensive results, a cross section of workers with different height, weight, gender, experience, injury

history, etc. should be assessed. If seasonal aspects affect the tasks these must also be considered. In order to

ensure that different assessors get similar results, initially complete the process at least twice on the same worker

and compare results.

This tool has been developed based on existing literature and the experience of the participating

ergonomists. It has not been scientifically validated. The risk scores are based on a number of risk

factors that assist in prioritizing tasks based on the overall degree of risk to musculoskeletal injury. With

this in mind, tasks which are scored as medium or high risk indicate that these tasks should receive

medium or high priority for ergonomic controls. Due to the high degree in individual variability, this

tool does not provide a means of directly linking ergonomic risk factors with resulting musculoskeletalinjury. It is advised that this tool be used, only after users have received education from individuals

trained in the area of ergonomics, and understand the application of the tool.

For further information, or to forward suggestions for revisions, please contact:

Phone: 403-267-1100

Fax: 403-266-3214

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 403-266-7565

Fax: 403-269-9367

Email: [email protected]

Canadian Association

of Petroleum Producers


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OVERVIEW

PROCESS OVERVIEW AND FLOWCHART

A three level process is summarized in the Risk Identification & Assessment Flowchart on the next page, and briefly

described below:

Level Description Lead

1 Identify tasks which may expose workers tosignificant risk of musculoskeletal injuries:

review of injury statistics

review of reported signs & symptoms

significant ergonomic risks perceived

(Train workers in the Basics of Musculoskeletal

Injury Identification - page 5)

Operations; site health & safety

2 Systematic assessment of task identified byoperations in Level 1, and any additional tasksidentified by occupational health and hygiene

specialists.

Risk-based prioritization of tasks

Occupational health & hygiene(Ergonomist may be required)

3 Evaluate and implement appropriate risk controlsolutions, involving:

site health and safety

representative(s),

worker representative (performing the

task), ergonomist,

engineer, and/or

management representative

Control Solution Team

(team composition depends upon

nature of the risk and task requiring

control measures)


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OVERVIEW

FLOWCHART

Level 1

Risk

Identification

Site Health & Safety

Operations

Level 2

Risk

Assessment

& Prioritization

Occupational Health

& Hygiene

Ergonomist

Level 3

Risk

Control

SiteControl

Solution

Team

Level 2

assessment

required?

Identify tasks associated with MSI injuries review first aid, injury and WCB statistics

review event investigation reports

Identify tasks at risk to MSI injuries review reported signs and symptoms of pain or discomfort (Form A)

review of tasks with perceived ergonomic risk factors (Form B)

complete Level 1Summary Form

Describe task procedures describe specific steps/actions for each task (Form C)

Determine level of risk complete assessment worksheets (Forms D- K)

complete Level 2

Summary Form

NO

YES

Low

Risk

High/

MediumRisk?

YES

Detailed analysis high risk - immediately

medium risk - action plan

Develop control measures

Control Solution Team identify and evaluate control options

Implement control measures evaluate effectiveness

Acceptable risk Monitor review if task demands change

review if an MSI injury occurs

or reported signs and symptoms

NO

YES

Worker Education identifying and reporting MSI signs and symptoms


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RISK

LEVEL 1: RISK IDENTIFICATION

PURPOSE:

Identify tasks which expose workers to risk of musculoskeletal injuries.

LEVEL 1 STEPS

Risk Identification 1. Review medical and event records for the past 3 years (medical, first aid, near miss, and

health event reports) and identify tasks associated with discomfort or injuries. For tasks with

injuries progress immediately to Level 2 Intervention.

2. Train all workers in The Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury Risk Identification, including

typical ergonomic stressors- see page 5

3. Survey all workers using Form A (Signs and Symptoms Questionnaire) and identify tasks

associated with discomfort.

4. Complete Form B (Ergonomic Task Identification) with all work groups and identify tasks

associated with ergonomic stressors.

5. Complete Level 1 Intervention Summary Form to identify tasks requiring Level 2 intervention.

6. Indicate when Level 2 Intervention will be performed on this task. Priority for action should

be based on the frequency the task is performed.


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THE BASICS

The Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury Risk Identification

(Adapted from the British Columbia Workers Compensation Board draft document Understanding the Physical Demands of Your Job:

Understanding the Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) Risk Identification, August 15, 1998)

Many of the ways you work - such as lifting, reaching, or repeating the same movements - may strain your body. Wear and

tear on muscles, tissues, ligaments and joints can injure your neck, shoulders, arms, wrists, legs and back. These injuries are

called musculoskeletal injuries, or MSI.

In order to help prevent musculoskeletal injuries to yourself and co-workers, you should:

recognize the signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injury (MSI),

understand the potential health effects of this type of injury,

be able to identify risk factors in your work that may lead to MSI,

understand the responsibilities of both workers and employers to prevent MSI

1. Signs and Symptoms of MSI

The demands placed on your body from your daily activities at work and at home can cause musculoskeletal injuries(MSI). You should be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of MSI, so steps can be taken to avoid further risks

and so you seek treatment quickly if necessary. The risk of work related injuries can be reduced if your job is well

designed to minimize the physical demands.

Signs and symptoms of an injury developing can appear suddenly or gradually over a longer period.

A sign can be observed, such as: A symptom can be felt, but cannot be observed, such as:

- swelling - numbness

- redness - tingling

- difficulty moving a body part - pain

a) Potential health effects:

Conditions such as back strains, tendinitis, other strains, or carpal tunnel syndrome may develop. This may affect

your ability to do your job. Your doctor can treat musculoskeletal injuries with methods including splints,

medication, ice, physical therapy, or even surgery. These injuries are easier to treat if they are discovered early.

b) What to do if you have signs or symptoms of MSI

Dont ignore early signs and symptoms. If you are experiencing signs or symptoms of MSI:

let your supervisor know if you think that they are related to work

let your company Health Advisor know

tell a member of your site occupational health and safety committee

visit your family doctor, especially if unrelated to work

2. Risks of MSI

Some factors of your job can contribute to the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. These are called risk factors. Two or more

risk factors can overlap, which can increase the risk of injury. The primary risk factors for MSI are the physical

demands of a task, including:

force

work posture

repetition

duration


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THE BASICS

contact stress


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THE BASICS

These physical demands can result from:

the layout and condition of the workplace or work station

the objects handled to perform a task

These physical demands can by made worse by:

environmental conditions at the workplace

the ways tasks are organized

a) Force

The force exerted by a worker to counteract a load is a primary risk factor. Your muscles and tendons can be

overloaded when you apply a strong force against a load. A risk can also occur over time by repeatedly applying a

weaker force. These conditions can result from:

lifting, pushing, pulling carrying

gripping, pinching, holding

stopping a moving object or resisting the kickback from tools

The effects of these factors can be made worse by:

slippery or odd shaped objects which are difficult to hold

handles on tools, or objects that are tool small or too large

awkward body positions, such as bending down, reaching forward or reaching overhead vibrating tools or equipment

poorly fitted or inappropriate gloves

b) Work Posture

Posture refers to the position you assume to do a task. Awkward positions force the muscles to work harder and

stress ligaments, such as when any part of the body bends or twists away from a comfortable position. Awkward

positions can result from:

looking up to work overhead

reaching at or above shoulder height

working at floor level

transferring items across in front of the body

the position or shape of tools and equipment

using a tool (such as turning the forearm when using a screwdriver)

a poor visual environment (such as bending forward to view small components)

lack of clearance or confined areas

The effects of posture can be made worse by:

applying force in an awkward position (such as strong grip with a bent wrist, or lifting while stooped

over)

holding the position for a prolonged period, or repeatedly moving into an awkward position

c) Duration

Time factors affect the workers exposure to risk. The longer the task with the risk factor is performed, the higher the

risk of MSI.

d) Repetition

Using the same body part over and over to perform a task puts you at risk of MSI. The risk of injury can increase

when:

the task or motion is repeated at high frequency

there is not enough of a rest period to allow the stressed muscle or body part to recover.


