environmental engineering water waste water soil and groundwater treatment and remediation

8/7/2019 Environmental Engineering Water Waste Water Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation

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3/393

JHTK]@HLJHSEBJHGKHJJ]KHG, QK^SNJCKSK@HWetjr, Westjwetjr, Q`kb ehcGr`uhcwetjr Srjetljhtehc ]jljcketk`h

JCKSJC M[ HJBQ@H B. HJLJ]@W, D]EHOBKH F. EGE]C[,YES]KAO QZBBKTEH, EHC F@QJYN E. QEBTES@

F`nh Wkbjy & Q`hs, Kha.


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Càt`rs Egercy ehc Qubbkveh wùbc bkoj t` cjckaetj tnks skxtn jcktk`h `d

Jhvkr`hljhteb Jhgkhjjrkhgt` Hjbs`h B. Hjljr`w wn` pessjc ewey kh

Cjajlmjr `d =994. Cr. Hjljr`w wes m`rh `h Eprkb 54, 5;=1 ehc spjht

l`st `d nks pr`cuatkvj yjers es eh jcuaet`r ehc pr`bksta eutn`r. Nj spjht

lehy yjers tjeankhg et Qyreausj Zhkvjrskty, tnj Zhkvjrskty `d Lkelk, H`rtn

Aer`bkhe Qtetj, Db`rkce Khtjrhetk`heb, ehc Db`rkce Etbehtka Zhkvjrskty. Nj

eutn`rjc s`lj =: m`òs cjckaetjc t` ecvehakhg tnj ert `d westj cksp`seb

ehc utkbkzetk`h. Nks pessk`h wes westj lkhklkzetk`h ehc tnj tktbj `d `hj `d

nks l`st rjajht pumbkaetk`hs, Vjr` Y`bbutk`h d`r Khcustry, sulljc up l`rjtneh stdty yjers `d tjeankhg ehc a`hsubtkhg. E cjv`tjc nusmehc ehc detnjr,

nj ckvkcjc nks tklj mjtwjjh rjskcjhajs kh Db`rkce ehc Qùtnjrh Aebkd`rhke.

Hjbs`h sjrvjc kh tnj Zhktjc Qtetjs Ljraneht Lerkhj curkhg W`rbc Wer KK.

Nks a`llktljht t` jxajbbjhaj wes sja`hc t` h`hj.


5/393

A@HSJHSQ

Y]JDEAJ xkkk

A@HS]KMZS@]Q xv

ANEYSJ] 5 WESJ] QZYYB[ 5

S. Cevkc Ankhh

Khtr`cuatk`h / 5

Grùhcwetjr Y bbutk`h Nezerc / 1

Srevjb `d Y`bbutk`h tnrùgn tnj Grùhc / :

Cksjesj Srehslkssk`h / 59

Wetjr Uuehtkty ehc Uuebkty / 59

Wetjr Ayabj ehc Gj`b gy / 59

Grùhcwetjr Db`w / 51

Grùhcwetjr Abesskstaetk`h / 54

Wetjr Uuebkty / 57

Qelpbkhg ehc Uuebkty `d Bem ret`ry Cete / =4

Qehktery Qurvjy ehc Wetjr Qelpbkhg / 19Qelpbkhg Drjqujhay / 11

Wetjr Ehebysjs / 14

Njtjr tr`pnka Ybetj AùhtSnj Qtehcerc Ybetj Aùht / 17

Meatjrkeb Jxelkhetk`hs / 1>

Mk b`gkaeb L`hkt`rkhg / 3=

Tkrus Jxelkhetk`h / 3=

Yr t`zè ehc Njblkhtns Jxelkhetk`h / 31

Qpjaksta Yetn`gjhka @rgehksls / 31Ynyskaeb Jxelkhetk`hs / 33

Lkar`sa`pka Jxelkhetk`h / 34

Anjlkaeb Jxelkhetk`hs / 3>

Crkhokhg Wetjr Eccktkvjs / 4>

vkk


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vkkk A@HSJHSQ

Wetjr Uuehtkty / 4;

Wetjr A`hsjrvetk`h / 79

Wetjr ]jusj / 7:

Qùraj ehc Yr`tjatk`h `d Wetjr Quppby / 77

Gjhjreb / 77

Grùhcwetjr / >>

Cug Wjbb / >>

M`rjc Wjbb / >;

Crkvjh ehc Fjttjc Wjbb / ;9

Crkbbjc Wjbb / ;5

Wjbb Cjvjb`pljht / ;1

Grùtkhg / ;4

Wjbb A`htelkhetk`h Aeusj ehc ]jl`veb / ;;

Qprkhg / 595

Khstbtretk`h Gebbjry / 595

Akstjrh / 591

C`ljstka Wjbb-Wetjr QuppbkjsQpjakeb Yr`mbjls / 59:

Nùsjn`bc Srjetljht Zhkts (Y`kht-`d-Zsj ehc

Y`kht-`d-Jhtry) / 59>

Cjsebkhetk`h / 555

]jdjrjhajs / 55>

Mkmbk`grepny / 5=4

ANEYSJ] = WESJ] S]JESLJHS 511

S. Cevkc Ankhh

Srjetljht `d Wetjr Cjskgh ehc @pjretk`h A`htr b / 511

Khtr`cuatk h / 511

Qurdeaj Wetjr / 513

Srjetljht ]jqukrjc / 51:

Ckskhdjatk h / 514

Ges Anb rkhet`r / 517

Sjstkhg d`r ]jskcueb Anb`rkhj / 51>

Anb`rkhj Srjetljht d`r @pjretk`h ehc

Lkar mk b`gkaeb A`htr b / 51;

Ckstrkmutk`h Qystjl A`htelkhetk`h / 53:

Ybekh Qjckljhtetk h / 534

Lkar`strekhkhg / 534

Aègubetk`h, Dbàaubetk`h, ehc Qjttbkhg / 537

Dkbtretk`h / 53;


7/393

A@HSJHSQ kx

Qb`w Qehc Dkbtjr / 53;

]epkc Qehc (Grehuber Ljcke) Dkbtjr / 5:5

Ckrjat Dkbtretk h / 5:7

Yrjssurj Qehc Dkbtjr / 549

Cket`leaj`us Jertn Dkbtjr / 549

Yeaoegj Wetjr Srjetljht Ybeht / 545

Wetjr Srjetljht Ybeht Westjwetjr ehc Qbucgj / 54=

Aeusjs `d Sestjs ehc @c`rs / 54=

A`htr b `d Lkar``rgehksls / 541

Vjmre Lussjb ehc Kts A`htr b / 54;

Equetka Wjjc A`htr`b / 54;

@tnjr Aeusjs `d Sestjs ehc @c`rs / 579

Ljtn`cs t` ]jl`vj `r ]jcuaj @mfjatk`hembj Sestjs

ehc @c`rs / 57=

Kr`h ehc Lehgehjsj @aaurrjhaj ehc ]jl`veb / 5>=

A`rr`sk`h Aeusj ehc A`htr`b / 5>7

]jl`veb `d Kh`rgehka Anjlkaebs / 5;7

Yrjvjhtk`h ehc ]jl`veb `d @rgehka Anjlkaebs / =95

Wetjr Qystjl Cjskgh Yrkhakpbjs / =9:

Wetjr Uuehtkty / =9:

Cjskgh Yjrk`c / =94

Wetjrsnjc ]uh`dd ehc ]jsjrv`kr Cjskgh / =94

Khteojs ehc Qarjjhs / =9>

Yulpkhg / =9;

Ckstrkmutk`h Qt`regj ]jqukrjljhts / =59

Yjeo Cjlehc Jstkletjs / =51

Ckstrkmutk`h Qystjl Cjskgh Qtehcercs / =57Qlebb Ckstrkmutk`h Qystjls / ==9

Dkrj Yr`tjatk`h / ==9

Ar`ss-A`hhjatk`h A`htr b / ===

Nycr`phjuletka Qystjls / ==4

Yulps / =15

Ckspbeajljht Yulp / =15

Ajhtrkdugeb Yulp, Ebs` Qumljrskmbj ehc Surmkhj / =11

Fjt Yulp / =1:Ekr-Bkdt Yulp / =1:

Nycreubka ]el / =14

Yulp ehc Wjbb Yr tjatk`h / =17

Yulp Y`wjr ehc Crkvj / =17


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x A@HSJHSQ

Eut`letka Yulp A`htr`b / =1;

Wetjr Nelljr / =1;

]ureb Wetjr A`hcktk`hs kh tnj Zhktjc Qtetjs / =39

Cjskgh `d e N`usjn`bc Wetjr Qystjl / =3=

Jxelpbjs / =3=

Cjskgh `d Qlebb Wetjr Qystjls / =3=

Cjskgh `d e Aelp Wetjr Qystjl / =::

Wetjr Qystjl A`st Jstkletjs / =::

Abjehkhg ehc Ckskhdjatk h / =:7

Wjbbs ehc Qprkhgs / =:>

Ykpjbkhjs / =49

Qt`regj ]jsjrv krs ehc Sehos / =45

Jljrgjhay Wetjr Quppby ehc Srjetljht / =4=

M`kbkhg / =41

Anb`rkhetk`h / =41

K`ckhj / =44

Dkbtretk`h kh eh Jljrgjhay / =47

M`ttbjc, Yeaoegjc, ehc Mubo Wetjr / =47

]jdjrjhajs / =4;Mkmbk`grepny / =7>

ANEYSJ] 1 WEQSJWESJ] S]JESLJHS EHC CKQY@QEB =>1

F`nh ]. Okjdjr

Cksjesj Nezerc / =>1

Arktjrke d`r Yr`pjr Westjwetjr Cksp`seb / =>:

Cjsthktk`hs / =>:

Qlebb Westjwetjr Cksp`seb Qystjls / =>>Westjwetjr Anereatjrkstkas / =>;

Q`kb Anereatjrkstkas / =>;

Q`kb Quktemkbkty / =;9

Y`bbuteht Srevjb dr`l Qjptka Qystjls / =;5

Q`kb Yjra betk h Sjst / =;5

Qjwegj Db w Jstkletjs / =;1

Qjptka Seho / =;:

Aerj `d Qjptka Seho ehc Qumsurdeaj Ems`rptk`hQystjls / =;;

Qumsurdeaj Q`kb Ems`rptk`h Qystjls / 195

Ems`rptk`h Dkjbc Qystjl / 195


9/393

A@HSJHSQ xk

Bjeankhg Ykt / 19:

Ajssp` b / 19:

Cry Wjbb / 194

Qlebb Westjwetjr Cksp`seb Qystjls d`r Zhsuktembj

Q`kbs `r Qktjs / 19>

Gjhjreb / 19>

L`ckstjc Qjptka Seho Q`kb Ems`rptk`h Qystjl / 19>

Jxelpbj / 19;

Aepkbbery Qjjpegj Srjhan / 19;

]eksjc Mjc Ems`rptk h-Jvep`trehspkretk`h Qystjl / 159

Qjptka Seho Qehc Dkbtjr Qystjl / 15=

Ejr`mka Qjwegj Srjetljht Zhkt / 15:

Qjptka Seho L`uhc Qystjl / 15:

Jxelpbj 5 / 157

Jbjatrka @sl`sks Qystjl / 15>

Qjptka Seho Jvep`trehspkretk`h Qystjl / 15>

Jxelpbj = / 1=9

Wetjr A`hsjrvetk`h / 1=5

Qjwegj W`ros Cjskgh Qlebb Srjetljht Ybehts / 1==

Ckskhdjatk h / 1==

Ynyskaeb-Anjlkaeb Srjetljht / 1=4

Qjckljhtetk h / 1=4

A`egubetk`h/Db aaubetk`h / 1=4

Dkbtretk`h / 1=7

Eatkvetjc Aerm`h Ecs`rptk`h / 1=>

Mk b`gkaeb Srjetljht / 1=>

Westjwetjr ]jusj / 113Westjwetjr Ejr`s`b Nezerc / 11:

Westjwetjr Cksp`seb my Behc Srjetljht / 114

Ecvehajc Westjwetjr Srjetljht / 135

Sypkaeb Cjskghs d`r Qlebb Srjetljht Ybehts / 133

Qtehcerc-]etj Srkaobkhg Dkbtjr Ybeht wktn Kln`dd Seho / 133

Nkgn-]etj Srkaobkhg Dkbtjr Ybeht wktn Kln`dd Seho / 134

Khtjrlkttjht Qehc Dkbtjr Ybeht wktn Kln`dd Seho `r

Qjptka Seho / 137

Cjskgh `d Bergj Srjetljht Ybehts / 137

Mk`s`bkcs Srjetljht ehc Cksp`seb / 1:=

A`st `d Qjwegj Srjetljht / 1:7


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xkk A@HSJHSQ

Khcustrkeb Westjs / 149

Nezerc`us ehc S`xka Bkqukc Westjs / 149

Yrjtrjetljht / 14=

]jdjrjhajs / 141

Mkmbk`grepny / 147

KHCJ^ 175


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Y]JDEAJ

Es tnj gb`meb p`pubetk`h gr`ws ehc lehy cjvjb`pkhg aùhtrkjs l`cjrhkzj, tnj

klp`rtehaj `d wetjr suppby ehc wetjr trjetljht mja`ljs e luan grjetjr deat`r

kh tnj wjbderj `d hetk`hs. Kh sklkber desnk`h, tnj hjjc t` eccrjss m`tn c`ljstka

ehc khcustrkeb westjs gjhjretjc my tnjsj hetk`hs l`vjs nkgnjr `h tnj saebj `d

klp`rtehaj. Abjerby, kh t`ceys w`rbc tnj a`lpjtktk`h d`r wetjr rjsùrajs aù-

pbjc wktn tnj uhd`rtuhetj a`llkhgbkhg `d westjwetjr cksanergjs wktn drjsnwetjr

suppbkjs arjetjs eccktk`heb prjssurj `h trjetljht systjls.

Snks v`bulj ettjlpts t` eccrjss kssujs `d wetjr suppby khabuckhg tnj cjlehc

d`r drjsn wetjr, tnj trjetljht tjanh`b`gkjs evekbembj t` trjet wetjr, ehc tnj trjet-

ljht ehc cksp`seb `d a`lluhkty-gjhjretjc westjwetjrs. Snj dàus ks tnj preatk-

aebkty ehc eppr`prketjhjss `d trjetljhtkh sudstakjht cjtekb s` tnet tnj preatkakhg

pumbka njebtn `dstakeb, wetjr trjetljht jhgkhjjr ehc pbeht `pjret`r, es wjbb es

tn`sj kh tnj c`ljstka ehc khcustrkeb westj trjetljht pr`djssk`hs, aeh eccrjss

tnjkr pr`mbjls kh e preatkaeb lehhjr. Snj jlpnesks ks `h meska prkhakpbjs ehc

preatkaebkty.

