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Environmental Science Unit 1 - Studying the Earth

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Environmental Science. Unit 1 - Studying the Earth. Chapter 1.1 Parts of Earth. Objectives Locate Earth in a diagram of the solar system. Identify and describe the three layers of Earth. Chapter 1.1 Parts of Earth. Locate Earth in a diagram of the solar system. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Environmental Science

Environmental ScienceUnit 1 - Studying the Earth

Page 2: Environmental Science

Objectives

•Locate Earth in a diagram of the solar system. •Identify and describe the three layers of Earth.

Chapter 1.1 Parts of Earth

Page 3: Environmental Science

Chapter 1.1 Parts of EarthLocate Earth in a diagram of the solar system.

Page 4: Environmental Science

Identify and describe the three layers of Earth.

Earth can be divided into three major layers (aka ‘sphere’s).

•lithosphere •hydrosphere •atmosphere

Chapter 1.1 Parts of the Earth

Page 5: Environmental Science

Objectives•Describe the three main types of rocks that make up the lithosphere. •Explain why fresh water is a valuable resource for

organisms.

Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Land & Water

Page 6: Environmental Science

•Describe the three main types of rocks that make up the lithosphere.

Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Land

IgneousIgneous SedimentarySedimentary MetamorphicMetamorphic

Page 7: Environmental Science

•Explain why fresh water is a valuable resource for

organisms.

Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Water

Greater than 70% of surface is covered by water.

HOWEVERHOWEVER

More than 97% of the water is salt water.

ADDITIONALLYADDITIONALLY

Of the remaining 3% of the fresh water , 2/3 of it is locked up in glaciers and ice caps.

LEAVING US . . . LEAVING US . . . Less than 1% available for our use.

Page 8: Environmental Science

Objectives•Diagram the layers of the atmosphere.

•Describe the characteristics of each layer.

Chapter 1.3 The Air

Page 9: Environmental Science

Troposhpere

Earth’s Surface

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Thickness 16-18 Km by Equator & ~10 Km near poles, Composition 78% N2 & 21% O2, Key Feature most of our weather occurs here.

Height, above the Mesosphere and up. (debate about how far out it actually extends) Key Feature , this is the hotest layer of our atmosphere, temperatures as high as 2,000°C – however the gas molecules are extremely far apart.

Height from above the Stratosphere to about 80 Km. Key Feature , this is the coldest layer of our atmosphere, temperatures as low as -100°C

Height is beyond Troposphere to ~50Km, Composition ozone is found here (O3) , Key Features Jet stream is found here, airline travel takes advantage of.

Page 10: Environmental Science

Objectives•Describe the location of the biosphere.

•Explain how organisms interact with the biosphere.

Chapter 1.4 The Biosphere

Page 11: Environmental Science

Biosphere – all part of Earth that support life

Chapter 1.4 Biosphere’s Location

Extends from the tops of the highest mountains to the bottom of the deepest oceans.

HOWEVERHOWEVER

That is ONLY a thickness of about 20 Km.

ADDITIONALLYADDITIONALLY

Most life lives between 500 m below the ocean’s surface to 6 Km above sea level.

LEAVING US . . . LEAVING US . . . With a layer about as thick as the skin of an apple to support life.

Page 12: Environmental Science

Chapter 1.4 Biosphere’s interaction

My daily processes continually interact with the hydrospherehydrosphere (water to drink) and the atmosphereatmosphere (air to breathe).

AndAnd

By eating I process trace elements of the lithospherelithosphere.

Page 13: Environmental Science

Gaia hypothesis offers a different way of viewing Earth:

• A holistic way, instead of a reductionistic way. • A view of mutualism, not separationism • Amazing ability of maintaining its homeostasis (30% increase in solar radiation, but the same temperature about 15C) • Gaia does incorporate evolution • Opinion of human beings as the weed of mammals? The cancer of Gaia

Chapter 1 Gaia hypothesis

Page 14: Environmental Science

Chapter 1 Words to be familiar with

Table 1 - Chapter 1 - Planet Earth Word Bank

aquifersatmosphere biosphere Earth

fresh water Gaia Hypothesis

glaciers hydrosphere

ice caps igneous lithosphere mesosphere

metamorphic Oceans Organisms sedimentary

stratosphere surface water

thermosphere troposphere

Page 15: Environmental Science

With pointed fangs it sits in wait,

With piercing force its doles out fate,

Over bloodless victims proclaiming its might,

Eternally joining in a single bite.

