Environmental Factors II

Fast Food Impact

Fast Food In 2012, fast food restaurants spent

$4.6 billion in total on all advertising, an 8% increase over 2009. For context, the biggest advertiser, McDonald’s, spent 2.7 times as much to advertise its products ($972 million) as all fruit, vegetable, bottled water, and milk advertisers combined ($367 million).

Fast Food and Children

Fast Food and Children 89% of parents report taking their

child to a fast food restaurant at least once the past week

No longer a “special treat” 49% of parents - child asks to go to

McDonald’s at least once a week 15% of preschoolers ask to go

McDonald’s every day

Fast Food Facts and Children In 2011–2012, just over one-third of children and

adolescents consumed fast food on a given day. In 2011–2012, children and adolescents

consumed on average 12.4% of their daily calories from fast food restaurants.

Caloric intake from fast foods was higher in adolescents aged 12–19 years than in children aged 2–11 years.

Non-Hispanic Asian children had significantly lower caloric intake from fast food compared with non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic children.

No significant differences in caloric intake from fast food were noted by sex, poverty status, or weight status.

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db213.htm

Portion Sizes

Portion Size Between 1977 and 1996, food

portion sizes increased by about 60% both inside and outside the home.

Nielson SJ et al, Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998. JAMA 2003; 289(4):450-3

Changing Portion Sizes

National Geographic, August 2004

2004

20042004

2004

2004

Portion Size Matters Short-term studies show that people

eat more when they are confronted with larger portion sizes.

Portion Size and Snacks Study

Participants received snacks of potato chips in identical bags increasing in size (from 28g to 170g)

Men and women, intake increased significantly as package size increased

Women ate 18% more and men 37% more from the 170g bag than when served an 85g bag

Participants did not adjust their intakes at dinner to compensate for the differences in snack intake

Combined calorie intake was much greater when they consumed the larger snack

Rolls et al. Appetite 2004

Snacks Over the last 30 years, the average

number of snacks consumed per day doubled, and the percentage of adults snacking on any given day rose from 59 to 90 percent.

Higher snacking frequency is associated with higher total calorie intake. Adults who have 4 or more snacks in a day consume almost one and one-half times as many calories as do adults who report no snacks

Snacks The average snack has more calories than

the average breakfast Snacks provide on average about one-

fourth of daily calories, greater proportions of alcohol, carbohydrates and total sugars, and lesser proportions of most other nutrients

Snacks 1977-78 to 2007-08 ChangeMales 261cal/d 586 cal/d>200%Females 186 cal/d 421 cal/d>200%

https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/DBrief/4_adult_snacking_0708.pdf

Current Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake

Heavy total SSB consumption (more than 500 calories per day) increased among children between 1999-2008, although it decreased among adolescents and young adults.

Soda was the most heavily consumed SSB in all age groups except for young children.

While soda consumption decreased, heavy sports and energy drink consumption tripled among adolescents.

Black children and adolescents were more likely to be heavy fruit drink consumers versus whites.

Low-income children and adults were more likely to have higher energy intake from total SSBs and fruit drinks.

Sugar-sweetened beverages make up nearly 16 percent of children ages 12-19 total caloric consumption.

Han, E., Powell, L.M. (2013). Consumption patterns of sugar sweetened beverages in the US. J Acad Nutr Diet , 113, 43 – 53Wang YC, Bleich SN, and Gortmaker SL. Increasing caloric contribution from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100 percent fruit juices among U.S. children and adolescents, 1988-2004. Pediatrics, 121(6): 1604-14, 2008..