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Ephrem the Syrian 1 Ephrem the Syrian "Ephrem" redirects here. For other persons with the name, see Ephrem (name). Saint Ephrem the Syrian Romanian Orthodox Icon of St. Ephraim the Syrian. Harp of the Spirit, Deacon, Confessor and Doctor of the Church; Venerable Father Born c. 306 Nisibis (modern-day Turkey) Died 9 June 373 Edessa (modern-day Turkey) Honored in All Christianity Feast 28 January (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches) 7th Saturday before Easter (Syriac Orthodox Church) June 9 (Roman Catholic Church, Church of England) June 10 (Episcopal Church (USA)) June 18 (Maronite Church) July 22 (Coptic Orthodox Church) Attributes Vine and scroll, deacon's vestments and thurible; with Saint Basil the Great; composing hymns with a lyre Patronage Spiritual directors and spiritual leaders Ephrem the Syrian (Classical Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ(Mār Aprêm Sûryāyâ); [1] Greek: Ἐφραίμ ὁ Σῦρος; Latin: Ephraem Syrus; ca. 306 373) was a Syriac deacon and a prolific Syriac-language hymnographer and theologian of the 4th century from the region of Syria. His works are hailed by Christians throughout the world, and many denominations venerate him as a saint. He has been declared a Doctor of the Church in Roman Catholicism. He is especially beloved in the Syriac Orthodox Church. Ephrem wrote a wide variety of hymns, poems, and sermons in verse, as well as prose biblical exegesis. These were works of practical theology for the edification of the church in troubled times. So popular were his works, that, for centuries after his death, Christian authors wrote hundreds of pseudepigraphal works in his name. Ephrem's works witness to an early form of Christianity in which Western ideas take little part.Wikipedia:Citation neededWikipedia:Please clarify He has been called the most significant of all of the fathers of the Syriac-speaking church tradition. [2]

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Page 1: Ephrem the Syrian - Hymns and Chants · Ephrem the Syrian 1 Ephrem the Syrian "Ephrem" redirects here. For other persons with the name, see Ephrem ... Ephrem the Syrian (Classical

Ephrem the Syrian 1

Ephrem the Syrian"Ephrem" redirects here. For other persons with the name, see Ephrem (name).

Saint Ephrem the Syrian

Romanian Orthodox Icon of St. Ephraim the Syrian.

Harp of the Spirit, Deacon, Confessor and Doctor of the Church; Venerable Father

Born c. 306Nisibis (modern-day Turkey)

Died 9 June 373Edessa (modern-day Turkey)

Honored in All Christianity

Feast 28 January (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches)7th Saturday before Easter (Syriac Orthodox Church)June 9 (Roman Catholic Church, Church of England)June 10 (Episcopal Church (USA))June 18 (Maronite Church) July 22 (Coptic Orthodox Church)

Attributes Vine and scroll, deacon's vestments and thurible; with Saint Basil the Great; composing hymns with a lyre

Patronage Spiritual directors and spiritual leaders

Ephrem the Syrian (Classical Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (Mār Aprêm Sûryāyâ);[1] Greek: Ἐφραίμ ὁ Σῦρος;Latin: Ephraem Syrus; ca. 306 – 373) was a Syriac deacon and a prolific Syriac-language hymnographer andtheologian of the 4th century from the region of Syria. His works are hailed by Christians throughout the world, andmany denominations venerate him as a saint. He has been declared a Doctor of the Church in Roman Catholicism.He is especially beloved in the Syriac Orthodox Church.Ephrem wrote a wide variety of hymns, poems, and sermons in verse, as well as prose biblical exegesis. These wereworks of practical theology for the edification of the church in troubled times. So popular were his works, that, forcenturies after his death, Christian authors wrote hundreds of pseudepigraphal works in his name. Ephrem's workswitness to an early form of Christianity in which Western ideas take little part.Wikipedia:CitationneededWikipedia:Please clarify He has been called the most significant of all of the fathers of the Syriac-speakingchurch tradition.[2]