Drehobkh F. Egercy

Yetrkao Qubbkveh

Hjbs`h B. Hjljr`w

xkkk


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A@HS]KMZS@]Q

S. CETKC ANKHH Qjhk`r Tkaj Yrjskcjht, NC] Jhgkhjjrkhg, Eustkh, Sjxes,

Skl.AnkhhIncrkha.a`l

F@NH ]. OKJDJ] A`hsubtkhg Jhvkr hljhteb Jhgkhjjr, Grjjhmrej, Aebkd rhke,

f`nh.okjdjrIsmagb`meb.hjt

xv


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ANEYSJ] 5

WESJ] QZYYB[

S. CETKC ANKHHYr`djssk`heb Jhgkhjjr, Qjhk`r Tkaj Yrjskcjht, NC] Jhgkhjjrkhg, Eustkh, Sjxes

KHS]@CZASK@H

E prklery rjquksktj d`r g``c njebtn ks eh ecjquetj suppby `d wetjr tnet ks `dsetksdeat`ry sehktery quebkty. Kt ks ebs` klp`rteht tnet tnj wetjr mj ettreatkvj ehcpebetembj t` khcuaj kts usj? `tnjrwksj, a`hsuljrs ley cjakcj t` usj wetjr `dcùmtdub quebkty dr`l e hjermy uhpr`tjatjc strjel, wjbb, `r sprkhg. Wnjrj eluhkakpeb wetjr suppby pessjs hjer e pr`pjrty, tnj `whjr `d tnj pr`pjrty snùbcmj urgjc t` a`hhjat t` kt mjaeusj suan suppbkjs erj usuebby uhcjr a`lpjtjhtsupjrvksk`h.

Wnjh e luhkakpeb wetjr suppby ks h`t evekbembj, tnj murcjh `d cjvjb`pkhge sedj wetjr suppby rjsts wktn tnj `whjr `d tnj pr`pjrty. Drjqujhtby, prkvetj

suppbkjs erj s` cjvjb`pjc ehc `pjretjc tnet dubb pr`tjatk`h egekhst cehgjrùs`r `mfjatk`hembj p`bbutk`h ks h`t edd`rcjc. Dekburj t` pr`vkcj setksdeat`ry wetjrsuppbkjs kh l`st khstehajs lust mj anergjc jktnjr t` hjgbkgjhaj `r kgh`rehajmjaeusj kt gjhjrebby a`sts h` l`rj t` pr`vkcj e setksdeat`ry khstebbetk`h tnet wkbbljjt g``c njebtn cjpertljht stehcercs.

Snj d`bb`wkhg cjsthktk`hs erj gkvjh kh tnj Hetk`heb Crkhokhg Wetjr ]jgubetk`hses eljhcjc tnrùgn Fuby, =99=6

Yumbka wetjr systjl ljehs jktnjr e a`lluhkty `r h`ha`lluhkty systjl d`r

tnj pr`vksk`h t` tnj pumbka `d wetjr d`r nuleh a`hsulptk`h tnrùgn pkpjs`r `tnjr a`hstruatjc a`hvjyehajs, kd suan systjl nes et bjest 5: sjrvkaja`hhjatk`hs, `r rjguberby sjrvjs eh evjregj `d et bjest =: khckvkcuebs cekbyet bjest 49 ceys ùt `d tnj yjer. Quan e tjrl khabucjs (5) ehy a`bbjatk`h,trjetljht, st`regj, ehc ckstrkmutk`h deakbktkjs uhcjr tnj a`htr`b `d tnj `pjre-t`r `d suan systjl ehc usjc prklerkby kh a`hhjatk`h wktn suan systjl, ehc

5Jhvkr`hljhteb Jhgkhjjrkhg6 Wetjr, Westjwetjr, Q`kb ehc Grùhcwetjr Srjetljht ehc ]jljcketk`h Qkxtn Jcktk`hJcktjc my Hjbs`h B. Hjljr`w, Drehobkh F. Egercy, Yetrkao Qubbkveh, ehc F`sjpn E. Qebvet`

A`pyrkgnt =99; my F`nh Wkbjy & Q`hs, Kha. KQMH6 ;7>-9-379-9>191-5


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= WESJ] QZYYB[

(=) ehy a`bbjatk`h `r prjtrjetljht st`regj deakbktkjs h`t uhcjr suan a`htr`b

wnkan erj usjc prklerkby kh a`hhjatk`h wktn suan systjl.

E a`lluhkty wetjr systjl nes et bjest 5: sjrvkaj a`hhjatk`hs usjc my

yjer-rùhc rjskcjhts, `r rjguberby sjrvjs et bjest =: yjer-rùhc rjskcjhts.Snjsj wetjr systjls gjhjrebby sjrvj aktkjs ehc t`whs. Snjy ley ebs`

sjrvj spjakeb rjskcjhtkeb a`lluhktkjs, suan es l`mkbj n`lj peros ehc

uhkvjrsktkjs, wnkan nevj tnjkr `wh crkhokhg wetjr suppby.

Eh`ha`lluhkty wetjr systjlks e pumbka wetjr systjl tnet ks h`t e a`lluhkty

wetjr systjl, ehc aeh mj jktnjr e trehskjht h`ha`lluhkty wetjr sys-

tjl (SWQ) `r e h`h-trehskjht h`ha`lluhkty wetjr systjl (HSHAWQ).

SWQs typkaebby sjrvj trevjbjrs ehc `tnjr trehskjhts et bàetk`hs suan esnkgnwey rjst st`ps, rjsteurehts, ehc pumbka peros. Snj systjl sjrvjs et bjest

=: pj`pbj e cey d`r et bjest 49 ceys e yjer, mut h`t tnj selj =: pj`pbj. @htnj `tnjr nehc, HSHAWQs sjrvj tnj selj =: pjrs`hs d`r et bjest 4 l`htns

pjr yjer, mut h`t yjer rùhc. Q`lj a`ll`h jxelpbjs `d HSHAWQs erj

san``bs ehc deat`rkjs (`r `tnjr w`ropbeajs) tnet nevj tnjkr `wh suppby `d

crkhokhg wetjr ehc sjrvj =: `d tnj selj pj`pbj jean cey.

Kh =997 tnjrj wjrj eppr`xkletjby 5:4,999 pumbka wetjr systjls kh tnj Zhktjc

Qtetjs sjrvkhg wetjr t` e p`pubetk`h `d hjerby =>4 lkbbk`h Eljrkaehs. Snjrj

wjrj eppr`xkletjby :=,559 a`lluhkty wetjr systjls, `d wnkan 55,33; wjrj sur-deaj wetjr suppbkjs ehc 39,445 wjrj grùhcwetjr suppbkjs. Snjrj wjrj 591,::;

h`ha`lluhkty wetjr systjls, `d wnkan =::7 wjrj surdeaj wetjr suppbkjs ehc

595,99= wjrj grùhcwetjr suppbkjs. @d tnj a`lluhkty wetjr systjls, 31,5>> erjslebb systjls tnet sjrvj p`pubetk`hs bjss tneh 1199? 3>== erj ljckul systjls

ehc sjrvj p`pubetk`hs mjtwjjh 1199 ehc 59,999? ehc 3599 erj bergj systjls

sjrvkhg p`pubetk`hs `vjr 59,999. Kh tjrls `d hulmjrs, tnj slebb ehc vjry slebb

a`lluhkty ehc h`ha`lluhkty wetjr systjls rjprjsjht tnj grjetjst anebbjhgj t`

rjgubet`rs ehc a`hsubtehtsm`tn a`htrkmutkhg t` `vjr >> pjrajht `d tnj rjgubet`ry

vk`betk`hs kh =997.

5

Kh eccktk`h t` pumbka wetjr systjls, tnj Z.Q. Gj`b`gkaeb Qurvjy jstkletjc tnet

31.: lkbbk`h pj`pbj wjrj sjrvjc my tnjkr `wh khckvkcueb wetjr suppby systjlskh =999. Snjsj c`ljstka systjls erjd`r tnj l`st pertuhrjgubetjc my jktnjr

stetj `r aùhty njebtn cjpertljhts.=

E survjy lecj mjtwjjh 5;7: ehc 5;77 sn`wjc tnet 51 t` 5> lkbbk`h pj`pbj

kh a`lluhktkjs `d 59,999 ehc uhcjr usjc khckvkcueb wjbbs wktn nkgn a`htelkhe-

tk`h retjs.1 Snj jddjatkvjhjss `d stetj ehc bàeb wjbb a`hstruatk`h stehcercs ehc

njebtn cjpertljht pr`grels nes e ckrjat mjerkhg `h tnj jxtjht ehc hulmjr `d

a`htelkhetjc n`lj wjbb-wetjr suppbkjs kh spjaksta erjes.E sedj ehc ecjquetj wetjr suppby d`r =.3 mkbbk`h pj`pbj,3 emùt `hj-tnkrc `d

tnj w`rbcs p`pubetk`h, ks stkbb e crjel. Snj evekbemkbkty `d ehy rjes`hemby abjeh

wetjr kh tnj bjss-cjvjb`pjc erjes `d tnj w`rbc fust t` wesn ehc metnj wùbc

g` e b`hg wey t`werc tnj rjcuatk`h `d suan saùrgjs es saemkjs ehc `tnjr sokh

cksjesjs, yews ehc trean`le, ehc nkgn khdeht l`rtebkty. Snj beao `d sedj wetjr


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KHS]@CZASK@H 1

leojs nkgn khakcjhajs `d snkgjbb`sks, eljmkesks, sankst`s`lkesks, bjpt`spkr`sks,khdjatkùs njpetktks, gkerckesks, typn`kc, ehc peretypn`kc djvjr a`ll`hpbeaj.:

Sjh lkbbk`h pjrs`hs suddjr dr`l creauhaubkesks `r gukhje w`rl cksjesj kh Edrkae

ehc perts `d Eske.4 Snj W`rbc Njebtn @rgehkzetk`h (WN@) jstkletjs tnet s`lj1.3 lkbbk`h pj`pbj ckj jean yjer dr`l wetjr-m`rhj cksjesjs aeusjc my lkar`mkebbya`htelkhetjc wetjr suppbkjs `r cuj t` e beao `d eaajss t` sehktetk`h deakbktkjs.

Sregkaebby, `vjr `hj nebd `d tnjsj cjetns erj ankbcrjh uhcjr tnj egj `d stvj yjers`bc.7 Snrjj-dùrtns `d ebb kbbhjssjs kh tnj cjvjb`pkhg w`rbc erj essàketjc wktn

khecjquetj wetjr ehc sehktetk`h.> Kt ks mjbkjvjc tnet tnj pr`vksk`h `d sedj wetjrsuppbkjs, eaa`lpehkjc my e pr`grel `d pr`pjr jxarjte cksp`seb ehc mkrtn a`htr`b,aùbc vestby klpr`vj tnj bkvkhg a`hcktk`hs `d lkbbk`hs `d pj`pbj kh cjvjb`pkhg

aùhtrkjs `d tnj w`rbc.; Kh 5;>=, eh jstkletjc 34 pjrajht `d tnj p`pubetk`h `d

Betkh Eljrkae ehc tnj Aerkmmjeh nec eaajss t` pkpjc wetjr suppby ehc == pjrajhtnec eaajss t` eaajptembj typjs `d sjwegj cksp`seb.59

Snj cksjesjs essàketjc wktn tnj a`hsulptk`h `d a`htelkhetjc wetjr erj cks-aussjc kh Aneptjr 5 `d Jhvkr hljhteb Jhgkhjjrkhg, Qkxtn Jcktk h6 Yrjvjhtk`hehc ]jsp`hsj t` Wetjr-, D``c-, Q`kb,- ehc Ekr-M`rhj Cksjesj ehc Kbbhjss ehc

sullerkzjc kh Sembj 5.3 `d tnet v`bulj.

Grùhcwetjr Y`bbutk`h Nezerc

Sembj 5.5 sn`ws e abesskstaetk`h `d sùrajs ehc aeusjs `d grùhcwetjr p`bbutk`h.

Snj =9 lkbbk`h rjskcjhtkeb ajssp``b ehc sjptka teho s`kb ems`rptk`h systjls eb`hjcksanergj emùt 399 mkbbk`h gebb`hs `d sjwegj pjr cey kht` tnj grùhc, wnkan khs`lj khstehajs ley a`htrkmutj t` grùhcwetjr p`bbutk`h. Snks ks kh eccktk`h t`

sjwegj dr`l rjsteurehts, n`tjbs, l`tjbs, rjs`rts, `dstaj mukbckhgs, deat`rkjs, ehc`tnjr jstembksnljhts h`t `h pumbka sjwjrs.55 Snj a`htrkmutk`h dr`l khcustrkeb ehc`tnjr sùrajs sn`wh kh Sembj 5.5 ks uhoh`wh. Kt ks mjkhg khvjht`rkjc my tnj JYE,

ehc ks jstkletjc et ;99 mkbbk`h geb/yjer,5= tnj JYE, wktn stetj pertkakpetk`h, ks

ebs` cjvjb`pkhg e grùhcwetjr pr`tjatk`h stretjgy. Khabucjc kh tnj stretjgy ks tnjabesskstaetk`h `d ebb grùhcwetjr ehc pr`tjatk`h `d jxkstkhg ehc p`tjhtkeb crkhokhgwetjr sùrajs ehc ja`b`gkaebby vkteb wetjrs.

Grùhcwetjr p`bbutk h pr`mbjls nevj mjjh dùhc kh lehy stetjs. Yrkler-

kby, tnj lekh aeusj ks `rgehka anjlkaebs, suan es trkanb`r`jtnybjhj, 5,5,5-trkanb`r`jtnehj, mjhzjhj, pjranb`retj, ges`bkhj (ehc ges`bkhj eccktkvjs suan esLSMJ), pjstkakcjs ehc s`kb dulkgehts, cksjesj-aeuskhg `rgehksls, ehc hktretjs.