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THE BASICS

e) Local Contact Stress

Contact stress occurs when a hard object comes in contact with a small area of the body. The skin and the tissues

beneath it can be injured from the pressure. Local contact stress can result from:

ridges on tool handles digging into fingers

edges of work surfaces digging into forearms or wrists

striking objects with the hand, foot, or knee

The effects of local contact stress can be made worse if: the hard object contacts an area without much protective tissue, such as the wrist, palm or fingers

pressure is applied repeatedly or held for a long time.

3. How to identify risks

Think about your job. Identify the physical demands in your work which can be risk factors. Think about objects you

handle and the environment in which you work. Are these linked to the physical demands you have identified as risk

factors? Do they increase the demands on your body? Does the time you spend doing a particular task or the number of

times you perform the task increase the physical demands?

Report your observations to your supervisor and members of your site occupational health and safety committee. Sinceit is the work that you perform regularly, you have perhaps the best insights into the demands of your job, and you are in

a good position to identify and help prevent risks of MSI.

4. Responsibilities

To help determine which jobs are at risk for MSI, employers and worker representatives should review the injury and

worker compensation claim statistics and first aid records. Worker interviews, surveys, questionnaires and task

observation may also be used.

a) Supervisors should ensure

workers are educated about the risk factors, signs and symptoms of MSI, and their potential health

effects worker representatives are consulted when identifying, assessing and controlling risk factors, as well

as when evaluating these controls. In addition, supervisors should consult worker representatives

regarding the content and scheduling of worker education and training

b) Occupational health advisors and hygienists should ensure

factors in the workplace that may expose workers to a risk of MSI are identified

these risks are properly assessed and minimized, or if possible, eliminated

workers who report signs and symptoms of MSI are consulted when assessing risks. Other workers

who perform the task being assessed must also be consulted during this process.

worker education and training includes MSI sign and symptoms and key risk factors.

c) Workers should follow established safe work procedures

report any signs and symptoms of MSI to a supervisor and/or company Health Advisor

participate in any MSI task analysis or investigation process

5. Test your knowledge

What are the factors in your job that could lead to musculoskeletal injury?

What are the early signs and symptoms of MSI?

To whom do you report signs and symptoms?


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THE BASICS

What can happen if early signs and symptoms are ignored?


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SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Form A: Signs and Symptoms Questionnaire

As part of an Ergonomics Program, this questionnaire has been designed to gather baseline information on the signs and

symptoms you may be experiencing. This information will help identify areas where ergonomic solutions might be needed

to improve your health, comfort and performance at work. The questions ask general information which will help identify

where specific problems might exist followed by questions on how your body feels after your shift.

If you have specific concerns, would like some individual attention, or would like to get more involved with the Ergonomics

Program, please let us know in the comments section at the end of this page.

COMPLETE QUESTIONS 1 - 12

1. What is your job title? ________________________ Employee number

2. Years of experience at this job? Years Job Function _____________________________

3. What is your work site? ________________________

4. Work Schedule: q Day q Afternoon q Evening

5. Length of work day? _______hrs 6. Do you work (rotating) shifts? q Yes q No

7.Are you: q Female q Male

8. Age: q 60

9.Are you: q Right-handed q Left-

handed

q Both

10.What is your height? _____ft _____in. OR _______ cm

11. What is your weight? (optional) q 260lb

12. Are you currently on any medication? ______________________________________________________________________

Release of information consent: The information obtained from FORM A will be used as part of the Hazard

Management Program. Information will be considered confidential.

I agree that the information I provide can be used as part of the Hazard Management Program.

Signed_______________________________ Date: __________________

Witness__________________________

i ndi vi dual basis, or hav e any ot her concerns, pl ease prov i de your name and w ork

locati on below .

Name: ___________________________________ Work Locat i on: _______________

Comments:

Please complete the body part discomfort survey on the next page.


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SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In the table below, please record any task related signs or symptoms you have experienced in the past

month along with the body part (use figure below) in which you have felt the discomfort. Rate the

discomfort using a 3 point scale where;

1 Slight pain and fatigue noticed at the end of the task or end of day; daily living

unaffected

2 Moderate pain and fatigue noticed throughout the day; daily living minimally affected

3 Severe pain and fatigue even during rest and after work, or any numbness or tinglingexperienced, daily living restricted.

Column A Column B Column C

Body Part

(name or #)

Severity of pain or

fatigue

Frequency of

discomfort

(i.e. 1/month;1/week; >1/week;

1/Day and # of hrs)

List the tasks you

associate with this

discomfort

For tasks listed in

column B, do you

find these taskshighly mentally

stressful?

Frequency and

duration task is

performed(i.e. 1/month;

1/week; >1/week;

1/Day and # of hrs)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

History of symptoms:


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SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Summarize results in the Level 1 Summary Form (page 11) and

Proceed to Form 2: Ergonomic Task Identification (page 10)


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TASK IDENTIFICATION

Form B: Ergonomic Task Identification

In consultation with worksite health & safety representatives.

Date: _____________________________ Facilitated by: ______________________

Work Group: _______________________ Work Site: __________________________

Attendees: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1. Please list any tasks which you feel are associated with one or more of the perceived risks (ergonomic stressors) listed in the table

below. Also consider:

discomfort and exposure to cold temperature without appropriate PPE

working reaches, working heights, seating and the characteristics of any objects being handled.

consider floor surfaces, work recovery cycles and task variability as contributors to effort

2. Place a Yes or No in the appropriate space to identify the perceived risks.

3. In the last column estimate the frequency and duration a worker would perform this task.

4. Please list identifiable tasks as opposed to general actions.

Task name Perceived risk Frequency aDuration ta

performed

(a distinct work

activity comprised

of several steps or

actions)

Moderate or

Severe Body Part

Discomfort?

(Y/N)

Awkward

Work

Postures?

(Y/N)

High

Effort or

Force?

(Y/N)

High

Repetition

or Work

Rate? (Y/N)

Contact

Stress on

Skin?