What am I?

Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Science

Only one color, but not one size,

Stuck at the bottom, yet easily flies,

Present in sun, but not in rain,

Doing no harm, and feeling no pain.

What am I?

Objectives•Explain why there is always uncertainty in science. •Distinguish between subjects that can and cannot be studied scientifically.

As we made guesses, (our hypothesis) we also used the additional information to modify our ideas - we kept making our hypothesis better.

Page 16: Environmental Science

Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Science (continued) Objectives

•Distinguish between subjects that can and cannot be studied scientifically.

Simply put – to be studied scientifically, a subject must be observable and testable.

Ethics and personal values cannot be studied scientifically!

Page 17: Environmental Science

Chapter 2 Skills & Methods (of Science)

The order of steps in a scientific method can vary. Most scientific methods to solving a problem , however, include

defining the problem,

stating a hypothesis

analyzing the results of the test

and drawing conclusions.

Objectives•Describe the steps involved in conducting a scientific experiment.

Page 18: Environmental Science

Chapter 2.2 Methods of Science (Continued)

•Variables are factors that change in an experiment. A dependent variable can change in response to changes in the independent variable. • With a control set-up , the variable being testing is missing.

May we burn her ?

Let’s examine BAD scientific method . . .

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Chapter 2 Designing an Experiment

OBSERVE

AskQuestions

Hypothesize

Predict

Design ExperimentGather

Data

AnalyzeData

EvaluateHypothesize

Page 20: Environmental Science

•all the non-living parts of the environment.

•Everything that surrounds an organism.

Chapter 2.3 – Environmental Science

Environment

Biotic Factors

Abiotic Factors

•All the living parts of the environment.

Objectives•Give examples of how parts of the environment interact.•Explain why policy must balance the needs of the environment with the needs of society.

Page 21: Environmental Science

•Explain why policy must balance the needs of the environment with the needs of society.

Chapter 2.3 Environmental Science

There Are No Second Chances.There is no other planet that we know of that harbors life like Earth. Once life on Earth is diminished beyond a certain threshold it may no longer sustain humanity.

Page 22: Environmental Science

Chapter 2 Words to be familiar with

Table 2 - Chapter 2 – The Nature of Science Word Bank

abiotic analyzed Ask Questions

biotic Control Data

dependent Environment Evaluate

Experiment Hypothesis independent

Observe Prediction variable

Page 23: Environmental Science

3.1 The Changing Environment

•Describe ways in which the three layers of the biosphere have changed over time.

Chapter 3 - Change in the Biosphere

Page 24: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.1 – The Changing Environment

Humans have only been around a short time, only appearing 30 seconds before midnight.

6:00 AM

12:00 Noon

6:00 PM

12:00 Midnight •Earth’s age ~ 4.5 billion years,

•Humans have only been around for ~ ½ million years.

Page 25: Environmental Science

World Tectonic Map to Label

Page 26: Environmental Science

Chapter 3 – The Changing EnvironmentContinual Change includes:

LITHOSPHERE

•Weathering is the continual process of breaking down rocks & Erosion is the process whereby that material is carried off. The main agents for both is H2O

Page 27: Environmental Science

HYDROSPHERE

•Ice Ages

Cooling of the Earth’s climate is associated with periods of glaciation.

These glaciers are responsible for major geographical features: Cape Cod, Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes in NY

•El Nino nutrient-poor warm water lasting longer than usual which leads to death of fish (economic impact)

Chapter 3 – Continual Change includes:

Page 28: Environmental Science

Chapter 3 – Continual Change includes:ATMOSPHERE

•Atmospheric Changes Approximately 1 billion years after plants first evolved photosynthesis – the first discernable amounts of O2 were found.

The gas that most contributes to the greenhouse effect is CO2.

Stromatalites – a bacteria (shown here) are believed to have been the first life that began on the shores of ancient oceans.

Page 29: Environmental Science

Atmospheric ChangesEvolution of Earth's Atmosphere

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Present

BYBP (Billion years Before Present)

% of Total Atmosphere

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Other Gases

Page 30: Environmental Science

Objectives

•List factors that affect an area’s ability to support life. •Predict how changes in the environment might affect organisms.

Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

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Chapter 3.2 – Survival

Ways organisms deal with extreme climates include:

Hibernation:

•Slow breathing

•Lower body temperature

•Slow heart rate

Plants:

•May lie dormant (in seed form) for years

Warm-blooded:

•Wider range of tolerance, but requires greater energy

Cold-blooded:

•Gain heat from sun

Page 32: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

Needs include:

Nutrients Provide:

•Energy

•Aids biochemical reactions

•Build up tissues w/ in bodies

Their territory provides water, food and a place to live (shelter)

Page 33: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

Motive Name Motive Animal BehaviorIntrinsic Feeling

Power Desire to influence (including leadership; related to mastery)

Dominant animals eat more food

Efficacy

Curiosity Desire for knowledge

Animals learn to find food more efficiently and learn to avoid preditor

Wonder

Independence Desire to be autonomous

Motivates animals to leave nest, searching for foods over a larger area.

Freedom

Status Desire for social standing (including desire for attention)

Attention in nest leads to better feedings

Self-importance

Page 34: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms

Motive Name Motive Animal BehaviorIntrinsic Feeling

Social contact

Desire for peer companionship (desire to play)

Safety in numbers for animals in wild

Fun

Vengeance Desire to get even (including the desire to compete, to win)

Animals fight when threatened

Vindication

Honor Desire to obey a traditional moral code

Animal runs back to herd when stared at by predators

Loyalty

Idealism Desire to improve society (including altruism, justice)

Unclear: Do animals show altruism?

Compassion

Page 35: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms (continued)

Motive Name MotiveAnimal

BehaviorIntrinsic Feeling

Physical Exercise

Desire to exercise muscles

Strong animals eat more and are less vulnerable to prey

Vitality

Romance Desire for sex (including courting)

Reproduction essential for species survival

Lust

Family Desire to raise own children

Protection of young facilitates survival

Love

Order Desire to organize (including desire for ritual)

Cleanliness rituals promote health

Stability

Page 36: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms (continued)

Motive Name MotiveAnimal Behavior

Intrinsic Feeling

Eating Desire to eat Nutrition is essential for survival

Satiation (avoidance of hunger)

Acceptance Desire for approval

Unclear: animal self-concept?

Self-confidence

Tranquility Desire to avoid anxiety; fear

Animal runs away from danger

Safe, relaxed

Saving Desire to collect, value of frugality

Animals hoards food and other materials

Ownership

Page 37: Environmental Science

Needs of Organism Quiz

LINK

Page 38: Environmental Science

Sorry ‘bout yesterday – someone accused me of being mean and that was not me desire.

Page 39: Environmental Science

Objectives

•Describe the structure of an ecosystem. •Relate the concept of habitat destruction to the lose of biodiversity.

Chapter 3.3 – The Ecosystem

Page 40: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem

The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its habitat

Total range in which a species can live is its

geographical range

Species

•Group of organism so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

Example

+

Page 41: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem

The variety of species in an ecosystem is known as biodiversity

Population

•Same species living in same area

Community

•All the populations that live and interact in the same area

Ecosystem

•All the communities that live and interact in the same area as well as the abiotic features

Page 42: Environmental Science

Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem - Finis

Habitat destruction is the largest of the many threats to biodiversity

At least 90 percent of areas now inhabited by great apes - gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos (pygmy chimps) in Africa and orangutans in southeast Asia - will be affected within 30 years unless urgent action is taken now, UNEP said.

Page 43: Environmental Science

Quiz – Chapter 3

1. Relatively speaking, if Earth time were reduced to 24 hours humans only appeared ____________ ago.

2. ___________ is the continual process of breaking down rocks

, generally done by H2O

3. _____________ is nutrient-poor warm water lasting longer than usual which leads to death of fish.

4. Approximately 1 billion years after plants first evolved _____________ freed oxygen for use by organisms.

5. Warm-blooded animals have a wider range of environmental tolerance, but requires greater ____________ .

Page 44: Environmental Science

6.The most important requirement for all living things is ___________.

7.Organism’s ___________ provides (Q6), food and a place to live (shelter).

8.The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its ___________.

9. A __________ is all the populations that live and interact in the same area.

10. Habitat destruction is the largest of the many threats to _______________.