@tnjr sùrajs erj khcustrkeb ehc luhkakpeb behcstbbs? p`hcs, pkts, ehc beg``hs?westj `kbs ehc nkgnwey cjkakhg a`lpùhcs? bjeokhg uhcjrgrùhc st`regj tehosehc pkpjbkhjs? eaakcjhteb spkbbs? kbbjgeb culpkhg? ehc emehc`hjc `kb ehc ges

wjbbs. Wktn 534 lkbbk`h pj`pbj kh tnj Zhktjc Qtetjs cjpjhcjht `h grùhcwetjr

Sw` nuhcrjc lkbbk`h aesjs `d sankst`s`lkesks w`rbcwkcj wjrj jstkletjc kh =993, sprjec l`stby

tnrùgn wetjr a`hteat (Ajhtjrs d`r Cksjesj A`htr`b ehc Yrjvjhtk`h).


16/393

3 WESJ] QZYYB[

SEMBJ 5.5 Abesskstaetk`h `d Qùrajs ehc Aeusjs `d Grùhcwetjr Y`bbutk`h Zsjc

kh Cjtjrlkhkhg Bjvjb ehc Okhc `d ]jgubet`ry A`htr`b

Westjs H`hwestjs

Aetjg`ry Ke Aetjg`ry KKm Aetjg`ry KKKa Aetjg`ry KTc

Behc eppbkaetk`h `dwestjwetjr6 sprey

krrkgetk`h,khstbtretk`hpjra`betk`h meskhs,`vjrbehc `w

Qurdeajklpùhcljhts6

westj-n`bckhgp`hcs, beg``hs,ehc pkts

Murkjc pr`cuatst`regj tehos ehc

pkpjbkhjs

Qebtwetjrkhtrusk`h6

sjewetjrjharèanljht,upwerc a`hkhg`d sebkhjgrùhcwetjr

Qumsurdeaj s`kbems`rptk`hsystjls6 sjptkasystjls

Behcstbbs ehc `tnjrjxaevetk`hs6behcstbbs d`rkhcustrkeb westjs,

sehktery behcstbbsd`r luhkakpeb s`bkc

westjs, luhkakpebbehcstbbs

Qtàopkbjs6 nkgnweycjkakhg stàopkbjs,`rj stàopkbjs

]kvjr khstbtretk`h

Westj cksp`seb wjbbsehc mrkhj khfjatk`h

wjbbs

Wetjr ehcwestjwetjr

trjetljht pbehtsbucgjs, `tnjrjxaevetk`hs (j.g.,less murkeb `dbkvjstào)

Eppbkaetk`h `dnkgnwey cjkakhg

sebts

Klpr`pjrbya`hstruatjc `r

emehc`hjcwjbbs

Crekhegj wjbbs ehcsulps

Yr`cuat st`regjp`hcs

Derlkhgpreatkajs (j.g.,crybehc

derlkhg)]janergj wjbbs Ehkleb djjcb`ts Egrkaubtureb

eatkvktkjs6djrtkbkzjrs ehc

pjstkakcjs,krrkgetk`h rjturh`ws

Bjeoy sehktery sjwjrbkhjs Eakc lkhjcrekhegj Lkhjsp`kb pkpjs ehctekbkhgs

Eaakcjhteb spkbbs

e Qystjls, deakbktkjs, `r eatkvktkjs cjskghjc t` cksanergj westj `r westjwetjrs (rjskcuebs) t` tnj behcehc grùhcwetjrs.mQystjls, deakbktkjs, `r eatkvktkjs tnet ley cksanergj westjs `r westjwetjrs t` tnj behc ehc grùhc-

wetjrs.aQystjls, deakbktkjs, `r eatkvktkjs tnet ley cksanergj `r aeusj e cksanergj `d a`htelkhehts tnet erj

h`t westjs t` tnj behc ehc grùhcwetjrs.cAeusjs `d grùhcwetjr p`bbutk`h tnet erj h`t cksanergjs.

Qùraj6 Snj ]jp`rt t` A`hgrjss, Westj Cksp`seb Yreatkajs ehc Snjkr Jddjats `h Grùhc Wetjr, Jxja-

utkvj Qullery, Z.Q. Jhvkr`hljhteb Yr`tjatk`h Egjhay, Wesnkhgt`h, CA, Fehuery 5;77, p. 1;.


17/393

S]ETJB @D Y@BBZSK@H SN]@ZGN SNJ G]@ZHC :

sùrajs d`r crkhokhg wetjr, tnjsj rjsùrajs lust mj pr`tjatjc dr`l pnyskaeb,anjlkaeb, reck`b`gkaeb, ehc lkar`mk`b`gkaeb a`htelkhetk`h.

Wnjrjes surdeaj wetjr trevjbs et vjbàktkjs `d djjt pjr sja`hc, grùhcwetjr

l`vjs et vjbàktkjs tnet rehgj dr`l bjss tneh e dreatk`h `d e d``t pjr cey t`sjvjreb djjt pjr cey. Grùhcwetjr `rgehka ehc kh`rgehka anjlkaeb a`htelkhetk`hley pjrskst d`r cjaecjs `r b`hgjr ehc, mjaeusj `d tnj gjhjrebby sb`w retj `d l`vj-ljht `d grùhcwetjr, ley g` uhcjtjatjc d`r lehy yjers. Deat`rs tnet khujhajtnj l`vjljht `d grùhcwetjr khabucj tnj typj `d gj`b`gkaeb d`rletk`h ehc ktspjrljemkbkty, tnj rekhdebb ehc tnj khstbtretk`h, ehc tnj nycreubka greckjht. Snj sb`wuhkd`rl retj `d `w, usuebby kh eh jb`hgetjc pbulj, pr`vkcjs bkttbj `pp`rtuhktyd`r lkxkhg ehc ckbutk`h, ehc tnj usueb emsjhaj `d ekr kh grùhcwetjr t` cja`l-p`sj `r mrjeo c`wh tnj a`htelkhehts ecc t` tnj b`hg-bestkhg pr`mbjl usuebby

arjetjc. My a`htrest, ckbutk h, lkar`mkeb eatkvkty, surdeaj tjhsk`h ehc ettreatk`h t`s`kb pertkabjs, ehc s`kb ecs`rptkvj anereatjrkstkas lkgnt jxkst tnet aùbc l`ckdy,kll`mkbkzj, `r ettjhuetj tnj p`bbuteht trevjb. L`rj ettjhtk`h lustmj gkvjh t` tnj

prjvjhtk`h `d grùhc-wetjr p`bbutk`h ehc t` wjbbnjec pr`tjatk`h.

S]ETJB @D Y@BBZSK@H SN]@ZGN SNJ G]@ZHC

Kcjhtkstaetk`h `d tnj sùraj `d wjbb p`bbutk`h ehc treakhg tnj lkgretk`h `d tnj

kharklkhetkhg a`htelkheht erj usuebby h`t sklpbj `pjretk`hs. Snj kcjhtkstaetk`h`d e a`htelkheht pbulj ehc kts jxtjht aeh mj truby a`lpbjx. A`lprjnjhskvjnycr`gj`b`gkaeb stuckjs ehc pr`pjr pbeajljht ehc a`hstruatk`h `d eh ecjquetjhulmjr `d l`hkt`rkhg wjbbs erj hjajssery.

Gj`pnyskaeb ljtn`cs t` kcjhtkdy ehc khvjstkgetj tnj jxtjht ehc anereatjrkstkas`d grùhcwetjr p`bbutk`h khabucj gj`leghjtkas, jbjatr`leghjtkas, jbjatrkaeb rjsks-tkvkty, grùhc-pr`mkhg recer, ehc pn`t`k`hkzetk`h ljtjrs.51 Gj`leghjtkas usjseh khstruljht pr`cuakhg e leghjtka stjbc t` kcjhtkdy ehc bàetj murkjc ljtebsehc sumsurdeaj letjrkebs tnet erj h`t kh tnjkr hetureb `r uhcksturmjc stetj. Jbja-tr`leghjtkas jqukpljht ljesurjs tnj ckddjrjhaj kh a`hcuatkvkty mjtwjjh murkjcletjrkebs suan es tnj mùhcerkjs `d a`htelkhetjc pbuljs `r behcstbbs seturetjcwktn bjeanetj ehc uha`htelkhetjc letjrkebs. Jbjatrkaeb rjskstkvkty ljesurjs tnjrjskstehaj e letjrkeb `ddjrs t` tnj pessegj `d eh jbjatrka aurrjht mjtwjjh jbjatrkapr`mjs, wnkan aeh mj khtjrprjtjc t` kcjhtkdy `r cjtjrlkhj rào, abey ehc `tnjrletjrkebs, p`r`skty, ehc grùhcwetjr bklkts. Grùhc-pr mkhg recer usjs recerjhjrgy t` pjhjtretj ehc ljesurj rjjatk`h dr`l tnj wetjr tembj ehc sumsurdeajletjrkebs. Snj rjjatk`h dr`l tnj letjrkebs verkjs wktn cjptn ehc tnj heturj `dtnj letjrkeb, suan es sehcy s`kbs vjrsus seturetjc abeys. Yn`t`k`hkzetk`h ljtjrserj usjc t` cjtjat tnj prjsjhaj `d spjaksta v`betkbj `rgehka a`lpùhcs suan es

ges`bkhj, ehc ljtnehj kh e behcstbb, tnrùgn tnj usj `d snebb`w m`rjn`bjs. @tnjrcjtjatk`h ljtn`cs erj rjl`tj klegjry ehc ejrkeb pn`t`grepny, khabuckhg khdrerjc.

Hkhjty-jkgnt pjrajht `d tnj rureb p`pubetk`h kh tnj Zhktjc Qtetjs ehc 1= pjrajht `d tnj p`pubetk`h

sjrvjc my luhkakpeb wetjr systjls usj grùhcwetjr (Z.Q. Gj`b`gkaeb Qurvjy, =999).


18/393

4 WESJ] QZYYB[

Qelpbkhg d`r a`htelkhehts lust mj aerjdubby cjskghjc ehc pjrd`rljc. Jrr`rsaeh mj khtr`cuajc6 Qelpbkhg dr`l eh uhrjprjsjhtetkvj wetjr bjvjb kh e wjbb, a`h-telkhetk`h `d selpbkhg jqukpljht, ehc kha`rrjat ehebysks pràjcurj erj s`lj

p`tjhtkeb sùrajs `d jrr`r. Snj anereatjrkstkas `d e p`bbuteht, tnj sumsurdeaj d`r-letk`h, tnj nycreubka a`hcuatkvkty `d tnj equkdjr eddjatjc, grùhcwetjr sb`pj,rekhdebb verketk`hs, ehc tnj prjsjhaj `d gj`b`gkaeb dreaturjs, deubts, ehc anehhjbsleoj cjtjrlkhetk`h `d p`bbutk`h trevjb ehc kts selpbkhg ckdstaubt. Gj`pnyskaebtjanhkqujs aeh njbp, ehc grjet aerj lust mj usjc kh cjtjrlkhkhg tnj hulmjr,speakhg, bàetk`h, ehc cjptns `d selpbkhg wjbbs ehc sarjjh jhtry bjvjbs. Es e rubj,l`hkt`rkhg wjbbs ehc m`rkhgs wkbb mj rjqukrjc t` a`hstrl ehc selpbj sumsurdeaja`htelkhetk`h.

Qkhaj tnj anereatjr `d s`kb ehc rào, quehtkty `d rekh, cjptn `d grùhcwetjr, retj

`d grùhcwetjr `w, elùht ehc typj `d p`bbutk`h, ems`rptk`h, ecs`rptk`h, mk`-b`gkaeb cjgrecetk`h, anjlkaeb anehgjs, ehc `tnjr deat`rs usuebby mjy`hc a`htr`berj verkembj, `hj aehh`t sey wktn ajrtekhty tnrùgn wnet tnkaohjss `r ckstehajsjwegj `r `tnjr p`bbutehts lust pess t` mj purkstjc. Lkar`mk`b`gkaeb p`bbutk`htrevjbs e sn`rt ckstehaj tnrùgn sehcy bèl `r abey, mut kt wkbb trevjb khcjst-hktj ckstehajs tnrùgn aèrsj sehc ehc grevjb, stssurjc rào, crkjc-ùt areaojcabey, `r s`butk`h anehhjbs kh bkljst`hj. Eakcka a`hcktk`hs ehc beao `d `rgehkasehc ajrtekh jbjljhts suan es kr`h, lehgehjsj, ebulkhul, ehc aebakul kh s`kbkharjesj tnj p`tjhtkeb `d p`bbutk`h trevjb. Anjlkaeb p`bbutk`h aeh trevjb grjetckstehajs.

Snj Yumbka Njebtn Qjrvkaj (YNQ) a`hcuatjc jxpjrkljhts et D`rt Aeswjbb,H`rtn Aer`bkhe, kh e sehcy s`kb wktn grùhcwetjr l`vkhg sb`wby tnrùgn kt. Snjsjwegj `rgehksls (a`bkd`rl meatjrke) trevjbjc =1= djjt, ehc anjlkaeb p`bbutk`hes khckaetjc my urehkh cyj trevjbjc 3:9 djjt.53 Snj anjlkaeb p`bbutk`h l`vjckh tnj ckrjatk`h `d tnj grùhcwetjr `w bergjby kh tnj uppjr p`rtk`h `d tnjgrùhcwetjr ehc pjrskstjc d`r =-5/= yjers. Snj p`bbutk`h mehc ckc h`t deh ùtmut mjaelj herr`wjr es kt l`vjc ewey dr`l tnj p`bbutk`h sùraj. Kt snùbc mjh`tjc tnet kh tnjsj tjsts tnjrj wes e slebb credt `h tnj jxpjrkljhteb wjbbs ehctnet tnj s`kb wes e sehc `d 9.53 ll jddjatkvj skzj ehc 5.> uhkd`rlkty a`jdstakjht.

Kt snùbc ebs` mj h`tjc tnet, wnjrjes pjtr`bjul pr`cuats tjhc t` èt `h tnjsurdeaj, neb`gjhetjc s`bvjhts grecuebby lkgretj c`whwerc.