(Y/N)

High

Mental

Stress?

(Y/N)

1/mont

1/week


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Risk Identification & Assessment Tool

LEVEL 1 SUMMARY

LEVEL 1 SUMMARY FORM

RISK IDENTIFICATION

Date: _____________________________ Facilitated by:

Work Group: _______________________ Work Site:

Task Outcomes Potential Risk Factors Frequency/Duration

Action

As described in

Forms A& B

Accidents &

Injuries orMusculoskeletal

injuries

associated with

the task

(Y/N)

Reported

discomfort as perForm A for all

tasks with

severity of 2 or 3.

(Y/N)

From Form

B all taskswith

perceived

risk factors

(Y/N)

1/month;

1/week;>1/week;

1/Day,&

# of hrs

Recommendation Who When


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LEVEL 1 SUMMARY


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LEVEL 2

LEVEL 2: RISK ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION

PURPOSE:

Assess the risks in tasks identified in Level 1, and

prioritize as High, Medium and Low risk requirement for further intervention

LEVEL 2 STEPS

Risk Assessment Complete Level 2 Intervention for each task identified in the Level 1 Intervention Summary Form

1. Gather background information on the task, if possible (task description and equipment

used).

2. Observe and video workers performing task Video workers from both the front and sides.

3. Complete Form C (Task Procedures) following the directions on the form.

4. Complete Form D, Primary Risk Rating for Back, Legs, and Neck, and Form E, Primary

Risk Rating for Upper Limb using the following directions (Note: the only difference

between Form D and E is that Form E requires separate scores for the right and left limbs:

a) Observe the worker or review video as necessary.

b) For each body part (row), the maximum score for each cell is 1, except the daily exposure

cell which may score up to 3. Headings in the first row describe scoring.

c) To determine the daily exposures for different body parts use the table on page 14.

d) Sum the scores in each row and place the total in the Total score column which is the

last column on the right.

e) Where necessary consult with the worker as he/she may be in a better position to

provide:

i. Estimates of forces applied or lifted during tasks;

ii. Exposure (i.e. cumulative amount of time spent doing this task in a day);

iii. Thoughts on improving ergonomics of task.

a) Complete the summary and score section at the bottom of the page using directions

given.

5. Complete Forms F to K (Compounding Factors)

a) Observe the workers or review video of workers performing the work cycle.

b) For each factor, read across the row and select the most appropriate risk rating and

record it in the SCORE column on the right.

c) If the factor does not exist place a 0 in the SCORE cell. Sum the SCORE column and

record the result in the TOTAL SCORE cell indicated.d) If a factor falls between two ratings, choose the rating level with the highest risk.

e) Complete the Summary and Score section at the bottom of each form.

6. Complete Level 2 Summary Form to identify tasks requiring hazard controls.


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TASK PROCEDURE

Form C: Task Procedures

Date: ___________________________________ Job Title: _____________________

Work Site: _______________________________ Job Task: ______________________

Worker Name: ___________________________ Frequency Task is Performed: ______________________1. List actions/steps in the task. Consult with worker to make sure you have documented all steps and perceived

problems.

2. Estimate time each action takes.

3. List the perceived ergonomic risks in the task (or steps), and suggested improvements.

4. Describe equipment used and duration it is used.

5. Describe personal protective equipment (PPE) used.

TASK DETAILS

Steps/ Actions Description Duration

(hr/min)

Comments (from worker and

assessor regarding perceived

problems and suggested

improvements).

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OPERATED

List the machinery and equipment or tools operated. Provide weight & workstation dimensions Duration tool is used

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

List the personal protective equipment used.


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TASK PROCEDURE

Use the following page for field notes then go to Forms D and E


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TASK PROCEDURE

Form C continued: FIELD NOTES:

This form is to provide you with additional space for field notes. In Part 1, consider the tasks listed on Form C1 and expand on the

task activities. Note any significant information that will impact on how the task is performed, such as the amount of time required

for steps/actions, constraints on the worker, workstation considerations or equipment issues. Use Part 2 to determine the amount of

time that the person spends in a particular task activity. This information can then be used in Forms D and E to estimate exposure

information.

Part 1: Task Procedures:

Part 2: Daily Exposure Estimation for body parts

Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F Col. G.

Task activity Task activity

time (per cycle)

Number #

of cycles

per day

Total daily

time spent in

activity

Body part

using

awkward

postures

during

activity

Percent of

activity in which

awkward posture

used

Exposure

Formula:

Col. B * Col. C

Formula:

Col. D * Col. F

e.g. off loading fuel 20 mins 8 20*8=160

minsLegs

Back

Shoulder

Wrists

Legs 50%

back 50%

shoulder 25%

wrists 5%

Legs = 80 mins

back = 80 mins

shoulder = 40 mins

wrists = 8 mins


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TASK PROCEDURE


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PRIMARY RISK RANKING

Form D: PRIMARY RISK RATING: BACK, LEGS AND NECK

Date: ______________________ Job Title: ______________________Work Site: __________________ Job Task: ______________________1. Observe the worker(s) performing the task or review video. For detailed directions for Forms D and E refer to page 14.

2. Score the task in the columns below. In score chart, associate postures, forces etc. with steps A,B,C (from Form C).

3. Total the scores for each body part (row) and place the result in the TOTAL SCORE column on the right.

If the factor does not exist place a 0 in the SCORE cell.

Note: Think of a 4.5kg (10 lb) force as comparable to the force required to lift a bag of sugar.

*Score if force or repetition exceeded in any posture (not just postures which are shown).

Exposure Rating Table

Daily Exposure Score

0 - 10 min. 0

11 - 30 min 0.5

31 - 60 min 1

1 hr - 2 hrs 1.5

2 hrs - 4 hrs 2

>4 hrs 3

with suitable recovery - 1

BODY PART Score 1for each

awkward posture that is present

Score 1if an awkward

posture is heldmore than:

*Score 1if the force is

more than:

*Score 1if the same action

is repeated:

Score 1if there is

contact stresson skin

Daily Exposureto any of the

preceding(Score using table

above)

TOTSCO

bybod

paMax 1 Max 1 Max 1 Max 1

LegsAre the legs ever

exposed to any of

the following? Kneeling

(1 or 2 legs)Using foot pedal or

standing on 1 legSquat Climbing

(> 20 steps)

(> 30 sec) (4.5kg/10lb) (>5 timesper min)

Back:

StandingIs the Back ever

exposed to any of

he followin ?:

Lateral Flexion

>20 Twisted >20

Forward Flexion

>20

(> 30 sec) (9kg/20lb)(i.e., lifting, carrying,

pushing pulling)

(>5 timesper min)

Back: SittingIs the worker

exposed to any of

the following

while sitting?Lateral Flexion

>20Twisted >20

Poor Support from

Backrest or

Sitting for

> 4 hrs per day

(> 20 sec) Force(>9kg/20lb)

(>1 timeper min)

NeckIs the neck

exposed to any of

the following? Lateral Flexion

>20

Twisted >20 Forward Flexion

>20 Extension >5

(> 20 sec)Heavy PPE

headgear with

flexion or extension.