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Ephrem the Syrian 2

LifeEphrem was born around the year 306 in the city of Nisibis (the modern Turkish town of Nusaybin, on the borderwith Syria, in the Roman province of Mesopotamia, which had come into Roman hands only in 298). Internalevidence from Ephrem's hymnody suggests that both his parents were part of the growing Christian community inthe city, although later hagiographers wrote that his father was a pagan priest. Numerous languages were spoken inthe Nisibis of Ephrem's day, mostly dialects of Aramaic. The Christian community used the Syriac dialect. Theculture included pagan religions, Judaism and early Christian sects.Jacob, the second bishop of Nisibis, was appointed in 308, and Ephrem grew up under his leadership of thecommunity. Jacob of Nisibis is recorded as a signatory at the First Council of Nicea in 325. Ephrem was baptized asa youth and almost certainly became a son of the covenant, an unusual form of Syrian proto-monasticism. Jacobappointed Ephrem as a teacher (Syriac malp̄ānâ, a title that still carries great respect for Syriac Christians). He wasordained as a deacon either at his baptism or later.[3] He began to compose hymns and write biblical commentaries aspart of his educational office. In his hymns, he sometimes refers to himself as a "herdsman" (ܥܠܢܐ, ‘allānâ), to hisbishop as the "shepherd" (ܪܥܝܐ, rā‘yâ), and to his community as a 'fold' (ܕܝܪܐ, dayrâ). Ephrem is popularly creditedas the founder of the School of Nisibis, which, in later centuries, was the centre of learning of the Syriac OrthodoxChurch.

Newly excavated Church of Saint Jacob inNisibis, where Ephrem taught and ministered

In 337, Emperor Constantine I, who had legalised and promoted thepractice of Christianity in the Roman Empire, died. Seizing on thisopportunity, Shapur II of Persia began a series of attacks into RomanNorth Mesopotamia. Nisibis was besieged in 338, 346 and 350. Duringthe first siege, Ephrem credits Bishop Jacob as defending the city withhis prayers. In the third siege, of 350, Shapur rerouted the RiverMygdonius to undermine the walls of Nisibis. The Nisibenes quicklyrepaired the walls while the Persian elephant cavalry became boggeddown in the wet ground. Ephrem celebrated what he saw as themiraculous salvation of the city in a hymn that portrayed Nisibis asbeing like Noah's Ark, floating to safety on the flood.

One important physical link to Ephrem's lifetime is the baptistery of Nisibis. The inscription tells that it wasconstructed under Bishop Vologeses in 359. In that year, Shapur attacked again. The cities around Nisibis weredestroyed one by one, and their citizens killed or deported. Constantius II was unable to respond; the campaign ofJulian in 363 ended with his death in battle. His army elected Jovian as the new emperor, and to rescue his army, hewas forced to surrender Nisibis to Persia (also in 363) and to permit the expulsion of the entire Christian population.

Ephrem, with the others, went first to Amida (Diyarbakır), eventually settling in Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa) in 363.Ephrem, in his late fifties, applied himself to ministry in his new church and seems to have continued his work as ateacher, perhaps in the School of Edessa. Edessa had always been at the heart of the Syriac-speaking world, and thecity was full of rival philosophies and religions. Ephrem comments that orthodox Nicene Christians were simplycalled "Palutians" in Edessa, after a former bishop. Arians, Marcionites, Manichees, Bardaisanites and variousgnostic sects proclaimed themselves as the true church. In this confusion, Ephrem wrote a great number of hymnsdefending Nicene orthodoxy. A later Syriac writer, Jacob of Serugh, wrote that Ephrem rehearsed all-female choirsto sing his hymns set to Syriac folk tunes in the forum of Edessa. After a ten-year residency in Edessa, in his sixties,Ephrem succumbed to the plague as he ministered to its victims. The most reliable date for his death is 9 June 373.

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Writings

The interior of the Church of Saint Jacob inNisibis

Over four hundred hymns composed by Ephrem still exist. Grantedthat some have been lost, Ephrem's productivity is not in doubt. Thechurch historian Sozomen credits Ephrem with having written overthree million lines. Ephrem combines in his writing a threefoldheritage: he draws on the models and methods of early RabbinicJudaism, he engages skillfully with Greek science and philosophy, andhe delights in the Mesopotamian/Persian tradition of mysterysymbolism.

The most important of his works are his lyric, teaching hymns (ܡܕܖ̈ܫܐ,madrāšê). These hymns are full of rich, poetic imagery drawn from biblical sources, folk tradition, and otherreligions and philosophies. The madrāšê are written in stanzas of syllabic verse and employ over fifty differentmetrical schemes. Each madrāšâ had its qālâ (ܩܠܐ), a traditional tune identified by its opening line. All of these qālêare now lost. It seems that Bardaisan and Mani composed madrāšê, and Ephrem felt that the medium was a suitabletool to use against their claims. The madrāšê are gathered into various hymn cycles. Each group has a title —Carmina Nisibena, On Faith, On Paradise, On Virginity, Against Heresies — but some of these titles do not dojustice to the entirety of the collection (for instance, only the first half of the Carmina Nisibena is about Nisibis).Each madrāšâ usually had a refrain (ܥܘܢܝܬܐ, ‘ûnîṯâ), which was repeated after each stanza. Later writers havesuggested that the madrāšê were sung by all-women choirs with an accompanying lyre.