Qtuckjs `d p`bbutk`h trevjb wjrj lecj my tnj Zhkvjrskty `d Aebkd`rhke uskhgtwjhty-tnrjj 4-khan `msjrvetk`h wjbbs ehc e 5=-khan grevjb-peaojc rjanergj wjbb.Ckbutjc prklery sjwegj wes pulpjc tnrùgn tnj 5=-khan rjanergj wjbb kht` ea`hsthjc equkdjr nevkhg eh evjregj tnkaohjss `d 3.3 djjt eppr`xkletjby ;: djjtmjb`w grùhc surdeaj. Snj equkdjr wes cjsarkmjc es pje grevjb ehc sehc nevkhge pjrljemkbkty `d 5;99 geb/dt=/cey. Kts evjregj jddjatkvj skzj wes 9.:4 ll ehcuhkd`rlkty a`jdstakjht wes 4.;. Snj ljckul jddjatkvj skzj `d tnj equkdjr letjrkeb

dr`l 5> wjbbs wes 9.14 ll. Snj lexklul ckstehaj `d p`bbutk`h trevjb wes 599djjt kh tnj ckrjatk`h `d grùhcwetjr `w ehc 41 djjt kh `tnjr ckrjatk`hs. Kt wesdùhc tnet tnj trevjb `d p`bbutk`h wes eddjatjc h`t my tnj grùhcwetjr vjbàktymut my tnj `rgehka let tnet mukbt up ehc stbtjrjc ùt `rgehksls, tnjrjmy prjvjhtkhgtnjl dr`l jhtjrkhg tnj equkdjr. Snj jxtjht `d tnj p`bbutk`h tnjh rjgrjssjc es tnj`rgehksls ckjc ewey ehc es p`bbutk`h wes stbtjrjc ùt.5:


19/393

S]ETJB @D Y@BBZSK@H SN]@ZGN SNJ G]@ZHC 7

Mutbjr, @rb`m, ehc LaGeunjy54 lecj e stucy `d tnj bktjreturj ehc rjp`rtjc tnjrjsubts `d stjbc stuckjs t` `mtekh l`rj khd`rletk`h emùt tnj uhcjrgrùhc trevjb `dnerldub meatjrke ehc t`xka anjlkaebs. Snj w`ro `d `tnjr khvjstkget`rs khckaetjc tnet

p`bbutk`h dr`l cry-pkt prkvkjs ckc h`t jxtjhc l`rj tneh 5 t` : djjt kh cry `r sbkgntbyl`kst sthj s`kbs. N`wjvjr, wnjh p`bbutk`h wes khtr`cuajc kht` tnj uhcjrgrùhcwetjr, tjst `rgehksls (Mebehtkckul a`bk ) trevjbjc t` wjbbs up t` =1= djjt ewey.57

Anjlkaeb p`bbutk`h wes `msjrvjc t` trevjb 199 t` 3:9 djjt, ebtnùgn anr`letj wesrjp`rtjc t` nevj trevjbjc 5,999 djjt kh 1 yjers, ehc `tnjr anjlkaeb p`bbutk`h 1 t`: lkbjs. Bjeankhgs dr`l e germegj culp kh grùhcwetjr rjeanjc wjbbs 5,374 djjtewey, ehc e 5:-yjer-`bc culp a`htkhujc t` p`bbutj wjbbs =,999 djjt ewey. Qtuckjskh tnj Cutan Jest Khckjs (Khc`hjske) rjp`rt tnj survkveb `d a`bkd`rl `rgehksls khs`kb = yjers edtjr a`htelkhetk`h ehc tnjkr jxtjhsk`h t` e cjptn `d ; t` 51 djjt, kh

cjarjeskhg hulmjrs, mut kharjeskhg egekh es grùhcwetjr wes epprèanjc. Snjstuckjs `d Mutbjr jt eb. tjhc t` a`hstrl prjvkùs rjp`rts ehc nevj bjc tnj eutn`rst` a`habucj tnet tnj rjl`veb `d meatjrke dr`l bkqukc pjra`betkhg tnrùgn e gkvjhcjptn `d s`kb ks khvjrsjby pr`p`rtk`heb t` tnj pertkabj skzj `d tnj s`kb.5>

Oh`wbjcgj a`hajrhkhg vkrusjs kh grùhcwetjr ks bklktjc, mut mjttjr ljtn`c`b-`gy d`r tnj cjtjatk`h `d vkrusjs ks klpr`vkhg tnks sktuetk`h. Ojswkao ehc Gjrme 5;

rjvkjwjc tnj bktjreturj ehc dùhc ; khstehajs kh wnkan vkrusjs wjrj ks`betjcdr`l crkhokhg wetjr wjbbs ehc 5: khstehajs kh wnkan vkrusjs wjrj ks`betjc dr`lmjhjetn behc trjetljht sktjs. Qehc ehc grevjb ckc h`t prjvjht tnj trevjb `d vkrusjs

b`hg ckstehajs kh grùhcwetjr. N`wjvjr, sthj bèly sehc `vjr aèrsj sehc ehcgrevjb jddjatkvjby rjl`vjc vkrusjs. Q`kb a`lp`sktk`h, khabuckhg tnj prjsjhaj `dabey, ks vjry klp`rteht kh vkrus rjl`veb, es kt ks kh meatjrke rjl`veb. Snj l`vj-ljht `d vkrusjs tnrùgn s`kb ehc kh grùhcwetjr rjqukrjs durtnjr stucy. Njblkhtnjggs ehc pr`t`zè aysts c` h`t trevjb grjet ckstehajs tnrùgn l`st s`kbs mjaeusj`d tnjkr grjetjr skzj mut aeh trevjb a`hskcjrembj ckstehajs tnrùgn lear`p`rjsehc arjvkajs. N`wjvjr, hktretj trevjb kh grùhcwetjr ley mj e lef`r kh`rgehkaanjlkaeb nezerc. Kh eccktk`h, `rgehka anjlkaebs erj kharjeskhgby mjkhg dùhckh grùhcwetjr. Qjj (5) ]jl`veb `d Ges`bkhj, Dujb @kb, ehc @tnjr @rgeh-kas kh eh Equkdjr? (=) Yrjvjhtk`h ehc ]jl`veb `d @rgehka Anjlkaebs? ehc

(1) Qyhtnjtka @rgehka Anjlkaebs ]jl`veb kh Aneptjr =.Wnjh pulpkhg dr`l e cjjp wjbb, tnj ckrjatk`h `d grùhcwetjr `w erùhc

tnj wjbb wktnkh tnj reckus `d khujhaj, h`t hjajsserkby akrauber, wkbb mj t`werctnj wjbb. Qkhaj tnj bjvjb `d tnj wetjr kh tnj wjbb wkbb pr`memby mj =: t` 5:9 djjt,l`rj `r bjss, mjb`w tnj grùhc surdeaj, tnj crewc`wh a`hj arjetjc my pulpkhgley jxjrt eh ettreatkvj khujhaj `h grùhcwetjr, pjrneps es der es 599 t` =,999djjt `r l`rj ewey dr`l tnj wjbb, mjaeusj `d tnj nycreubka greckjht, rjgercbjss `dtnj jbjvetk`h `d tnj t`p `d tnj wjbb. Snj reckus `d tnj crewc`wh a`hj `r akrabj `dkhujhaj ley mj 599 t` 199 djjt `r l`rj d`r sthj sehc, 499 t` 5,999 djjt d`r aèrsj

sehc, ehc 5,999 t` =,999 djjt d`r grevjb. Qjj Dkgurj 5.5. Kh `tnjr w`rcs, ckstehajsehc jbjvetk`hs `d sjwegj cksp`seb systjls ehc `tnjr sùrajs `d p`bbutk`h lustmj a`hskcjrjc rjbetkvj t` tnj nycreubka greckjht ehc jbjvetk`h `d tnj wetjr bjvjbkh tnj wjbb, wnkbj kt ks mjkhg pulpjc. Kt lust ebs` mj rja`ghkzjc tnet p`bbutk`haeh trevjb kh tnrjj ckljhsk`hs kh ebb `r pert `d tnj equkdjrs vjrtkaeb tnkaohjss,cjpjhcjht `h tnj a`htelkheht vksa`skty ehc cjhskty, tnj d`rletk`h trehslksskvkty,


20/393

> WESJ] QZYYB[

DKGZ]J 5.5 E gj`b`gka sjatk`h sn`wkhg gr uhcwetjr tjrls. (Qùraj6 ]ureb Wetjr Qup-pby , Hjw [`ro Qtetj Cjpertljht `d Njebtn, Ebmehy, 5;44.)

ehc tnj grùhcwetjr `w. Bkqukcs bkgntjr tneh wetjr, suan es ges`bkhj, tjhc t`

a`bbjat em`vj tnj grùhcwetjr tembj. Bkqukcs njevkjr `r l`rj cjhsj tjhc t` pesstnrùgn tnj grùhcwetjr ehc eaaulubetj em`vj eh klpjrljembj beyjr.

E W`rbc Njebtn @rgehkzetk`h (WN@) rjp`rt rjlkhcs us tnet, kh heturj, etl`-spnjrka `xygjh mrjeos c`wh eaajsskmbj `rgehka lettjr ehc tnet t`ps`kb (bèl)a`htekhs `rgehksls tnet aeh jddjatkvjby `xkckzj `rgehka lettjr.=9 N`wjvjr, tnjsjmjhjstts erj b`st kd westjs erj cksanergjc ckrjatby kht` tnj grùhcwetjr my wey`d skho n`bjs, pkts, `r wjbbs `r kd e sumsurdeaj ems`rptk`h systjl ks wetjr-b`ggjc.

Dr`l tnj khvjstkgetk`hs lecj, kt ks epperjht tnet tnj sedj ckstehaj mjtwjjhe wjbb ehc e sjwegj `r khcustrkeb westj cksp`seb systjl ks cjpjhcjht `h lehy

verkembjs, khabuckhg anjlkaeb, pnyskaeb, ehc mk`b`gkaeb pràjssjs. Snjsj dùrdeat`rs snùbc mj a`hskcjrjc kh errkvkhg et e setksdeat`ry ehswjr6

5. Snj elùht `d sehc, abey, `rgehka (nulus) lettjr, ehc bèl kh tnj s`kb,tnj s`kb struaturj ehc tjxturj, tnj jddjatkvj skzj ehc uhkd`rlkty a`jdstakjht,grùhcwetjr bjvjb, ehc uhseturetjc s`kb cjptn bergjby cjtjrlkhj tnj emkbkty`d tnj s`kb t` rjl`vj lkar`mk`b`gkaeb p`bbutk`h cjp`sktjc kh tnj s`kb.

=. Snj v`bulj, strjhgtn, typj, ehc ckspjrsk`h `d tnj p`bbutkhg letjrkeb, rekhdebbkhtjhskty ehc khstbtretk`h, ehc ckstehaj, jbjvetk`h, ehc tklj d`r p`bbutk`h t`

trevjb wktn rjbetk`h t` tnj grùhcwetjr bjvjb ehc `w ehc s`kb pjhjtretjc erjklp`rteht. Ebs` klp`rteht ks tnj v`bulj `d wetjr pulpjc ehc wjbb crewc`wh.

E sullery `d tnj ckstehajs `d trevjb `d uhcjrgrùhc p`bbutk`h ks ebs` gkvjh kh Seso Grùp

]jp`rt, Zhcjrgrùhc Westj Cksp`seb ehc A`htr`b,F. El. Wetjr W`ros Essà.,3;, (@at`mjr 5;:7)6

51135135.


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S]ETJB @D Y@BBZSK@H SN]@ZGN SNJ G]@ZHC ;

1. Snj wjbb a`hstruatk`h, tkgnthjss `d tnj pulp bkhj aeskhg a`hhjatk`h, cjptn`d wjbb ehc wjbb aeskhg, gj`b`gkaeb d`rletk`hs pjhjtretjc, ehc sjebkhg `dtnj ehhuber speaj nevj e vjry lef`r mjerkhg `h wnjtnjr e wjbb lkgnt mj

p`bbutjc my sjwegj, anjlkaeb spkbbs `r westjs, ehc surdeaj wetjr.3. Snj wjbb rjanergj (wjbbnjec) erje, gj`b`gy, ehc behc usj p`sskmby pjrlkt

grùhcwetjr p`bbutk`h. Bàeb behc-usj ehc wetjrsnjc a`htr`b ks jssjhtkeb t`pr`tjat ehc prjvjht p`bbutk`h `d wjbb-wetjr suppbkjs.

A`hskcjrembj pr`djssk`heb fucgljht ks hjjcjc t` sjbjat e pr`pjr bàetk`h d`re wjbb. Snj bklktkhg ckstehajs gkvjh kh Sembj 5.= d`r prkvetj cwjbbkhgs snùbc

SEMBJ 5.= Lkhklul Qjperetk`h Ckstehajs (djjt) dr`l @h-Qktj Westjwetjr

Qùrajs

Qùrajs S` Wjbb `r S` Qtrjel, Beoj, S` Yr`pjrty BkhjQuatk`h Bkhje `r Wetjr Aùrsj `r Cwjbbkhg

Nùsj sjwjr

(wetjr-tkgntf`khts)

=: kd aest kr`h

pkpj `r jqueb,:9 `tnjrwksj

=:

Qjptka teho :9 :9 59Jdujht bkhj t`

ckstrkmutk`h m`x

:9 :9 59

Ckstrkmutk`h m`x 599 599 =9Ems`rptk`h stjbc 599m 599 =9

Qjjpegj pkt `rajssp``b

5:9m (l`rj khaèrsj grevjb)

599 =9

Cry wjbb (r``d ehcd``tkhg)

:9 =: =9

Dkbb `r mukbt-upsystjl

599 599 =9

Jvep`trehspkretk`hems`rptk`h systjl

599 :9 =9

Qehktery prkvy pkt 599 :9 =9Yrkvy, wetjr-tkgnt

veubt:9 :9 59

Qjptka prkvy `r eque

prkvy

:9 :9 59

e Wetjr sjrvkaj ehc sjwjr bkhjs ley mj kh tnj selj trjhan kd aest-kr`h sjwjr wktn wetjr-tkgnt f`khts

ks bekc et ebb p`khts 5= kh. mjb`w wetjr sjrvkaj pkpj? `r sjwjr ley mj `h cr`ppjc snjbd et `hj skcj

et bjest 5= kh. mjb`w wetjr sjrvkaj pkpj, pr`vkcjc tnet sjwjr pkpj ks bekc mjb`w dr`st wktn tkgnt ehc

r``t-pr``d f`khts ehc ks h`t sumfjat t` sjttbkhg, supjrklp`sjc bècs, `r vkmretk`h. Wetjr sjrvkaj bkhjs

uhcjr prjssurj snebb h`t pess ab`sjr tneh 59 dt `d e sjptka teho, ems`rptk`h tkbj stjbc, bjeankhg pkt,

prkvy, `r ehy `tnjr pert `d e sjwegj cksp`seb systjl.mQjwegj cksp`seb systjls bàetjc `d hjajsskty upgrecj `r kh tnj gjhjreb petn `d crekhegj t` e wjbb

snùbc mj speajc =99 dt `r l`rj ewey ehc h`t kh tnj ckrjat bkhj `d crekhegj. Wjbbs rjqukrj e lkhklul

=9 dt `d aeskhg jxtjhcjc ehc sjebjc kht` eh klpjrvkùs stretul. Kd sums`kb ks aèrsj sehc `r grevjb, c`

h`t usj sjjpegj pkt? usj ems rptk`h stjbc wktn 5= kh. ljckul sehc `h m`tt l `d trjhan. Ebs` rjqukrj

`vjrskzj crkbb n`bj ehc grùtjc wjbb t` e sedj cjptn. Qjj Sembj 5.5:.