(e.g., welding

helmets)

(>4 timesper min)

n/a

COMPLETE THE SUMMARY AND SCORE SECTION BELOW: LOW MED HIG

Maximum Total Score: If your maximum value in the shaded area is greater than 0 and less than 5.5checkLow; 5.5 to 7- checkMediumand greater than 7- check High.

q q q

Summary Risk Score: Count the number of 7 scores entered in the total column and record in the Low, Med. andHigh boxes to the right.

Provide general comments and list actions which were associated with High or Medium Risk scores:

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________


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Form E: PRIMARY RISK RATING: UPPER LIMB1. Score left and right limbs separately. Score the task in the columns below. In score chart, associate postures, forces etc. with steps A,B,C

(from Form C).

2. Use the L and the R to fill in left and right scores respectively. If the factor does not exist place a 0 in the SCORE cell

*Score if force or re etition exceeded for an osture (not ust ostures which are shown).

Exposure Rating Table

Daily Exposure Score

0 - 10 min. 0

11 - 30 min 0.5

31 - 60 min 1

1 hr - 2 hrs 1.5

2 hrs - 4 hrs 2

BODY PART Score 1 for each awkward posture that is present Score 1 If a n

awkward posture is

held more than:

*Score 1 if the

force is more than:

*Score 1 if an action

is repeated:

Score 1 if there is

contact stress on

skin (Pressure

Points)

Daily Exposure to

any of the preceding

(Score using table

above)

OTAL SCO

y body p

Max 1 Max 1 Max 1 Max 1

L R L R L R (>20 sec) (4.5kg/10lb) (>4 times per min)ShoulderIs the shoulder

exposed to any of the

following:Reaching

>45 or

across the

body

Reaching to

side>45 Reaching

behind

L R L R L R L R L R

LEFT_

RIGHT_

L R L R L R (>20 sec) (>4.5kg/10lb)

(>4 times per min)Arms/ElbowIs the forearmor

elbow exposed to

any of the following: Forearm

Rotation

Flexion

> 100Flexion < 60

L R L R L R L R L R

LEFT_RIGHT_

L R L R L R L R (>20 sec) (4.5kg/10lb)

(>4 times per min)Hand/WristIs the hand or wrist

exposed to any of the

following?Flexion >20

(Wrist down)

Extension

>30

(Wrist up)

Deviation

toward little

finger >10

Deviation

toward thumb

>10

L R L R L R L R L R

LEFT_RIGHT_

L R L R L R L R (>20 sec) (>4.5kg/10lb or Pinch Grip

>1kg/2 lb)

(>4 times per min)Finger GraspIs the hand exposed

to any of the followingPinch Grip Finger Press Open or

Tight Grip

Gloves present

catch point

hazard.

L R L R L R L R L R

LEFT_RIGHT_

COMPLETE THE SUMMARY AND SCORE SECTION BELOW: LOW MED. HIGH

Maximum Total Score: If your maximum value in the shaded area is greater than 0 and less than 5.5- checkLow; 5.5 to 7- check

Medium and greater than 7- check High. q q q


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Summary Risk Score:Count the number of 7 scores entered in the total column and record in the Low,

Provide general comments and list actions which were associated with High or Medium Risk scores:

________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________


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FORCES + CONTACT STRESSES

FORM F: Forces and Contact Stresses

(This Form was adapted from the Assessment Worksheets provided by the WCB of BC)

Date: ______________________ Job Title: ______________________

Work Site: __________________ Job Task: ______________________

1. Observe the worker(s) performing the work cycle. Consult with worker as required. Complete Forms F to K.2. For each factor, read across the row and select the most appropriate risk rating and record it in the SCORE column

on the right. If the factor does not exist place a 0 in the SCORE cell.

3. Sum the SCORE column and record the result in the TOTAL SCORE cell indicated.

If a factor falls between two ratin s, choose the ratin level with the hi hest risk.

Factor Ratin level SCORE

Low Risk Moderate Risk Hi h Risk record

1 2 3 0,1,2 or 3

Weight of object lifted, pushed, pulled or

rotated.

Less than 8 kg (17 lbs) for

two hands, and less than

4 kg (8.5 lbs) for one

hand.

8-23 kg. (17-51 lbs) for

two hands, and 4-11.5

kg (8.5-25 lbs) for one

hand.

More than 23 kg (51 lbs)

for two hands, and

more than 11.5 kg (25

lbs) for one hand.

Location of load (>17lb) at start or end of lift. Between hip and shoulder. Between knee and hip

height.

Below knee level, or

Above shoulder level.

Carrying a load (>17lb). Less than 3 m (10 ft). 3-9 m (10-30 ft). More than 9 m (30 ft).

Characteristics of load (any weight). The load is easy to carry

considering size, shape,

and weight distribution,

and has appropriate

handles.

The load is manageable

in terms of size, shape,

weight distribution and

handles.

The load is awkward to

carry due to its size,

shape, or weight

distribution and does not

have handles.

Pushing, pulling or rotating a load. Less than 2 m (6.5 ft). 2-60 m (6.5-200 ft). More than 60 m (200 ft).

Seated or squatted lifting or lowering. Less than 1 kg (2 lbs). 1-5 kg (2-11 lbs). More than 5 kg. (11 lbs).

Contact stress from an object. Workers report little/no

pressure is exerted on the

skin.

Workers report some

pressure is exerted on

the skin

Marks or depressions

left on the skin, or high

pressure on skin.

Uses hand or body part with force, to strike

an object or tool or body part is subjected to

impact force.

Hand or body part impacts

soft material or rounded

object.

Hand or body part

occasionally* impacts

hard object or

experiences impact.

Hand or body part

frequently* impacts hard

object or experiences

impact.

*See definitions on page 37 for details. TOTAL SCORE


Forces and Contact Stresses Summary If your total score value is greater than 0 and less than10, check Low; between 10 and 16, check Med. And greater than 16, check High.

q q q

Forces and Contact Stresses Risk Score Count the number of 1,2 and 3 scores enteredin the SCORE Column and record in the Low, Med. and High boxes to the right. (Do not count 0)

Provide general comments and list the actions associated with High or Medium Risk scores:

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


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FORCES + CONTACT STRESSES


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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS

FORM G: Organizational Factors(This Form was adapted from the Assessment Worksheets provided by the WCB of BC)

Date: ______________________ Job Title: ______________________


If the factor is not applicable Score as 0. Consult with worker as required.

Factors Ratin level SCORE


1 2 3 0,1,2 or 3

Daily work recovery cycles*. Daily work is consistent,

with regular pauses.

Daily work has

infrequent pauses.

Daily work has no regular

pauses.

Action recovery cycles. The worker is able to

take regular pauses

during the task, or

The task duration is

less than 1hr.

The worker is unable

to take pauses during

the task, and the task

duration is more than

1 hour and less than

4 hours.