Particularly influential were his Hymns Against Heresies.[4] Ephrem used these to warn his flock of the heresies thatthreatened to divide the early church. He lamented that the faithful were "tossed to and fro and carried around withevery wind of doctrine, by the cunning of men, by their craftiness and deceitful wiles."[5] He devised hymns ladenwith doctrinal details to inoculate right-thinking Christians against heresies such as docetism. The Hymns AgainstHeresies employ colourful metaphors to describe the Incarnation of Christ as fully human and divine. Ephrem assertsthat Christ's unity of humanity and divinity represents peace, perfection and salvation; in contrast, docetism andother heresies sought to divide or reduce Christ's nature and, in doing so, rend and devalue Christ's followers withtheir false teachings.Ephrem also wrote verse homilies (ܡܐܡܖ̈ܐ, mêmrê). These sermons in poetry are far fewer in number than themadrāšê. The mêmrê were written in a heptosyllabic couplets (pairs of lines of seven syllables each).The third category of Ephrem's writings is his prose work. He wrote a biblical commentary on the Diatessaron (thesingle gospel harmony of the early Syriac church), the Syriac original of which was found in 1957. His Commentaryon Genesis and Exodus is an exegesis of Genesis and Exodus. Some fragments exist in Armenian of hiscommentaries on the Acts of the Apostles and Pauline Epistles.He also wrote refutations against Bardaisan, Mani, Marcion and others.Ephrem wrote exclusively in the Syriac language, but translations of his writings exist in Armenian, Coptic,Georgian, Greek and other languages. Some of his works are only extant in translation (particularly in Armenian).Syriac churches still use many of Ephrem's hymns as part of the annual cycle of worship. However, most of theseliturgical hymns are edited and conflated versions of the originals.The most complete, critical text of authentic Ephrem was compiled between 1955 and 1979 by Dom Edmund Beck,OSB, as part of the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium.

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Ephrem the Syrian 4

Greek EphremEphrem's artful meditations on the symbols of Christian faith and his stand against heresy made him a popular sourceof inspiration throughout the church. This occurred to the extent that there is a huge corpus of Ephrempseudepigraphy and legendary hagiography. Some of these compositions are in verse, often a version of Ephrem'sheptosyllabic couplets. Most of these works are considerably later compositions in Greek. Students of Ephrem oftenrefer to this corpus as having a single, imaginary author called "Greek Ephrem", or Ephraem Graecus (as opposed tothe real Ephrem the Syrian). This is not to say that all texts ascribed to Ephrem in Greek are by others, but many are.Although Greek compositions are the main source of pseudepigraphal material, there are also works in Latin,Slavonic and Arabic. There has been very little critical examination of these works, and many are still treasured bychurches as authentic.The best known of these writings is the Prayer of Saint Ephrem, which is recited at every service during Great Lentand other fasting periods in Eastern Christianity.

Veneration as a saint

Icon of St. Ephrem (right), together with St.George (top) and St. John Damascene

Soon after Ephrem's death, legendary accounts of his life began tocirculate. One of the earlier "modifications" is the statement thatEphrem's father was a pagan priest of Abnil or Abizal. However, internalevidence from his authentic writings suggest that he was raised byChristian parents. This legend may be anti-pagan polemic or may reflecthis father's status prior to converting to Christianity. Wikipedia:Citationneeded

The second legend attached to Ephrem is that he was a monk. InEphrem's day, monasticism was in its infancy in Egypt. He seems tohave been a part of the members of the covenant, a close-knit, urbancommunity of Christians that had "covenanted" themselves to serviceand had refrained from sexual activity.Wikipedia:Citation needed Someof the Syriac terms that Ephrem used to describe his community werelater used to describe monastic communities, but the assertion that hewas monk is anachronistic.Wikipedia:Citation needed Laterhagiographers often painted a picture of Ephrem as an extreme ascetic,but the internal evidence of his authentic writings show him to have hada very active role, both within his church community and throughwitness to those outside of it.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Ephrem is venerated as an example of monastic discipline in EasternChristianity. In the Eastern Orthodox scheme of hagiography, Ephrem iscounted as a Venerable Father (i.e., a sainted Monk). His feast day iscelebrated on 28 January and on the Saturday of the Venerable Fathers(Cheesefare Saturday), which is the Saturday before the beginning ofGreat Lent.