22/393

59 WESJ] QZYYB[

mj usjc es e gukcj. Jxpjrkjhaj nes sn`wh tnjl t` mj rjes`hembj ehc jddjatkvjkh l`st khstehajs wnjh aùpbjc wktn e sehktery survjy `d tnj crekhegj erje ehc

pr`pjr khtjrprjtetk`h `d evekbembj nycr b`gka ehc gj`b`gka cete ehc g``c wjbb

a`hstruatk`h, bàetk`h, ehc pr`tjatk`h .=5 Qjj Dkgurj 5.5 d`r grùhcwetjr tjrls.Wjbb bàetk`h ehc a`hstruatk`h d`r pumbka ehc prkvetj wetjr systjls snùbc d`bb`wrjgubet`ry stehcercs. Qjj Qùraj ehc Yr`tjatk`h `d Wetjr Quppby betjr kh tnksaneptjr.

Cksjesj Srehslkssk`h

Wetjr, t` eat es e vjnkabj d`r tnj sprjec `d e spjaksta cksjesj, lust mj a`h-telkhetjc wktn tnj essàketjc cksjesj `rgehksl `r nezercùs anjlkaeb. Cksjesj`rgehksls aeh survkvj d`r ceys t` yjers, cjpjhckhg `h tnjkr d`rl (ayst, `ve) ehcjhvkr`hljht (l`ksturj, a`lpjtkt`rs, tjlpjreturj, s`kb, ehc eakckty) ehc tnj trjet-ljht gkvjh tnj westjwetjr. Ebb sjwegj-a`htelkhetjc wetjrs lust mj prjsuljc t`mj p`tjhtkebby cehgjrùs. @tnjr klpurktkjs, suan es kh`rgehka ehc `rgehka anjl-kaebs ehc njevy a`hajhtretk`hs `d cjaeykhg `rgehka lettjr, ley ebs` sthc tnjkrwey kht` e wetjr suppby, leokhg tnj wetjr nezercùs, uhettreatkvj, `r `tnjrwksjuhsuktembj d`r c`ljstka usj uhbjss ecjquetjby trjetjc. Snj kh`rgehka ehc `rgehkaanjlkaebs aeuskhg kbbhjss khabucj ljraury, bjec, anr`lkul, hktretjs, esmjst`s,p`byanb`rkhetjc mkpnjhyb (YAM), p`bymr`lkhetjc mkpnjhyb (YMM), lkrjx, Ojp`hjvkhyb anb`rkcj, trkanb`r`jtnybjhj, mjhzjhj, ehc `tnjrs.

A`lluhkaembj ehc h`hkhdjatkùs cksjesjs tnet ley mj sprjec my wetjr erjcksaussjc kh Sembj 5.3 kh Aneptjr 5 `dJhvkr`hljhteb Jhgkhjjrkhg, Qkxtn Jcktk`h6Yrjvjhtk`h ehc ]jsp`hsj t` Wetjr-, D``c-, Q`kb,- ehc Ekr-M`rhj Cksjesj ehc

Kbbhjss.

WESJ] UZEHSKS[ EHC UZEBKS[

Wetjr Ayabj ehc Gj`b`gy

Snj l`vjljht `d wetjr aeh mj mjst kbbustretjc my tnj nycr`b`gka, `r wetjr, ayabjsn`wh kh Dkgurj 5.=. Zskhg tnj abùcs ehc etl`spnjrka vep`rs es e stertkhg p`kht,l`ksturj a`hcjhsjs ùt uhcjr tnj pr`pjr a`hcktk`hs t` d`rl rekh, sh`w, sbjjt, nekb,dr`st, d`g, `r cjw. Yert `d tnj prjakpktetk`h ks jvep`retjc wnkbj debbkhg? s`lj `d ktrjeanjs vjgjtetk`h d`bkegj, tnj grùhc, ehc `tnjr surdeajs. L`ksturj khtjrajptjcmy surdeajs ks jvep`retjc meao kht` tnj etl`spnjrj. Yert `d tnj wetjr rjean-khg tnj grùhc surdeaj ruhs `dd t` strjels, beojs, swelps, `r àjehs wnjhajkt jvep`retjs? pert khstbtretjs tnj grùhc ehc pjra`betjs c`wh t` rjpbjhksn tnjgrùhcwetjr st`regj, wnkan ebs` suppbkjs beojs, strjels, ehc àjehs my uhcjr-

grùhc `w. Grùhcwetjr kh tnj s`kb njbps t` hùrksn vjgjtetk`h tnrùgn tnjr``t systjl. Kt trevjbs up tnj pbeht ehc a`ljs ùt es trehspkretk`h dr`l tnj bjedstruaturj ehc tnjh jvep`retjs kht` tnj etl`spnjrj. Kh kts ayabkaeb l`vjljht, pert`d tnj wetjr ks tjlp`rerkby rjtekhjc my tnj jertn, pbehts, ehc ehklebs t` sustekhbkdj. Snj evjregj ehhueb prjakpktetk`h kh tnj Zhktjc Qtetjs ks emùt 19 khanjs, `dwnkan 7= pjrajht jvep`retjs dr`l wetjr ehc behc surdeajs ehc trehspkrjs dr`l


23/393

WESJ] UZEHSKS[ EHC UZEBKS[ 55

DKGZ]J 5.= Dkgurj nycr`b gka `r (wetjr) ayabj. Snj àjehs n`bc 157,999,999 lk1 `dwetjr. Hkhjty-sjvjh pjrajht `d tnj Jertns wetjr ks sebt wetjr? 1 pjrajht `d tnj Jertns

drjsn wetjr ks grùhcwetjr, sh`w ehc kaj, drjsn wetjr `h behc, ehc etl`spnjrka wetjrvep`r? >: pjrajht `d tnj drjsn wetjr ks kh p`ber kaj aeps ehc gbeakjrs. S`teb prjakpktetk`hjquebs t`teb jvep`retk`h pbus trehspkretk`h. Yrjakpktetk`h `h behc jquebs =3,999 lk1/yjer.

Jvep`retk`h dr`l tnj àjehs jquebs >9,999 lk1/yjer. Jvep`retk`h dr`l beojs, strjels,ehc s`kb ehc trehspkretk`h dr`l vjgjtetk`h jqueb 5:,999 lk1.


24/393

5= WESJ] QZYYB[

pbehts ehc => pjrajht a`htrkmutjs t` tnj grùhcwetjr rjanergj ehc strjel `w.==

Qjj ebs` Qjptka Seho Jvep`trehspkretk`h Qystjl, kh Aneptjr 1.Snj v`bulj `d drjsn wetjr kh tnj nycr`spnjrj nes mjjh jstkletjc t` mj

>,399,999 lk1 wktn :,>3:,999 lk1 kh kaj snjjts ehc gbeakjrs, =,:=4,999 lk1 khgrùhcwetjr, =5,>19 lk1 kh beojs ehc rjsjrv`krs, 1,9;: lk1 kh vep`rs kh tnj etl`-spnjrj, ehc :9; lk1 kh rkvjr wetjr.=1

Wnjh spjeokhg `d wetjr, wj erj a`hajrhjc prklerkby wktn surdeaj wetjr ehcgrùhcwetjr, ebtnùgn rekhwetjr ehc sebkhj wetjr erj ebs` a`hskcjrjc. Kh debbkhg

tnrùgn tnj etl`spnjrj, rekh pkaos up cust pertkabjs, pbeht sjjcs, meatjrke, cks-s`bvjc gesjs, k`hkzkhg recketk`h, ehc anjlkaeb sumstehajs suan es subdur, hktr`gjh,

`xygjh, aerm`h ck`xkcj, ehc ell`hke. Njhaj, rekhwetjr ks h`t purj wetjr es `hjlkgnt tnkho. Kt ks, n`wjvjr, vjry s`dt. Wetjr kh strjels, beojs, rjsjrv`krs, ehc

swelps ks oh`wh es surdeaj wetjr. Wetjr rjeankhg tnj grùhc ehc `wkhg `vjrtnj surdeaj aerrkjs ehytnkhg kt aeh l`vj `r ckss`bvj. Snks ley khabucj westjlettjr, meatjrke, skbt, s`kb, vjgjtetk`h, ehc lkar`sa`pka pbehts ehc ehklebs ehc`tnjr heturebby àaurrkhg `rgehka lettjr. Snj wetjr eaaulubetjs kh strjels `rbeojs. Qjwegj, khcustrkeb westjs, ehc surdeaj ehc grùhcwetjr wkbb aulubetj,a`htrkmutj t` tnj `w, ehc mj eatjc `h my hetureb egjhakjs. @h tnj `hj nehc,wetjr rjeankhg beojs `r rjsjrv`krs pjrlkt meatjrke, suspjhcjc lettjr, ehc `tnjrklpurktkjs t` sjttbj ùt. @h tnj `tnjr nehc, lkar`sa`pka es wjbb es lear`sa`pkapbeht ehc ehkleb bkdj gr`w ehc ckj, tnjrjmy rjl`vkhg ehc a`htrkmutkhg klpurktkjs

kh tnj ayabj `d bkdj.Yert `d tnj wetjr rjeankhg ehc `wkhg `vjr tnj grùhc khstbtretjs ehc pjra`betjs

c`wh t` d`rl ehc rjanergj tnj grùhcwetjr, ebs` aebbjc uhcjrgrùhc wetjr.Kh pjra`betkhg tnrùgn tnj grùhc, wetjr wkbb ckss`bvj letjrkebs t` eh jxtjhtcjpjhcjht `h tnj typj ehc a`lp`sktk`h `d tnj strete tnrùgn wnkan tnj wetjr nespessjc ehc tnj quebkty (eakckty) ehc quehtkty `d wetjr. Grùhcwetjr wkbb tnjrjd`rjusuebby a`htekh l`rj ckss`bvjc lkhjrebs tneh surdeaj wetjr. Snj strete pjhjtretjcley mj uha`hs`bkcetjc, suan es sehc, abey, ehc grevjb, `r a`hs`bkcetjc, suan essehcst`hj, grehktj, ehc bkljst`hj. E mrkjd jxpbehetk`h `d tnj abesskstaetk`h ehc

anereatjrkstkas `d d`rletk`hs ks gkvjh hjxt.Kghjùs ràos erj tn`sj d`rljc my tnj a``bkhg ehc nercjhkhg `d l`btjh ràolessjs. Snj ràos erj arystebbkhj ehc a`htekh quertz, djbcsper, lkae, n`rhmbjhcj,pyr`xjhj, ehc `bkvjhj. Kghjùs ràos erj h`t usuebby g``c sùrajs `d wetjr,ebtnùgn mesebts erj jxajptk`hs. Qlebb quehtktkjs `d wetjr erj evekbembj kh drea-turjs ehc deubts. Jxelpbjs erj grehktj, ck`xktj, gemmr`, mesebt, ehc syjhktj.

Qjckljhtery d`rletk`hs erj tn`sj rjsubtkhg dr`l tnj cjp`sktk`h, eaaulube-tk`h, ehc sumsjqujht a`hs`bkcetk`h `d letjrkebs wjetnjrjc ehc jr`cjc dr`l `bcjrràos my wetjr, kaj, `r wkhc ehc tnj rjlekhs `d pbehts, ehklebs, `r letjrkeb prj-

akpktetjc ùt `d s`butk`h. Qehc ehc grevjb, abey, skbt, anebo, bkljst`hj, d`sskbs,gypsul, sebt, pjet, snebj, a`hgb`ljretjs, b`jss, ehc sehcst`hj erj jxelpbjs `dsjckljhtery d`rletk`hs. Cjp`skts `d sehc ehc grevjb gjhjrebby ykjbc bergj queh-tktkjs `d wetjr. Qehcst`hjs, snebjs, ehc ajrtekh bkljst`hjs ley ykjbc emuhcehtgrùhcwetjr, ebtnùgn rjsubts ley mj jrretka, cjpjhckhg `h mjcckhg pbehjs ehc

f`khts, cjhskty, p`r`skty, ehc pjrljemkbkty `d tnj rào.


25/393


Ljtel`rpnka ràos erj pr`cuajc my tnj ebtjretk`h `d kghjùs ehc sjckljhteryràos, gjhjrebby my ljehs `d njet ehc prjssurj. Ghjkssjs ehc sanksts, quertzktjs,sbetjs, lermbj, sjrpjhtkhjs, ehc sèpst`hjs erj ljtel`rpnka ràos. E slebb queh-

tkty `d wetjr ks evekbembj kh f`khts, arjvkajs, ehc abjevegj pbehjs.Oerst erjes erj d`rljc my tnj l`vjljht `d uhcjrgrùhc wetjr tnrùgn aer-

m`hetj rào dreaturjs ehc anehhjbs, suan es kh bkljst`hj ehc gypsul, d`rlkhgaevjs, uhcjrgrùhc anehhjbs, ehc skho n`bjs. Mjaeusj oerst gj`b`gy aeh mj s`

p`rùs, grùhcwetjr l`vjljht aeh mj quktj repkc (sjvjreb djjt pjr cey). Snjrj-d`rj, wjbb wetjr dr`l suan sùrajs ks jeskby a`htelkhetjc dr`l hjermy ehc cksteht

p`bbutk`h sùrajs.Gbeakeb crkdt ks uha`hs`bkcetjc sjckljht tnet nes mjjh l`vjc my gbeakjr kaj

ehc cjp`sktjc `h behc `r kh tnj àjeh.