The worker is unable to

take pauses during the

task, and the task

duration is more than 4

hours.

Task variability*. The variety of tasks

performed allows for the

use of different body

parts/muscle groups.

Tasks are repetitive

for short periods and

somewhat variable

throughout the entire

w orkday.

The work is

monotonous, or

Repetitive use of the

same body parts using

the same muscle

groups for long periods

of time.

Work rate*. No difficulty keeping

pace.

Slow or steady

motions.

Rapid steady motion

and/or difficulty keeping

up.

Workers control over the work. Worker has complete

control over work (some

flexibility with deadlines).

The work is paced

however the worker

has some flexibility

over daily deadlines.

Work is machine paced

and worker may not

modify the pace at will

(little flexibility with daily

deadlines).

Mental stress. Worker rarely finds this

task mentally stressful.

Worker sometimes

finds this task

mentally stressful

(specific occasion).

Worker always finds this

task mentally stressful.

TOTAL SCORE

*Refer to definitions section for further information on factors.


Organizational Factors Summary If your total score value is greater than0 and less than 9, check Low; between 9 and 14, checkMedium and greater

than 14, check High.

q q q

Organizational Factors Risk Score Count the number of 1,2 and3 scores entered in the SCORE column and record in the Low, Med. and

High boxes to the right. (Do not count 0)


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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS


_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

FORM H: Environmental Factors


Date: ______________________ Job Title: ______________________



Factors Ratin level SCORE


1 2 3 0,1,2 or 3

Lighting conditions. Appropriate lighting

for task. Worker can

assume comfortable

work posture to see

task.

Occasional* lighting

changes result in

worker using

awkward posture

during work.

Low light level,

(e.g. worker

hunching over) or

High light level,

(e.g. worker may

attempt to avoid

glare by changingwork position).

Temperatures of objects handled. Comfortably warm

objects are handled

and hands are not

exposed to

uncomfortably cold

temperatures.

Object temperature

and hand temperature

are between those

described for 1 and

3.

The object is very

cold or

There is cold

exhaust on hands.

Noise level under usual conditions

(i.e., with hearing protection if usually worn).

Noise level is

comfortable and

unnoticeable.

Noise levels are

occasionally*

uncomfortable and

distracting.

Noise level is

frequently* annoying,

distracting or

producing hearing

loss?

Rate the vibration level. Vibration level iscomfortable and does

not cause concern.

Vibration level isnoticeable and

causes some

concern.

Vibration level isannoying or

uncomfortable.

Temperature of working conditions.

Please comment if seasonal changes affect

working conditions.

Working temperature

is comfortable and

unnoticeable.

Working temperature

is occasionally*

uncomfortable

Working temperature

is frequently*

uncomfortable and

appropriate PPE is not

available.

TOTAL SCORE

*Refer to definitions section for further information on factors.


Environmental Factors Summary If your total score value is greater than0 and less than 7, check Low; between 7 and 13, checkMedium and greater

than 13, check High.

q q q

Environmental Factors Risk Score Count the number of 1,2 and 3scores entered in the SCORE column and record in the Low, Med. and High

boxes to the right. (Do not count 0)


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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Provide general comments and list the actions which were associated with High or Medium Risk scores:

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


33/54


SITTING WORKSTATION

Form I: Sitting Workstation Layout (not computer)Use this form for driving tasks and any tasks at a sitting workstation


Date: ______________________ Job Title: _____________________

Work Site: __________________ Job Task: _____________________If the factor is not applicable Score as 0. Consult with worker as required.

Factor Ratin level SCORE

Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk (record

1 2 3 0,1,2 or 3

Duration of sitting

required.

Operator is sitting for less than

4 hrs per day and does not sit

continuously for more than 1

hour.

Operator either sits for more

than 4 hrs or

Sits continuously for more

than 1 hour.

Operator sits for more than 4

hrs per day and sits

continuously for more than 1

hour without standing up.

Display setup (including

mirrors and gauges).

Displays can be referred to

easily without any movements

or altering forward attention.

Displays are referred to with

slight movements of the head or

other body parts and minimal

interruption of forward

attention.

Displays require complete

diversion of forward attention

and result in awkward

movements such as:

>45 forward trunk bending

>90 shoulder flexion in frontof body

>30 neck bending forward

or twisting to the left or right.

Visibility. Visibility is not blocked in any

direction from the operators

forward line of sight.

Visibility is blocked to the sides,

above or below the operators

forward line of sight.

Area in operators forward line

of sight is blocked severely

reducing visibility and/ or

awkward postures frequently

required to attain required line of

sight.

Horizontal reaches

while sitting.

Frequently used items or

controls are within 30 cm (12)

of operator.

Frequently used items are

within 37 cm (15) of operator.

Frequently used items are >37

cm (15) from operator.

Seated workstation

height or whilesquatting

0-20 forward trunk bending

0-45 arm raised fromshoulder in front of body

0-10 neck bent forward

0-10 neck bent back

20-45 forward trunk

bending 45-90 arm raised from

shoulder in front of body


10-20 neck bent back


>90 shoulder flexing in frontof body


>20 neck bending

backwards

Seat adjustability. The seat height, depth and

backrest are adjustable.

The seat can be adjusted in two

directions ( height,

depth or backrest).

Neither the seat height, depth

nor the backrest are adjustable.

Seat positioning. The feet rest on the floor (or

footrest) with knees at 90 and

the backrest supports the

natural curve of the spine.

Either the feet do not rest on

the floor (or footrest) with

knees at 90 or

the backrest does not

support the natural curve of the

spine.

Neither the feet rest on the floor

(or footrest) with knees at 90

nor does the backrest support

the natural curve of the spine.

TOTAL SCORE COMPLETE THE SUMMARY AND SCORE SECTION BELOW: LOW MED. HIGH

Work Station Summary If your total score value is greater than 0 and less than 9, checkLow; between 9 and 15, checkMed and greater than 15, check High.

q q q

Work Station Risk Score Count the number of 1,2 and 3 scores entered in the SCOREcolumn and record in the Low, Med. and High boxes to the right. (Do not count 0)


34/54


SITTING WORKSTATION


_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


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NON-SITTING WORKSTATION

Form J: Non-Sitting Workstation or Workplace Layout

(This Form was adapted from the Assessment Worksheets provided by the WCB of BC). Consider workstations where the worker

spends time both sitting and standing.


Factor Rating level SCORE


1 2 3 0,1,2 or 3

Horizontal reaches for

a standing work area or

workstation.

Frequently* used items are

within 45 cm (18) for one

handed reaches and 35 cm

(14) for two handed reaches.

Frequently* used items either


handed reaches or 35 cm (14)

for two handed reaches.

Frequently* used items are not


handed reaches nor 35 cm

(14) for two handed reaches.

Standing work area or

workstation height


0-45 arm raised from



0-10 neck bent back

20-45 forward trunk

bending -



10-30 neck bent forward 10-20 neck bent back


>90 shoulder flexing in front

of body


>20 neck bendingbackwards

Floor resiliency walking

and standing.