Ephrem is popularly believed to have taken legendary journeys.Wikipedia:Citation needed In one of these he visitsBasil of Caesarea. This links the Syrian Ephrem with the Cappadocian Fathers and is an important theological bridgebetween the spiritual view of the

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Ephrem the Syrian 5

Icon of St. Ephrem

two, who held much in common. Ephrem is also supposed to havevisited Saint Pishoy in the monasteries of Scetes inEgypt.Wikipedia:Citation needed As with the legendary visit withBasil, this visit is a theological bridge between the origins ofmonasticism and its spread throughout the church.Wikipedia:Citationneeded

On 5 October 1920, Pope Benedict XV proclaimed Ephrem a Doctorof the Church ("Doctor of the Syrians").[6] This proclamation wasmade before critical editions of Ephrem's authentic writings wereavailable.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The most popular title for Ephrem is Harp of the Spirit (Syriac: ܟܢܪܐKenārâ d-Rûḥâ). He is also referred to as the Deacon of ,ܕܪܘܚܐEdessa, the Sun of the Syrians and a Pillar of the Church.

His Roman Catholic feast day of 9 June conforms to his date of death.For 48 years (1920–1969), it was on 18 June.

Ephrem is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on June 10.

QuotationsAbout Ephrem:• "The greatest poet of the patristic age and, perhaps, the only theologian-poet to rank beside Dante." — Robert

Murray.• "This (Efrem) who became a crown of glory for all the Arameans, and through him they became near the spiritual

splendors. He who became a great orator among the Syrians." & "He who gazed diligently in his mind on thegreat Moses, and after the model of the Hebrew women he taught the Aramaean women to give praise with theirmadrashe" — James of Sarugh

By Ephrem:• "The boldness of our love is pleasing to you, O Lord, just as it pleased you that we should steal from your

bounty." — Ephrem the Syrian, Hymns on Faith 16:5.• "Remember me, ye heirs of God, ye brethren of Christ; supplicate the Savior earnestly for me, that I may be freed

through Christ from him that fights against me day by day." — The Fear at the End of Life• "You (Jesus) alone and your Mother are more beautiful than any others, for there is no blemish in you nor any

stains upon your Mother. Who of my children can compare in beauty to these?" — Ephraim the Syrian, NisibeneHymns 27:8; ca. 361 AD.

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Ephrem the Syrian 6

Notes[1] Various other renderings of the name from different Syriac dialects exist. The modern West Syriac pronunciation is Mor Afraim Suryoyo,

while the East has Mar Aprim Suryaya.[2][2] Parry (1999), p. 180[3][3] Parry (1999), pp. 180-181[4] Mourachian, Mark. "Hymns Against Heresies: Comments on St. Ephrem the Syrian". Sophia 37:2, (Winter 2007), pp. 30-31.[5][5] Eph 4:14, as quoted in Mourachian (2007)[6] PRINCIPI APOSTOLORUM PETRO (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ benedict_xv/ encyclicals/ documents/

hf_ben-xv_enc_05101920_principi-apostolorum-petro_en. html) at Vatican.va

Translations• introduction, St. Ephrem; Brock, translation by Sebastian (1990). Hymns on paradise. Crestwood, N.Y.: St.

Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 0-88141-076-4.• Mathews, St. Ephrem the Syrian ; translated by Edward G.; Jr., ; McVey, Joseph P. Amar ; edited by Kathleen

(1994). Selected prose works : Commentary on Genesis, Commentary on Exodus, Homily on our Lord, Letter toPublius/ St. Ephrem the Syrian. Transl. by Edward G. Mathews, Jr. and Joseph P. Amar. Ed. by Kathleen McVey.Washington, D.C: Catholic Univ. of America Press. ISBN 0-8132-0091-1.

• translated; Meyendorff, introduced by Kathleen E. McVey; preface by John (1989). Ephrem the Syrian : hymns.New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-3093-9.

References• Bou Mansour, Tanios (1988). La pensée symbolique de saint Ephrem le Syrien. Kaslik, Lebanon: Bibliothèque de

l'Université Saint Esprit XVI.• Brock, Sebastian (1992). The luminous eye : the spiritual world vision of Saint Ephrem (Rev. ed. ed.).

Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-624-0.• Biesen, Kees den (2006). Simple and bold : Ephrem's art of symbolic thought (1. Gorgias Press ed. ed.).

Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-397-8.• den Biesen, Kees (2011). Annotated Bibliography of Ephrem the Syrian. Lulu.com.• Griffith, Sidney H. (1997). "Faith adoring the mystery" : reading the Bible with St. Ephraem the Syrian

([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Milwaukee, Wis.: Marquette Univ. Press. ISBN 0-87462-577-7.• Mourachian, Mark (Winter 2007). "Hyms Against Heresies: Comments on St. Ephrem the Syrian". Sophia 17 (2).

ISSN  0194-7958 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0194-7958).• Parry, Ken; David Melling (editors) (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA.:

Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23203-6.

External links• Margonitho: Mor Ephrem the Syrian (http:/ / sor. cua. edu/ Personage/ MEphrem/ )• Anastasis article (http:/ / www. anastasis. org. uk/ ephrem. htm)• Hugoye: Influence of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, part 1 (http:/ / syrcom. cua. edu/ Hugoye/ Vol1No2/ index. html)• Hugoye: Influence of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, part 2 (http:/ / syrcom. cua. edu/ Hugoye/ Vol2No1/ index. html)•  "St. Ephraem". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.• Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: "Ephraem Syrus" (http:/ / www. studylight. org/ encyclopedias/ bri/ view.

cgi?n=10466)• "St. Ephraem 'Faith Adoring the Mystery'" (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080613183654/ http:/ / www.

theandros. com/ ephraem. html). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. theandros. com/ ephraem. html) on2008-06-13.

• Benedict XVI on St. Ephrem and his role in history (http:/ / www. zenit. org/ article-21141?l=english)

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Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsEphrem the Syrian  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=624117891  Contributors: Achayan, AidanP02, Alekjds, Alex Bakharev, Ambrosius007, Angusmclellan, Aphaia,AramaeanSyriac, Aristophanes68, Assyria 90, Attilios, Aturaya07, Awotter, BD2412, Bacchiad, Badbilltucker, Baraqa1, Benne, Carl.bunderson, Chaldean, Charles Matthews, Chuck56,Commander Keane, ConservativeDC, Conversion script, Cuchullain, D6, Davidiad, Dbachmann, Dejwono, Dimadick, Dmn, Domingo Portales, Dpr, EdwardH, EliasAlucard, Elijah.B, Elvis214,Etz Haim, Everyking, Evrik, Fabiform, FeanorStar7, Gabr-el, Garzo, Gentgeen, GreatWhiteNortherner, Hapsiainen, Henrygb, Howcheng, I dream of horses, JHunterJ, Jacquerie27, Jason Quinn,Jayarathina, Jayetheartist, Jayjg, Jbribeiro1, Jc3schmi, Johnpacklambert, Jonel, Jordi Roqué, Jschroe, Jweaver28, Kathovo, Kdb2010, Kees, Kees den Biesen, Kirill Lokshin, Lanternix, LeszekJańczuk, Lima, Littlealien182, Llywrch, LoveMonkey, Ludi, LukasPietsch, Magioladitis, Majoreditor, Mannanan51, Mayagod00, Michaelovic, Midnite Critic, MishaPan, Mladifilozof, Mr.Granger, Mwidunn, Neophyrigian, Nighm, Nowa, Omnipaedista, Oncenawhile, Panairjdde, Penguins53, Pjacobi, Puresky, Quadell, Rangond, Rapomon, Reaper Eternal, RecSpecz, RichFarmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Roger Pearse, Rojypala, Roltz, Rsabbatini, Ryan.joseph.king, S19991002, Sardur, Schinleber, Seaphoto, Selket, Shmayo, Simplelasagna, Slakr, Sole Soul, Spartacus007,Spiritdottir, Suryoyo, Suryoyono, Syriac Orthodox, Tabletop, Terry J. Carter, The TriZ, Tomisti, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, VegardNorman, Wetman, Wideangle,Wiki-uk, Woohookitty, Wowaconia, Zaphod-Swe, Тиверополник, 106 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Icône Ephrem le Syrien.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Icône_Ephrem_le_Syrien.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic Contributors: Original uploader was Troubageoff at fr.wikipediaFile:Mar Jacob Church, Nisibis.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mar_Jacob_Church,_Nisibis.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: user:GarzoFile:Nisibis Church interior.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nisibis_Church_interior.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: user:GarzoFile:George John Ephraim Triptychon fragment Sinai 14th century.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_John_Ephraim_Triptychon_fragment_Sinai_14th_century.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: JMCC1, McLeod, Shakko, 1anonymous editsFile:Mor Ephrem icon.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mor_Ephrem_icon.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DbachmannImage:wikisource-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: ChrisiPK, Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, Leyo,MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000, Steinsplitter

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