Y`r`skty ks e ljesurj `d tnj elùht `d wetjr tnet aeh mj njbc my e rào `rs`kb kh kts p`rjs `r v`kcs, jxprjssjc es e pjrajhtegj `d tnj t`teb v`bulj. Snjv`bulj `d wetjr tnet wkbb crekh drjjby ùt `d e seturetjc rào `r s`kb my grevkty,jxprjssjc es e pjrajhtegj `d tnj t`teb v`bulj `d tnj less, ks tnjjddjatkvj p`r`skty`r spjaksta ykjbc. Snj v`bulj `d wetjr rjtekhjc ks tnj spjaksta rjtjhtk`h . Snks kscuj t` wetjr njbc kh tnj khtjrstkajs `r p`rjs `d tnj rào `r s`kb my l`bjauber

ettreatk`h (a`njsk`h) ehc my surdeaj tjhsk`h (ecnjsk`h). D`r jxelpbj, pbestka abeynes e p`r`skty `d 3: t` :: pjrajht mut e spjaksta ykjbc `d preatkaebby zjr`. Kh

a`htrest, e uhkd`rl aèrsj sehc ehc grevjb lkxturj nes e p`r`skty `d 19 t` 39

pjrajht wktn hjerby ebb `d tnj wetjr aepembj `d mjkhg crekhjc ùt.Snj pjrljemkbkty `d e rào `r s`kb, jxprjssjc es tnj stehcerc a`jdstakjht `dpjrljemkbkty `rnycreubka a`hcuatkvkty, ks tnj retj `d `w `d wetjr et 49D (54A),

kh gebb`hs pjr cey, tnrùgn e vjrtkaeb ar`ss-sjatk h `d 5 dt=, uhcjr e njec `d 5d``t, pjr d``t `d wetjr trevjb. Snjrj ks h` ckrjat rjbetk`hsnkp mjtwjjh pjrljemkbkty,p`r`skty, ehc spjaksta ykjbc.

Srehslksskvkty ks tnj nycreubka a`hcuatkvkty tkljs tnj seturetjc tnkaohjss `dtnj equkdjr.

Grùhcwetjr Db`w

Snj `w tnrùgn eh uhcjrgrùhc d`rletk`h aeh mj eppr`xkletjc uskhg Ceraysbew,=3 jxprjssjc es U < OKE, wnjrj

U < quehtkty `d `w pjr uhkt `d tklj, gpcO < nycreubka a`hcuatkvkty (wetjr-a`hcuatkhg aepeakty) `d tnj

d`rletk`h, gpc/dt= (sjj Sembj 5.1)K < nycreubka greckjht, dt/dt (ley jqueb sb`pj `d grùhcwetjr surdeaj)

E < ar`ss-sjatk`heb erje tnrùgn wnkan `w àaurs, dt=

, et rkgnt ehgbjt` `w ckrjatk`h

D`r jxelpbj, e sehc equkdjr wktnkh tnj ``cpbekh `d e rkvjr ks emùt 19 djjttnkao ehc emùt e lkbj wkcj. Snj equkdjr ks a`vjrjc my e a`hsthkhg uhkt `d gbeakebtkbb, tnj m`tt`l `d wnkan ks emùt 3: djjt mjb`w tnj behc surdeaj. Snj ckddjrjhaj kh


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53 WESJ] QZYYB[

SEMBJ 5.1 Y`r`skty, Qpjaksta [kjbc, ehc Nycreubka A`hcuatkvkty `d Q`lj

Letjrkebs

Letjrkeb Y`r`skty (v`b %) Qpjaksta [kjbc (%) Nycreubka A`hcuatkvkty`r Yjrljemkbkty A`jdstakjht,e

O (gpc/dt=)

Q`kbs ::m 39m 59: 59 (gbeakeb tkbb):949j

Abey :9m =m 59= 59= (skbt, b`jss)

3:c 1c 594 59= (abey)3:::a 559j

Qehc =:m ==m 559= (skbty sehc)

1:c =:c 59593

1939a 5919a

Grevjb =9m 5;m 591 59:

=:c ==c

1939a 5:19a

Bkljst`hj =9m 5>m 591 59: (dreaturjc tàevjrhùs, aerm`hetj ràos)

:c =c

559a 9.::j

Qehcst`hj 55m 4m 593 59 (dreaturjc t`sjlka`hs`bkcetjc)

5:c >c

59=9a :5:j

Qnebj :c =c 597 591 (uhdreaturjc t`dreaturjc)

559a 9.::a

Grehktj 9.5m 9.9;m 597 59= (uhdreaturjc t`dreaturjc, kghjùs ehcljtel`rpnka)

9.5c 9.:c

5a

Mesebt 55m >c 597 59: (uhdreaturjc,dreaturjc, t` beve)

e Yr tjatk`h `d Yumbka Wetjr Quppbkjs dr`l Grùhc-Wetjr A`htelkhetk`h , Qjlkher Yumbkaetk`h,

JYE/4=:/3->:/954, Ajhtjr d`r Jhvkr hljhteb ]jsjeran Khd`rletk`h, Akhakhhetk, @N, Qjptjlmjr

5;>:, p. 55.m]. A. Njetn,Meska Grùhc-Wetjr Nycr`b`gy , Z.Q. Gj`b`gkaeb Qurvjy Yepjr ===9, Z.Q. G`vjrhljht

Yrkhtkhg @dstaj, Wesnkhgt`h, CA, 5;>1.aN. ]kjs ehc S. B. Wets`h, Jhgkhjjrkhg Gj`b`gy , Wkbjy, Hjw [`ro, 5;15.c]. O. Bkhsbjy ehc F. M. Drehzkhk, Wetjr ]jsùrajs Jhgkhjjrkhg , LaGrew-Nkbb, Hjw [`ro, 5;43.jD. G. Crksa`bb, Grùhcwetjr ehc Wjbbs , =hc jc., F`nhs`h Ckvksk`h, Qt. Yeub, LH, 5;>4, p. 47.

Qùraj6 C. O. S`cc, Grùhc Wetjr Nycr`b`gy , =hc jc., Wkbjy, Hjw [`ro, 5;>9.


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WESJ] UZEHSKS[ EHC UZEBKS[ 5:

wetjr bjvjb mjtwjjh tw` wjbbs e lkbj epert ks 59 djjt. Snj nycreubka-a`hcuatkvkty`d tnj sehc ks :99 gpc/dt=. Dkhc U 6

U < OKE

< :99 gpc/dt= (59dt/:=>9 dt) :,=>9dt 19dt

< 5:9,999 gpc

Ebs`,

v h

wnjrj

v < grùhcwetjr vjbàkty, dt/ceyh < jddjatkvj p`r`skty es e cjakleb

Dkhc v6

v 9 dt

7.3> g/dt1 9.=

< 9.41 dt/cey

Eh`tnjr jxelpbj ks gkvjh uskhg Dkgurj 5.1 ehc Cerays bew, jxprjssjc es

v < Os

wnjrjv < vjbàkty `d `w tnrùgn eh equkstjr

O < a`jdstakjht `d pjrljemkbkty (nycreubka a`hcuatkvkty)s < nycreubka greckjht

DKGZ]J 5.1 Leghktucj `d a`jdstakjht `d pjrljemkbkty d`r ckddjrjht abessjs `d s`kbs.(Qùraj6 G. L. Dekr, F. A. Gjyjr, ehc C. E. @ouh, Wetjr ehc Westjwetjr Jhgkhjjrkhg ,Wkbjy, Hjw [`ro, 5;44, pp. ;51.)


28/393

54 WESJ] QZYYB[

Ebs`,

U < ve

wnjrjU < cksanergje < ar`ss-sjatk`heb erje `d equkdjr

Jxelpbj6 (5) Jstkletj tnj vjbàkty `d `w (dt/cey) ehc tnj cksanergj (gpc)tnrùgn eh equkdjr `d vjry aèrsj sehc 5,999 djjt wkcj ehc :9 djjt tnkao wnjhtnj sb`pj `d tnj grùhcwetjr tembj ks =9 dt/l.

(=) Dkhc tnj stehcerc a`jdstakjht `d pjrljemkbkty ehc tnj a`jdstakjht `d trehs-lksskmkbkty `h tnj essulptk`h tnet tnj wetjr tjlpjreturj ks 49D (54A).

5. Dr`l Dkgurj 5.1, an``sj e a`jdstakjht `d pjrljemkbkty O < 5.9 al/sja 1: dt/cey. Mjaeusj s < =9/:=>9, v < =>1: =9/:=>9 < 55 dt/cey ehcU < 55 5999 :9 7.: 594 < 3.5 lgc.

=. Snj stehcerc a`jdstakjht `d pjrljemkbkty ks =,>1:7.: < =.51 593, ehctnj a`jdstakjht `d trehslksskmkbkty mja`ljs =.51 593 :9 < 5.94 594.

Snj anereatjrkstkas `d s`lj letjrkebs erj gkvjh kh Sembj 5.1.

Grùhcwetjr Abesskstaetk`h

Snj JYE nes pr`p`sjc tnj d`bb`wkhg grùhcwetjr abesskstaetk`h systjl6

Abess K6 Qpjakeb Grùhc Wetjr erj tn`sj wnkan erj nkgnby vubhjrembj t` a`h-telkhetk`h mjaeusj `d tnj nycr`b`gkaeb anereatjrkstkas `d tnj erjes kh wnkantnjy àaurehcwnkan erj ebs` anereatjrkzjc my jktnjr `d tnj d`bb`wkhg tw`deat`rs6

e. Krrjpbeajembj, kh tnet h` rjes`hembj ebtjrhetkvj sùraj `d crkhokhg wetjr

ks evekbembj t` sumstehtkeb p`pubetk`hs? `r

m. Ja`b`gkaebby vkteb, kh tnet tnj equkdjr pr`vkcjs tnj mesj `w d`r e per-tkauberby sjhsktkvj ja`b`gkaeb systjl tnet, kd p`bbutjc, wùbc cjstr`y euhkquj nemktet.

Abess KK6 Aurrjht ehc Y`tjhtkeb Qùrajs `d Crkhokhg Wetjr ehc Wetjrs Nevkhg@tnjr Mjhjstakeb Zsjs erj ebb `tnjr grùhcwetjrs wnkan erj aurrjhtby usjc`r erj p`tjhtkebby evekbembj d`r crkhokhg wetjr `r `tnjr mjhjstakeb usj.

Abess KKK6 Grùhc Wetjrs H`t A`hskcjrjc Y`tjhtkeb Qùrajs `d Crkhokhg Wetjr

ehc `d Bklktjc Mjhjstakeb Zsj erj grùhc wetjrs wnkan erj njevkby sebkhj,wktn S`teb Ckss`bvjc Q`bkcs (SCQ) bjvjbs `vjr 59,999 lg/5, `r erj `tnjrwksja`htelkhetjc mjy`hc bjvjbs tnet ebb`w abjehup uskhg ljtn`cs jlpb`yjc khpumbka wetjr systjl trjetljht. Snjsj grùhc wetjrs ebs` lust h`t lkgretjt` Abess K `r Abess KK grùhc wetjrs `r nevj e cksanergj t` surdeaj wetjrtnet aùbc aeusj cjgrecetk`h.=:


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Snks abesskstaetk`h systjl nes mjjh cjmetjc et grjet bjhgtn. Q`lj stetjs nevjec`ptjc strkatjr stehcercs ehc jbklkhetjc abess KKK, wnjrjes `tnjrs nevj eccjcabesskstaetk`hs.

Wetjr Uuebkty

Snj abjehjst evekbembj sùrajs `d grùhcwetjr ehc surdeaj wetjr snùbc mjpr`tjatjc, usjc, ehc lekhtekhjc d`r p`tembj wetjr suppby purp`sjs. Huljrùspereljtjrs erj usjc t` cjtjrlkhj tnj suktemkbkty `d wetjr ehc tnj njebtn skg-hkstaehaj `d a`htelkhehts tnet ley mj dùhc kh uhtrjetjc ehc trjetjc wetjr.Wetjrsnjc ehc wjbbnjec pr`tjatk`h rjgubetk`hs snùbc mj e prklery a`hskcjretk`h.

Lkar`mk`b`gkaeb, pnyskaeb, anjlkaeb, ehc lkar`sa`pka jxelkhetk`hs erj cks-

aussjc ehc khtjrprjtjc kh tnks aneptjr uhcjr tn`sj rjspjatkvj njeckhgs. Wetjrquebkty aeh mj mjst essurjc my lekhtekhkhg wetjr aberkty, anb rkhj rjskcueb khtnj ckstrkmutk`h systjl, a`hstrlet`ry emsjhaj `d khckaet`r `rgehksls, ehc b`wmeatjrkeb p`pubetk`h kh tnj ckstrkmutjc wetjr.=4

Sembj 5.3 sn`ws tnj stehcercs d`r crkhokhg wetjr a`lkhg ùt `d e tep sjrvjc mye pumbka wetjr systjl. Snjsj erj mesjc `h tnj Hetk`heb Yrklery Crkhokhg WetjrQtehcercs cjvjb`pjc uhcjr tnj Qedj Crkhokhg Wetjr Eat `d 5;73 es eljhcjc kh5;>4 ehc 5;;4. Snj lexklul a`htelkheht bjvjb gèbs (LABGs) kh Sembj 5.3erj h`hjhd`rajembj njebtn gèbs tnet erj t` mj sjt et bjvjbs et wnkan h` oh`wh

`r ehtkakpetjc ecvjrsj njebtn jddjats àaur ehc tnet ebb`w eh ecjquetj lergkh `dsedjty. Lexklul a`htelkheht bjvjbs (LABs) erj jhd`rajembj ehc lust mj sjt esab`sj t` LABGs es ks djeskmbj, mesjc `h tnj usj `d mjst tjanh`b`gy, trjetljhttjanhkqujs, ehebytkaeb aepemkbktkjs, a`sts, ehc `tnjr ljehs. Snj JYE nes mesjctnj LABs `h tnj p`tjhtkeb njebtn jddjats dr`l tnj khgjstk`h `d e a`htelkheht `htnj essulptk`h tnet tnj jddjats `msjrvjc (`d e nkgn c`sj) kh ehklebs ley àaur(et e b`w c`sj) kh nulehs. Snks essulptk`h nes jhgjhcjrjc a`hskcjrembj cjmetj.