Floor or ground is springy (e.g.,

carpet, grass, cork tiling).

Floor is slightly springy (e.g.,

carpet no underlay).

or

Walks for 50% of day

or

Padded footwear worn.

Walking on hard floor or paved

surface (e.g., concrete) for

more than 50% of day and

inadequate footwear.

Footrests for workers

standing stationary

Anti-fatigue mat, or footrest

regularly used.

Footrest, mat (not anti-fatigue)

occasionally used.

or

Standing stationary with no

footrest or mat for less than 50%

of day.

or

Padded footwear worn.

Standing stationary at

workstation with no footrest or

mat for more than 50% of day.

Work area congested or

risks of slips and trips.

(e.g. obstacles,

environmental

conditions)

The work area is not congested

and there are no risks for slips

and trips.

The work area is congested

or

there are risks for slips and

trips.

The work area is congested

and

there are risks for slips and

trips.

*Frequently: items used several times per 15 minute period TOTAL SCORE


Work Station Summary If your total score value is greater than 0 and lessthan 6, check Low; between 6 and 10, checkMed and greater than 10,

check High.

q q q

Work Station Risk Score Count the number of 1,2 and 3 scoresentered in the SCORE column and record in the Low, Med. and High boxes

to the right. (Do not count 0)


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NON-SITTING WORKSTATION

Provide general comments and list the actions which were associated with High or Medium Risk scores:

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


37/54


COMPUTER WORKSTATION

Form K: Computer Workstation Layout



Factor Ratin level SCORELow Risk Moderate Risk Hi h Risk

1 2 3 0,1,2 or3

Duration of computer

work.

Operator works at computer

workstation for less than 4

hrs/day and does not perform

continuous computer tasks for

>1 hour.

Operator either works at

computer workstation for >4 hrs

or

performs continuous

computer tasks for >1 hour.

Operator works at computer

workstation for greater than 4

hrs/day and performs

continuous computer tasks for

>1 hour.

Display or monitor

setup.

Monitor is directly in front of the

user and top of monitor screen

is at users eye height.

Monitor is either not directly

in front of the user or

top of monitor screen is not

at users eye height.

Monitor is not directly in front of

the user and top of monitor

screen is not at users eye

height.

Workstation controls or

keyboard and mouse

setup.

Keyboard and mouse or

workstation controls can be

adjusted to (or are at) elbow

level.

Either keyboard

or mouse

or one of the workstation

controls cannot be adjusted to

elbow level.

Neither keyboard nor mouse

(nor any of the keyboard

controls) can be adjusted to (or

are at) elbow level.

Horizontal reaches for

a seated workstation.





Frequently used items are >37

cm (15) from operator.

Seated workstation

height





0-10 neck bent back

20-45 forward trunk

bending -



10-30 neck bent forward 10-20 neck bent back


>90 shoulder flexing in

front of body


>20 neck bendingbackwards

Chair adjustability. The chair height and backrest

are adjustable.

Either the chair height or

the backrest is adjustable.

Neither the chair height nor the

backrest are adjustable.

Chair positioning. The feet rest on the floor (or

footrest) with knees at 90 and

the backrest supports the

natural curve of the spine.

Either the feet do not rest on

the floor (or footrest) with

knees at 90

or the backrest does not

support the natural curve of the

spine.

Neither the feet rest on the floor

(or footrest) with knees at 90

nor does the backrest support

the natural curve of the spine.

*Frequently: items used several times per 15 minute period TOTAL SCORE


Work Station Summary If your total score value is greater than 0 and lessthan 9, check Low; between 9 and 15, checkMed and greater than 15,

check High.

q q q

Work Station Risk Score Calculate the number of 1,2 and 3 scoresentered in the SCORE column and record these sums in the Low, Med. and

High boxes to the right. (Do not count 0)


38/54


COMPUTER WORKSTATION


_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


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LEVEL 2 SUMMARY

LEVEL 2 SUMMARY FORM

RISK ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION

Work Site: ________________________ Job Title: ___________________________

Job Task: __________________________

Do not write in shaded areas*

Use the Summary and score section at the bottom of each form to complete the table below.

Form Date

Completed

Task Summary

Print Low, Med,

or High in the

cells below.

Risk Score Summary

Print the scores associated with

Low, Med, and High in the cells

below.

Low Med High

Level 2 Complete Task Procedures (Form C)

Form D:

Complete Primary Risk Rating: Back, Legs, and

Form E:Complete Primary Risk Rating: Upper Limb

Form F:

Forces and Contact Stresses Summary

Form G:

Work Organization Summary

Form H:

Work Environment Summary

Form I:

Sitting Workstation Layout Summary

Form J:Non-Sitting Workstation Layout Summary

Form K:

Computer Workstation Layout Summary

Level 3 Initiate technical analysis (Circle YES if Task

summary column contains High or Med Circle

NO if Low)

YES

NO

High = Technical analysis required immediately

Med = Technical analysis required in future

Low = No action review if ob demands chan e

List the actions (steps in the task) which were associated with high or medium risk ratings:

List suggested actions which will assist in determining controls (e.g., brainstorming meeting,

changes to work station layout, changes to equipment, changes to worker actions, changes to

work schedules).

Date for completion o

action.


40/54


LEVEL 2 SUMMARY


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LEVEL 3

LEVEL 3: RISK CONTROL

This section is to be developed further following operational experience with Level 1 and 2 tools.

The specific approach to ergonomic controls may vary significantly from situation to situation.

PURPOSE:

Evaluate appropriate control measures

engineering controls

worker education and training

work organization

personal protective equipment

work practices

Engineering or administrative controls should have priority over personal protective equipment

Implement appropriate control measures

interim control should be implemented if permanent controls are delayed

DRAFT

LEVEL 3 STEPS

Risk Control 1. Review control measures suggestions from Level 2;

2. Perform a detailed task analysis, which may require consultation with technical expert orergonomist

3. High risk tasks should be a priority for Level 3 Intervention.

4. Identify appropriate controls through brainstorming sessions with management,worksite health and safety representatives, occupational health and hygiene staff andengineering staff

5. Document all recommendations, clearly identifying what action is to be taken, by whom and by

when. Track follow-up as part of existing worksite recommendation follow-up processes.6. Implement controls.

7. Reassess tasks within 2-3 months of implementing controls, comparing scores before and after.

8. Review MSI risks at least annually, or whenever an MSI injury occurs..


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COMPUTERWORKSTATIONS - THE BASICS

REDUCING THE RISK OF MSI AT COMPUTER WORKSTATIONS - THE BASICS

This portion of the tool provides general guidelines only. There may be a need to complete a more thorough

assessment, which looks at the posture, task frequency, environmental and work organizational issues. Refer

to the Forms A to K for more detail.