Qja`hcery rjgubetk`hs, sn`wh kh Sembj 5.:, nevj ebs` mjjh ec`ptjc, mut tnjsjerj cjskghjc t` cjeb wktn testj, `c`r, ehc eppjerehaj `d crkhokhg wetjr ehc erj h`t

lehcet`ry uhbjss ec`ptjc my e stetj. Ebtnùgn h`t lehcet`ry, tnjsj pereljtjrsnevj eh klp`rteht khckrjat njebtn skghkstaehaj. Wetjr tnet ks h`t pebetembj ks h`tbkojby t` mj usjc d`r crkhokhg, jvjh tnùgn rjp`rtjc t` mj sedj, kh m`tn cjvjb`pjcehc uhcjrcjvjb`pjc erjes `d tnj w`rbc. E qujstk`hembj `r a`htelkhetjc wetjrsùraj ley tnjh mj kheppr`prketjby usjc. Wetjr khcustry pr`djssk`hebs kh tnjZhktjc Qtetjs snùbc ecnjrj t` tnj ZQJYE prklery ehc sja`hcery stehcercswktnùt cjvketk`h `r rkso fj`perckzkhg pumbka njebtn, jktnjr eautjby (kh tnj sn`rttjrl) `r anr`hkaebby (jxp`surj `vjr e b`hg pjrk`c.) Kt ks ebs` klp`rteht t` h`tjtnet wnkbj jean `d tnj :9 stetjs (ehc tjrrkt`rkjs) lust ec`pt ehc jhd`raj ZQJYEs

stehcercs, tnjy erj drjj t` jktnjr pr`lubgetj stehcercs tnet erj l`rj strkhgjhttnet ZQJYE `r rjgubetj a`htelkhehts tnet erj `d pertkauber a`hajrh kh tnjkr stetj.Aebkd`rhke, d`r jxelpbj, rjgubetjs pjranb`retj jvjh tnùgn tnjrj ks h` djcjreblehcetj t` c` s`.

Sembjs 5.4 t` 5.59 gkvj W`rbc Njebtn @rgehkzetk`h (WN@) wetjr-quebktygukcjbkhjs. Kt ks h`t khtjhcjc tnet tnj khckvkcueb vebujs kh Sembjs 5.4 t` 5.59 mj


30/393

SEMBJ5.3

Qullery`dHetk`hebYrkleryCrkhokhgWetjr]jgubetk`hs,Leran=99>(ZQJYE)

Helj`dA`htel

kheht

LexklulA`htelkh

eht

NjebtnJddjats

Bjvjb(LAB)

`dA`htelkheht

(lg/5uhbjssh`tj

c)

Kh`

rgehkaAnjlkaebs

Ehtkl`hy

9.9

94

Cjarjesj

cb`hgjvkty,mb``cjddjats

Ersjhka

9.9

59

Aehajrr

kso/aerck`vesauberehccjrlebjddjats

Esmjst`s(stmjrbjhgtn859l)

7lkbbk`hstmjrspjrbktjr(LDB)

Buhgtul

`rs/aehajrrkso

Merkul

=

Akraubet`

ry/gestr`khtjstkhebjddjats

Mjrybbkul

9.9

93

M`hj/buh

gjddjats/aehajrrkso

Aeclkul

9.99:

Bkvjr/okc

hjy/m`hj/akraubet`ryjddjats

Anr`lkul(t`teb)

9.5

Bkvjr/okc

hjy/akraubet`ryjddjats

A`ppjr

Srjetljhttjanhkquj(eatk`hbkl

kt5.1)

Gestr`khtjstkheb/bkvjr/okchjyjddjats

Ayehkcj

9.=

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hjur`b`gkajddjats

Dbu`rkcj

3

Qojbjteb

jddjats

Bjec

Srjetljhttjanhkquj(eatk`hbkl

kt9.95:)

Aehajrr

kso/okchjy/hjrvùssystjljddjats

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hka)

9.9

9=

Okchjycelegj

Hkaojb

9.5

Hjrvùs

systjl/bkvjr/njertjddjats/cjrletktks

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59

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syhcr`

lj)/ckurjsks

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5

Ljtnjl`gb`mkhjlke(mbujmemysyhcr`lj)

Qjbjhkul

9.9:

Hjrvùs

systjl/okchjy/bkvjr/akraubet`ryjddjats

Snebbkul

9.9

9=

Okchjy/b

kvjr/mrekh/khtjstkhjjddjats

]eck`huabkcjs

A`lmkhjcreckul-==4ehc

reckul-==>

:pAk/5

Aehajrr

kso

Gr`ssebpne(jxabuckhgrec`hehc

urehkul)

5:

pAk/5

Aehajrr

kso

5>


31/393

Mjtepertkabjehcpn`t`h

3lrjl/yjer

Aehajrr

kso

]eckèatkvkty,urehkul

9.9

19

Okchjyjddjats/aehajrrkso

@rgehkaAnjlkaebs

Q[HSNJSKA@

]GEHKAA@LY@ZHCQ

=,1,7,>-SACC(Ck`xkh)

9.9

9999991

Aehajrr

kso/rjpr`cuatkvjjddjats

=,3,:-SY(Qkbvjx

)

9.9:

Bkvjr/okc

hjyjddjats

=,3-C

9.97

Hjrvùs

systjl/bkvjr/okchjyjddjats

Earybelkcj

Srjetljhttjanhkquj

Aehajrr

kso/hjrvùssystjljddjats

Ebeanb`r

9.9

9=

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/okchjy/spbjjhjddjats

Ebckaerme

9.9

91

Hjrvùs

systjljddjats

Ebckaermsubd`hje

9.9

91

Hjrvùs

systjljddjats

Ebckaermsubd`xkcje

9.9

93

Hjrvùs

systjljddjats

Etrezkhj

9.991

Aerck`b`

gkajddjats/aehajrrkso/lusauber

cjgjhjretk`h

Aerm`dureh

9.93

Hjrvùs/rjpr`cuatkvjsystjljddjats

Anb`rcehj

9.99=

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/okchjy/spbjjhjddjats

Cebep`h

9.=

Okchjyjddjats

Ck(=-jtnybnjxyb)eckpetj

9.3

Bkvjr/m`hjjddjats/aehajrrkso

5,=-Ckmr`l`-1-anb`rpr`pehj(CMAY)

9.999=

Aehajrr

kso/okchjy/rjpr`cuatkvjjddjats

Ck(=-jtnybnjxyb)pntnebetj(CJNY)

9.9

94

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/rjpr`cuatkvjjddjats

Ckh`sjm

9.9

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9.9

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ddjats

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9.5

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9.9

9=

Bkvjrjddjats

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9.9999:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/njert/okchjy/hjrvùs

systjl

jddjats

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9.7

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32/393

SEMBJ5.3

(a`htkhujc)

Helj`dA`htel

kheht

LexklulA`htelkh

eht

NjebtnJddjats

Bjvjb(LAB)

`dA`htelkheht

(lg/5uhbjssh`tj

c)

Njpteanb`r

9.9

993

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjrjddjats

Njpteanb`rjp`x

kcj

9.9

99=

Aehajrr

kso

Njxeanb`r`mjhzjhj

9.995

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/rjpr`cuatkvjjddjats

Njxeanb`ràyab`pjhteckjhj(NJ^)

9.9

:

Okchjy/s

t`leanjddjats

Bkhcehj

9.9

99=

Okchjy/b

kvjr/hjrvùs/akraubet`ryjddjats

Ljtn`xyanb`r

9.9

3

Okchjy/b

kvjr/hjrvùs/cjvjb`pljhtebjddjats

@xelyb(Tycetj

)

9.=

Hjrvùs

systjljddjats

YENs(mjhz`_e\pyrjhj)

9.999=

Aehajrr

kso/cjvjb`pljhteb/rjpr`cuatkvjjddjats

YAMs(p`byanb`rkhetjcmkpnjhybs)

9.9

99:

Aehajrr

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9.9

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kso/rjpr`cuatkvj/bkvjr/okchjyjddjats

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Hjrvùs

systjl/bkvjrjddjats

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9.993

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/okchjy/tnyr`kcjddjats

S`xepnjhj

9.9

91

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kso/bkvjr/okchjy/hjrvùssystj

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9.9

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Okchjy/b

kvjrjddjats/aehajrrkso

5,5,5-Srkanb`r`jtnehj

9.=

Bkvjr/akr

aubet`ry/hjrvùssystjljddja

ts

5,5,=-Srkanb`r`jtnehj

9.99:

Okchjy/b

kvjrjddjats/aehajrrkso

5,=-Ckanb`r`jtnehj

9.9

9:

Aehajrr

kso

5,=-Ckanb`r`prepehj

9.9

9:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/okchjy/gestr`khtjstkh

ebjddjats

5,=,3-Srkanb`r`m

jhzjhj

9.97

Okchjy/b

kvjr/ecrjhebgbehcjddjats

Mjhzjhj

9.99:

Aehajrr

kso/hjrvùssystjljddjats

Aerm`htjtreanb`

rkcj

9.9

9:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjrjddjats

Anb`r`mjhzjhj

9.5

Hjrvùs

systjl/bkvjrjddjats

Aks-5,=-ckanb`r`

jtnybjhj

9.9

7

Bkvjr/hjrvùs/akraubet`ryjddjats

=9


33/393

Ckanb`r`ljtnehj

9.9

9:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjrjddjats

Jtnybmjhzjhj

9.7

Okchjy/b

kvjr/hjrvùssystjljddjats

@rtn`-ckanb`r`m

jhzjhj

9.4

Okchjy/b

kvjr/mb``cajbb/hjrvùssystjl

jddjats

Yere-ckanb`r`mj

hzjhj

9.9

7:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/akraubet`ryjddjats

Qtyrjhj

9.5

Bkvjr/hjrvùssystjljddjats/aehajrrkso

Sjtreanb`r`jtnyb

jhj(YAJ)

9.9

9:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjr/okchjy/hjrvùssystj

ljddjats

S`bujhj

5

Okchjy/b

kvjrjddjats

Srehs-5,=-ckanb`

r`jtnybjhj

9.5

Hjrvùs

systjl/bkvjr/akraubet`ryjddja

ts

Srkanb`r`jtnybjh

j(SAJ)

9.9

9:

Aehajrr

kso/bkvjrjddjats

Tkhybanb`rkcj

9.9

9=

Aehajrr

kso/hjur`b`gka/bkvjrjddjats

^ybjhjs(t`teb)

59

okchjy/bkvjr/hjrvùssystjljddjats

Lkar`mk`b`gkaA`htelkhehts

S@SEBA@BKD@]L]ZBJ(SA])

S`teba`bkd`rls?

djaeba`bkd`rls?

Jsanjrkankea`bk

Bj

sstneh39selpbjs/l`htn?h`l`rjtneh`hj

p`sktkvjd`rt`teba`bkd`rls.Kd39selpbjs`r

l`rjpjrl`htn,`rl`rjtneh:%p`sktkvj.

Lexklula`htelkhetjbjvjb

gèb(LABG)

3, Sembj =. ]jpr`cuajc wktn pjrlkssk`h.

Hetk`heb sja`hcery crkhokhg wetjr rjgubetk`hs sn`wh kh Sembj 5.: erj djcjrebbyh`hjhd`rajembj rjgubetk`hs tnet a`htr`b a`htelkhehts kh crkhokhg wetjr eddjatkhgtnj ejstnjtka quebktkjs rjbetjc t` pumbka eaajptehaj `d crkhokhg wetjr. Snjsj bjvjbsrjprjsjht rjes`hembj gèbs d`r crkhokhg wetjr quebkty. Qtetjs ley jstembksn nkgnjr`r b`wjr bjvjbs, wnkan ley mj eppr`prketj, cjpjhckhg `h bàeb a`hcktk`hs suanes uhevekbemkbkty `d ebtjrhetj sùraj wetjrs `r `tnjr a`lpjbbkhg deat`rs, pr`vkcjctnet pumbka njebtn ehc wjbderj erj h`t ecvjrsjby eddjatjc.

Kt ks rja`lljhcjc tnet tnj pereljtjrs kh tnjsj rjgubetk`hs mj l`hkt`rjc etkhtjrvebs h` bjss drjqujht tneh tnj l`hkt`rkhg pjrd`rljc d`r kh`rgehka anjlk-aeb a`htelkhehts bkstjc kh tnj Hetk`heb Yrklery Crkhokhg Wetjr ]jgubetk`hs eseppbkaembj t` a`lluhkty wetjr systjls. L`rj drjqujht l`hkt`rkhg wùbc mjeppr`prketj d`r spjaksta pereljtjrs suan es pN, a`b`r, ehc `c`r uhcjr ajrtekhakraulstehajs es ckrjatjc my tnj stetj.