Many workers are now required to spend some portion of their day using a computer workstation. The risk of

MSI is significant for most computer workstation users. In response to this common work environment risk

many organizations, big and small, have proactively put into place an office ergonomics program, focusingparticularly on the computer workstation set up. In such cases work environment controls are generically

applied in order to reduce the overall risk in the worker population. A formal process to identify, evaluate and

control specific ergonomic risks is typically not applied unless the generic measures do not eliminate the signs

and symptoms of MSI.

Recognizing the common need to address computer workstation risk factors, this section provides a simplified

process that the worker can use to directly reduce individual risk to MSI resulting from extended computer use.

This provides a "short cut" which should address the needs of most workers. A more detailed and formal

assessment would be required to address individual risk situations.

PURPOSE:

To provide more detailed education and awareness information, specific to the computer workstationscenario

To provide computer workstation users with a "self-help" checklist

To provide "trouble shooting" advice for common concerns and questions related to ergonomic risks and the

use of computer workstations.

Understanding the MSI Risk of Computer Workstation

In general the principles of MSI risk are transferable to most work settings. As a result, the information provided

earlier in this document The Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury Risk Identification on page 5 provides a good

base of information for MSI risk management. Specific examples of MSI risk factors related to computer

workstation use are:Force

When you type at a computer for an entire day the cumulative force exerted by your fingers becomes very high

Because the muscles in your fingers and forearms are small the techniques used to reduce the effects of this force

(posture, typing technique, micro-breaks) are crucial in reducing your risk to MSI.

Posture

When the body works in awkward or non-neutral postures, the amount of force that can be comfortably and

safely exerted is reduced. When working at a keyboard or with a mouse which causes the wrist to work in an

awkward posture of 45 from neutral our force capabilities are reduced by about 25%. In addition, static

postures (holding a posture for long periods of time) cause muscles to fatigue quickly due to the reduced blood

flow to them.

Repetit ion

Work involving repeated movement, such as typing, causes muscle fatigue. With time, the effort to maintain the

repetitive movements steadily increases. When repetitive tasks continue for long periods of time the tissues load

tolerance decreases and the applied loads exceed what the tissue is capable of doing.

Durat ion

The time worked per day affects the total duration of exposure and increases when working hours are extended


43/54



Contact stress

Contact stress, such as between your arm or wrist and the edge of your desk, can cause injury by concentrating a

force onto a small area. Contact stresses can injure the skin and underlying structure such as nerves and blood

vessels.


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Workstation Checkup

Here is a short checklist, which you should use along with the figure on the following page to assist you in

correctly setting up your workstation. If you are unable to make the necessary changes to your workstation

or if your signs and symptoms persist, contact your health and safety advisor.

Posture

q I adjust my chair height for different job tasks so that my shoulders are always relaxed.

q I do not slouch or lean to the side.

q I do not hold the telephone receiver between my shoulder and ear.

q My feet are flat on the floor, or I use a footrest.

Chair

q I know how to adjust my chair to put me in a good posture at my computer.

q I have adjusted my back rest so that I have good lumbar support.

q I change my chair position throughout the day to vary my posture.

q I swivel my chair instead of twisting my body to reach objects.

q I have adequate leg room.

q My chair is stable and in good repair.

Workspace

q The items I use frequently are easily reached.

q Infrequently used items are stored away.

q I have enough desk space to perform all of my job tasks comfortably.

Computer Workstation Layout

q The monitor is about an arm's length away from me.

q The top of the monitor is at about eye level.

q The monitor is perpendicular to the window.

q I tilt my screen down to reduce glare or position lighting so it does not create glare.

q I adjust window coverings to reduce glare from outside light.

q The keyboard is around elbow height so that the angle of my elbows is about 90.

q When I use the keyboard my wrists are straight and my elbows are by my sides.

q The mouse is on the same level as the keyboard and within easy reach.

q I have increased the speed of my mouse to minimize hand movements.

q I use an adjustable document holder when I work frequently from paper.

Work Habits

q I alternate my job tasks so that I have different physical demands throughout the day.

q I perform stretches at least three times per day and stand up often.

q I take regular "vision breaks" by looking at an object in the distance and blinking my eyes.

q I stand to retrieve items from overhead cabinets.

If you checked all the boxes - WAY TO GO! Fill out this checklist every few months or when you change

jobs or workstations.

LIf you missed a few boxes, try to adjust your posture or workstation so you can check them off, or contact

your health and safety advisor for assistance.


45/54



Workstation Dimensions and Adjustment Ranges

Highly repetitive, forceful motions and awkward postures contribute to Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI). As an office worker,

adjusting your workstation to fit you is your primary line of defense against MSI. A properly arranged workspace helps you

to avoid awkward postures, muscle fatigue, eyestrain, and other causes of discomfort and injury. The workstation

dimensions and ranges provided here will help you to adjust your workstation to fit you.

Source: "How to make your computerworkstation fit you" WCB of BC

Everyone is different, so everyone's workstation should be different. Find what works for you: it may be arranging your

workstation the same every time or it may be varying the way your workstation is set up. However your workstation is set up

you should follow the dimensions and adjustment ranges provided in this picture. Remember though, these dimensions and

ranges fit the majority of the population. If you are very tall or short you will have to take special measures to arrange your

workstation properly.

Not all problems are caused by workplace situations. Some problems may be caused or compounded by recreational

activities and some problems may be the result of an underlying medical condition. Be sure to consult your worksite health

advisor or your physician whenever you are experiencing pain, numbness, blurred vision or other symptoms.


46/54



Trouble Shooting Tips

Below are a list of potential concerns in the office environment and a range of solutions that should be considered to address

these issues. Please select what appears to be appropriate in your individual situation.

If you have tried these suggestions and are still experiencing a problem, please contact:

Contact on site: ______________________________

Concern 1: Throughout my working day I experience pain in my shoulder.

Possible Cause:

A) You may be reaching for your mouse or keyboard for a long duration throughout the day.

B) You may be feeling tension, requiring physical conditioning, or have rounded shoulders.

C) You may be typing while holding the telephone receiver between your neck and shoulder.

D) Your mouse or keyboard may be too high.

Solution:

A) Improve working posture. Frequent or constant use items should be within 30 cm of you.

B) Stretch and exercise your shoulders, adjust your chair to allow you to sit upright and use the backrest for

lower and upper back support.

C) If on the phone for long periods use a headset (or speaker phone if appropriate).

D) When using keyboard and mouse your forearms should be parallel to the ground, adjust the input devices

to achieve this by either raising your chair (may require a footrest) or using a keyboard tray/alternate

desk surface.

Concern 2: I experience pain in my elbow.

Possible Cause:

A) Your keyboard may be angled upwards, or your keyboard tray may be too high.

B) You may be experiencing general symptoms of overuse to the muscles in this area.

C) You may be experiencing contact stress from leaning on arm rests or desk.

Solution:A) Position keyboard flat on the surface (not at an angle) with the keyboard tray parallel to the ground (not

angled) and position your keyboard or chair so that your elbows are at approximately keyboard height.

B) Take frequent, short breaks and perform stretching and strengthening exercises for your arms.

C) Use padded arm rests, a keyboard tray or, a gel pad surface for desk.


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Concern 3: I experience pain in my forearm along the pinkie side.

Possible Cause:

A) You may deviate your wrist towards the pinkie finger.

B) You may hold your pinkie finger aloft as you work.

C) You may be typing with your fingers flat.D) You may be holding your mouse too tightly and for long periods of time.

Solution:

A) Keep your wrists straight while typing.

B) Improve your typing technique to relax fingers (pinkies)

C) Keep fingers bent, while typing and assess room for fingers on keyboard, a larger or split keyboard may

be required.

D) Try to hold the mouse in a relaxed position (riding the mouse) and take short breaks.

Concern 4: I experience pain on the bottom of my forearm.

Possible Cause:

A) You may deviate your wrist towards the pinkie finger.

B) You may hold your pinkie finger aloft as you work.

C) You may be typing with your fingers flat.

D) You may be resting your wrist on a sharp desk edge.

Solution:

A) Keep your wrists straight while typing.

B) Improve your typing technique to relax fingers (pinkies)

C) Keep fingers bent, while typing and assess room for fingers on keyboard, a larger or split keyboard may

be required..

D) Be careful of sharp edges on your workstation as they create contact stress that may damage the nerves

and tissues in the wrists.

Concern 5: I experience numbness in my fingers or pain in my wrist.

Possible Cause:

A) You may be typing with your wrist bent upwards into extension (fingers above level of wrist).

B) You may be resting your wrist on the wrist rest while you type.

C) You may be resting your wrist on a sharp desk edge.

Solution:

A) Adjust your posture so that you are typing with your wrists flat.

B) Do not rest your wrists on wrist rests while you type. Use your wrist rests only when breaking from

typing.


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C) Be careful of sharp edges on your workstation they create contact stress that may damage the nerves and

tissues in the wrists.

Concern 6: I experience numbness in my legs.

Possible Cause:

A) The seat pan on your chair may be too short or too long, causing contact stress in the back of your legs

and cutting off your circulation.

B) Your feet may be dangling i.e. your chair is too high.

C) Seat may be improperly adjusted.

Solution:

A) If possible, adjust your seat pan by moving it back, or use a chair with a shorter seat pan.

B) Use a footrest.

C) Adjust your chair so that your knees are at 90 and you have approximately 5 cm of space between the

back of your knees and chairs. Too big a space is not recommended. You would then need to have a

longer seat pan.

Concern 7: I experience pain in my neck.

Possible Cause:

A) Your monitor may not be positioned correctly.

B) You may be reading documents lying on your desk.

C) Your armrests may be poorly adjusted

D) If you wear bifocals, your monitor may not be adjusted correctly, resulting in neck extension (slight tiltingof your head) or excessive flexion (too much bending of your neck).

Solution:

A) Readjust your monitor so it is positioned in front of you with your sight-line at the top of the screen.

B) Use a document holder if referring to documents while you type.

C) Readjust your armrests, or remove them.

D) Adjust your monitor so that when you view the screen, you are looking at the top 1/3 of the screen. This

generally requires lowering the screen.

You may also need to consult with your optician to obtain lenses that are designed to the exact viewing

distance you require.

Concern 8: I experience headaches and eye fatigue .

Possible Cause:

A) Your monitor may not be positioned correctly, either too close, too far or at the wrong angle to you.

B) Your lighting may not be correct for the documents you are reading.

C) You may have glare on your screen from overhead lights or from windows.


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D) You may be suffering from vision problems.

E) You may not be giving your eyes the breaks they need throughout the day.

F) Monitor properties may require adjusting.


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Solution:

A) Readjust your monitor so it is positioned in front of you and at the correct distance (approximately arms

length).

B) Use task lighting or bring documents closer. As we get older we need more ambient light.

C) Adjust blinds or position monitor to avoid glare from overhead lights. You may need an anti-glare screen

D) Consult your optician to ensure your eyewear is correct or that you do not need glasses.

E) Change your focal length to allow your eyes to focus on object more than 20 feet away. Maintain thisposition for 30-60 seconds at each time. Repeat this several times an hour. This allows the eye muscles to

recover from viewing at short distances.

F). Ensure your monitor controls are adjusted to allow more contrast and reduced flicker.

Concern 9: I use a laptop on a frequent basis. Are there any specific issues I should consider?

Possible Cause:

A) The screen on a laptop is fixed, therefore it is difficult to adjust the height and position the screen to

reduce glare.B) The keyboard is attached to the monitor, and it is difficult to achieve the most optimal position to meet

viewing and keying requirements.

C) The keyboard is small, resulting in more deviation of the wrists and hands.

Solution:

A) When possible dock your laptop so that you can use a regular sized keyboard and monitor, or an

additional monitor.

B) If you cannot dock your laptop for some or all of the day; position your keyboard to allow your wrists

and elbows to assume the most optimal posture. Tilt the screen to accommodate viewing. Try to position

yourself so that the light sources are not hitting the screen and reducing contrast and increasing viewingdifficulty. You will need to take more breaks from the computer and try to vary your tasks as much as

possible.

C) Consider using a regular sized keyboard and mouse with accompanying mouse pad when using the

laptop. This will reduce some the awkward postures noted with button mouse pads provided on a large

number of laptops.


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DEFINITIONS

DEFINITIONS

Flowchart

Musculoskeletal Injury: a sprain, strain, inflammation or other disorder of soft tissues (i.e., muscles, tendons,

ligaments, joints, nerves, or blood vessels) that may be caused or aggravated by work.

Sprain: a joint injury in which some fibres of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuityof the ligament remains intact.

Strain: overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.

Inflammation: localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues which serves to

destroy, dilute or wall off (sequester) both the infectious agent and the injured tissue.

Swelling, tenderness and a localized increase in temperature are associated with

inflammation.

Form B: Ergonomic Task Identification

Body part discomfort: any aches or pains in the back, neck, legs, shoulders, arms, hand or wrist which persist

while performing work tasks. Depending on the severity, discomfort may last throughoutthe work day and/ or continue after work has stopped.

Awkward postures: when joints are held at or near the end of a range of motion or where muscle tension is

required to hold the posture without movement. Awkward postures place significant stres

on tendons, muscles, ligaments and other soft tissues, decreasing their strength and

efficiency.

High effort: a large amount of energy or physical effort required to complete a task through actions such

as lifting, continuous arm movement, running, or vigorous walking.

High repetition: using the same body parts to exert forces again and again without sufficient time to return

to a resting state for recovery.

High mental stress: refers to the perceived level of stress or mental effort by the workers. High mental stress may

result in an increase in muscle tension.

Task: a distinct work activity comprised of several steps/actions (e.g., valve lashing, flange bolt

preparation, data entry).

Steps/actions: a specific action which makes up part of a task. This will usually begin with an action such

as pull, push, lift, hold, or drive.

Forms D and E: Primary Risk Rating

Force required: the effort a worker must exert to counteract a load.

Repetition: cumulative measure of the s

ergonomic risk identification and assessment - identification and assessment tool

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