Qelpbkhg ehc Uuebkty `d Bem`ret`ry Cete

]ew ehc sthksnjc wetjr snùbc mj a`htkhuebby l`hkt`rjc. Yrk r errehgjljhtssnùbc ebs` mj lecj d`r tnj trjetljht pbeht t` mj klljcketjby h`tkstjc myupstrjel cksanergjrs kh aesj `d westjwetjr trjetljht pbeht `pjretk`heb dekburjs `reaakcjhteb rjbjesjs `d t`xka `r `tnjr nezercùs sumstehajs. E wetjr trjetljht pbehtsnùbc nevj e wjbb-jqukppjc bem`ret`ry, ajrtkstjc `pjret`r, ehc quebkstjc anjlkst.Ckskhdjateht rjskcueb, turmkckty, ehc pN snùbc mj l`hkt`rjc a`htkhuùsby wnjrj


39/393

WESJ] UZEHSKS[ EHC UZEBKS[ =7

SEMBJ 5.> @rgehka A`hstktujhts `d Njebtn Qkghkstaehaj (WN@)

Zhkt Gukcjbkhj Tebuj ]jleros

Ebcrkh ehc ckjbcrkh g/b 9.91Mjhzjhj g/b 59e

Mjhz`b_e\pyrjhj g/b 9.95e

Aerm`h tjtreanb`rkcj g/b 1e Sjhtetkvj gukcjbkhj vebujm

Anb`rcehj g/b 9.1 Anb`r`mjhzjhjs g/b H` njebtn-rjbetjc

gukcjbkhj vebuj@c`r tnrjsn`bc a`hajhtretk`h

mjtwjjh 9.5 ehc 1 g/bAnb`r`d`rl g/b 19e Ckskhdjatk`h jdstakjhay lust

h`t mj a`lpr`lksjc wnjha`htr`bbkhg anb`r`d`rl

a`htjhtAnb`r`pnjh`bs g/b H` njebtn-rjbetjc

gukcjbkhj vebuj@c`r tnrjsn`bc a`hajhtretk`h

9.5 g/b=,3-C g/b 599a

CCS g/b 55,=-Ckanb`r`jtnehj g/b 59e

5,5-Ckanb`r`jtnjhjc g/b 9.1e

Njpteanb`r ehcnjpteanb`r jp`xkcj

g/b 9.5

Njxeanb`r`mjhzjhj g/b 9.95e

Gelle-NAN (bkhcehj) g/b 1Ljtn`xyanb`r g/b 19Yjhteanb`r`pnjh`b g/b 59

Sjtreanb`r`jtnjhjj g/b 59e Sjhtetkvj gukcjbkhj vebujm

Srkanb`r`jtnjhjd g/b 19e Sjhtetkvj gukcjbkhj vebujm

=,3,4-Srkanb`r`pnjh`b g/b 59e, a @c`r tnrjsn`bc a`hajhtretk`h,9.5 g/b

Srkneb`ljtnehjs H` gukcjbkhj vebuj Qjj anb`r`d`rl

e Snjsj gukcjbkhj vebujs wjrj a`lputjc dr`l e a`hsjrvetkvj nyp`tnjtkaeb letnjletkaeb l`cjb tnet

aehh`t mj jxpjrkljhtebby vjrkstjc ehc vebujs snùbc tnjrjd`rj mj khtjrprjtjc ckddjrjhtby. Zhajrtekhtkjs

khv`bvjc ley elùht t` tw` `rcjrs `d leghktucj (k.j., dr`l 9.5 t` 59 tkljs tnj hulmjr).mWnjh tnj evekbembj aerakh`gjhkakty cete ckc h`t supp`rt e gukcjbkhj vebuj mut tnj a`lpùhcs wjrj

fucgjc t` mj `d klp`rtehaj kh crkhokhg wetjr ehc gukcehaj wes a`hskcjrjc jssjhtkeb, e tjhtetkvj

gukcjbkhj vebuj wes sjt `h tnj mesks `d tnj evekbembj njebtn-rjbetjc cete.aLey mj cjtjatembj my testj ehc `c`r et b`wjr a`hajhtretk`hs.cYrjvkùsby oh`wh es 5,5-ckanb`r`jtnybjhj.jYrjvkùsby oh`wh es tjtreanb`r`jtnybjhj.dYrjvkùsby oh`wh es trkanb`r`jtnybjhj.

Qùraj6 Gukcjbkhjs d`r Crkhokhg-Wetjr Uuebkty , T`b. 56 ]ja`lljhcetk`hs , W`rbc Njebtn @rgehkze-

tk`h, Gjhjve, 5;>3, Sembj 1. ]jpr`cuajc wktn pjrlkssk`h.


40/393

=> WESJ] QZYYB[

SEMBJ 5.; Ejstnjtka Uuebkty (WN@)

Anereatjrkstka Zhkt Gukcjbkhj Tebuj ]jleros

Ebulkhul lg/b 9.=

Anb`rkcj lg/b =:9Anb`r`mjhzjhjs

ehc anb`r`pnjh`bs

H` gukcjbkhj vebuj Snjsj a`lpùhcs

ley eddjat testj ehc`c`r.

A`b`r Sruj a`b`r uhkts(SAZ)

5:

A`ppjr lg/b 5.9Cjtjrgjhts H` gukcjbkhj vebuj Snjrj snùbc h`t mj

ehy dèlkhg `r testjehc `c`r pr`mbjls.

Nerchjss lg/b (es AeA@1) :99Nycr`gjh substcj H`t cjtjatembj my

a`hsuljrsKr`h lg/b 9.1Lehgehjsj lg/b 9.5@xygjh, ckss`bvjc H` gukcjbkhj vebujpN 4.:>.:Q`ckul lg/b =99Q`bkcs, t`tebckss`bvjc

lg/b 5999

Qubdetj lg/b 399Sestj ehc c`r Kh`ddjhskvj t` l`st

a`hsuljrsSjlpjreturj H` gukcjbkhj vebujSurmkckty Hjpnjb`ljtrka

turmkckty uhkts

(HSZ)

: Yrjdjremby 25 d`rckskhdjatk`h

jdstakjhay.Vkha lg/b :.9

Qùraj6 Gukcjbkhjs d`r Crkhokhg-Wetjr Uuebkty , T`b. 56 ]ja`lljhcetk`hs , W`rbc Njebtn @rgehkze-tk`h, Gjhjve, 5;>3, Sembj 3. ]jpr`cuajc wktn pjrlkssk`h.

SEMBJ 5.59 ]eckèatkvj A`hstktujhts (WN@)

Zhkte Gukcjbkhj Tebuj

Gr`ss ebpne eatkvkty Mq/5 9.5Gr`ss mjte eatkvkty Mq/5 5

e

H`tjs6 (e) Kd tnj bjvjbs erj jxajjcjc, l`rj cjtekbjc reck`huabkcj ehebysks ley mj hjajssery, (m)Nkgnjr bjvjbs c` h`t hjajsserkby klpby tnet tnj wetjr ks uhsuktembj d`r nuleh a`hsulptk`h e @hj

mjqujrjb (Mq) < =.7 5955 aurkj.

Qùraj6 Gukcjbkhjs d`r Crkhokhg-Wetjr Uuebkty , T`b. 56 ]ja`lljhcetk`hs , W`rbc Njebtn @rgehkze-

tk`h, Gjhjve, 5;>3, Sembj :. ]jpr`cuajc wktn pjrlkssk`h.


41/393

WESJ] UZEHSKS[ EHC UZEBKS[ =;

p`sskmbj. Kh eccktk`h t` rùtkhj tjstkhg jqukpljht, jqukpljht et bergj pbehts usu-ebby khabucj e zjte ljtjr d`r aègubeht c`skhg ljesurjljhts, e hjpnjb`ljtjr d`r

turmkckty rjeckhgs, e elj spjatr`pn`t`ljtjr d`r ljesurkhg kh`rgehka anjlkaebs,

ehc e ges anr`let`grepn wktn spjatr`pn`t`ljtjr khstruljht t` ljesurj `rgehkaanjlkaebs kh b`w a`hajhtretk`hs (lkar`grels pjr bktjr `r bjss). Snj ehebytkaebljtn`cs d`r LAB cjtjrlkhetk`h eppr`vjc my tnj JYE d`r v`betkbj anjlkaebs

khabucj ges anr`let`grepny ehc ges anr`let`grepnyspjatr`ljtry tjanhkqujs.Snj LABG d`r e pr`membj nuleh aerakh`gjh ks pr`p`sjc t` mj zjr`, tnj bklkt`d cjtjatk`h d`r rjgubet`ry purp`sjs. Snj LABGs erj uhjhd`rajembj njebtn gèbs

d`r pumbka wetjr systjls tnet aeusj h` oh`wh `r ecvjrsj njebtn jddjats ehc

kha`rp`retj eh ecjquetj lergkh `d sedjty. Snj LAB ks eh jhd`rajembj stehcercjstembksnjc kh tnj prklery crkhokhg wetjr rjgubetk`hs tnet teojs ja`h`lka deat`rs

kht` a`hskcjretk`h, kh eccktk`h t` h` uhrjes`hembj rkso t` njebtn. Kt snùbc mjuhcjrst``c tnet dekburj t` rjp`rt tnj prjsjhaj `d ajrtekh anjlkaebs `r lkar``r-gehksls c`js h`t ljeh tnjy erj h`t prjsjht kd tnj bem`ret`ry c`js h`t jxelkhj

d`r tnjl. Ebb jxelkhetk`hs snùbc mj lecj kh eaa`rcehaj wktn tnj pràjcurjsgkvjh kh Qtehcerc Ljtn`cs d`r tnj Jxelkhetk`h `d Wetjr ehc Westjwetjr, betjst

jcktk`h `r `hj eppr`vjc my tnj JYE (sjj tnj Mkmbk`grepny).Wetjr selpbjs ley mj a`htkhuùs (suan es d`r turmkckty `r pertkabj aùht-

khg), grem (khstehtehjùs), a`lp`sktj (eh eaaulubetk`h `d grem selpbjs `d jqueb

v`bulj), `r `w-wjkgntjc a`lp`sktj (pr`p`rtk`heb t` v`bulj `d `w). L`st

crkhokhg wetjr selpbjs erj grem, ebtnùgn tnks aeh mj lksbjeckhg wnjh sel-pbkhg d`r `rgehka anjlkaebs `r njevy ljtebs. Westjwetjr selpbjs erj a`lp`sktj`r `w-wjkgntjc a`lp`sktj. Wnjh selpbkhg, bem`ret`ry a`bbjatk`h pràjcurjs

snùbc mj d`bb`wjc.Crkhokhg wetjr selpbjs snùbc mj a`bbjatjc et tkljs `d lexklul wetjr usegj

dr`l rjprjsjhtetkvj bàetk`hs khabuckhg rjskcjhajs. Snj selpbkhg tep snùbc mj

abjeh, h`t bjeokhg (jxajpt kh tnj aesj `d bjec ehc a`ppjr l`hkt`rkhg), ehc usnjcd`r tw` t` tnrjj lkhutjs mjd`rj selpbj a`bbjatk`h. E 5-khan ekr speaj snùbc

mj bjdt `h t`p `d tnj m`ttbj d`r e meatjrk`b`gkaeb selpbj. Snj m`ttbj snùbc mj

a`lpbjtjby stbbjc d`r e anjlkaeb selpbj? tnjrj lust mj h` ekr mummbj et tnj t`p.E bem`ret`ry-prjperjc m`ttbj snùbc mj usjc.Jxelkhetk`h `d e h`hrjprjsjhtetkvj selpbj ks e westj `d tnj selpbj a`bbjat`rs

ehc tnj bem`ret`rys tklj. Kt wkbb gkvj lksbjeckhg khd`rletk`h tnet aeh bjec t`

kha`rrjat ehc a`stby eatk`hs, cksarjckt tnj egjhay `r `rgehkzetk`h khv`bvjc, ehc

cjstr`y e bjgeb eatk`h `r rjsjeran a`habusk`h.Snjrj ks e tjhcjhay t` a`bbjat l`rj selpbjs ehc bem`ret`ry cete tneh erj

hjjcjc. Snj trjljhcùs rjsùrajs kh l`hjy, lehp`wjr, ehc jqukpljht a`l-

lkttjc t` tnj pr`pjr prjperetk`h, a`bbjatk`h, ehc snkpljht `d tnj selpbjs ehc t`tnj ehebytkaeb pràjcurjs khv`bvjc erj b`st skgnt `d `r lksuhcjrst``c. Eatuebby,e djw aerjdubby sjbjatjc selpbjs `d g``c quebkty aeh usuebby sjrvj tnj khtjhcjc

purp`sj.

Snj purp`sj `r usj `d tnj bem`ret`ry cete snùbc cjtjrlkhj tnj hulmjr `dselpbjs ehc quebkty `d tnj bem`ret`ry w`ro. Cete `d nkgn quebkty erj hjjcjc d`r`dstakeb rjp`rtkhg ehc t` supp`rt jhd`rajljht eatk`h `r supp`rt e njebtn jddjats


42/393

19 WESJ] QZYYB[

stucy, wnkbj cete `d bjssjr quebkty ley mj eaajptembj d`r trjhc, sarjjhkhg, `rl`hkt`rkhg purp`sjs. Nkgn-quebkty bjgeb cete lust d`bb`w `dstakeb selpbj a`b-bjatk`h, kcjhtkstaetk`h, snkpljht, ehc ehebytkaeb pràjcurjs jxeatby ehc wktnùt

cjvketk`h.Snj gèb `d e quebkty essurehaj pr`grel ks t` `mtekh sakjhtkstaebby vebkc, cjdjh-

skmbj cete `d oh`wh prjaksk`h ehc eaaureay t` dubstbb tnj wetjr ehc/`r westjwetjrutkbktys rjsp`hskmkbkty t` pr`tjat ehc jhnehaj tnj hetk`hs jhvkr`hljht.=7

Snj bem`ret`ry ks eh jssjhtkeb khgrjckjht `d tnj jddjatkvjhjss `d tnj jhvkr`h-ljhteb pr`grel. N`wjvjr, tnj bem`ret`ry lust rjskst tnj tjlptetk`h t` mja`ljkhv`bvjc kh pr`grel `pjretk`h ehc rjgubetk`h eatkvktkjs, skhaj kts duhatk`h c`jsh`t khv`bvj sehktery survjys, rùtkhj khspjatk`h, pjrd`rlehaj jvebuetk`h, pr`greljhd`rajljht, rjsp`hskmkbkty, rjgubetk`h a`htkhukty, ehc jddjatkvjhjss. Kh eccktk h,

kts bklktjc rjsùrajs wùbc mj lksckrjatjc ehc ckbutjc t` tnj cjtrkljht `d ktsprklery duhatk`h. Snks c`js h`t ljeh tnet tnj bem`ret`ry snùbc h`t mj khv`bvjckh trekhkhg, trjetljht pbeht bem`ret`ry ajrtkstaetk`h, ehc s`bvkhg ckdstaubt wetjrpbeht `pjretk`heb pr`mbjls.

Qehktery Qurvjy ehc Wetjr Qelpbkhg

E sehktery survjy ks hjajssery t` cjtjrlkhj tnj rjbkemkbkty `d e wetjr systjlt` a`htkhuùsby suppby sedj ehc ecjquetj wetjr t` tnj a`hsuljr.=> Kt ks ebs`

hjajssery t` pr`pjrby khtjrprjt tnj rjsubts `d wetjr ehebysjs ehc jvebuetj tnjjddjats `d eatueb ehc p`tjhtkeb sùrajs `d p`bbutk`h `h wetjr quebkty. Snj vebuj`d tnj survjy ks cjpjhcjht `h tnj trekhkhg ehc jxpjrkjhaj `d tnj khvjstkget`r.Wnjh evekbembj, `hj snùbc sjjo tnj ecvkaj `d tnj rjgubet`ry egjhay sehkteryjhgkhjjr `r sehkterkeh. Wetjrsnjc pr`tjatk`h khabucjs jheatljht `d wetjrsnjcrubjs ehc rjgubetk`hs ehc rjguber pjrk`cka survjkbbehaj ehc khspjatk`hs. Kt, khjddjat, mja`ljs jpkcjlk`b`gkaeb survjkbbehaj ehc ks e stucy `d jhvkr`hljhtebdeat`rs tnet ley eddjat nuleh njebtn. Wetjrsnjc rubjs ehc rjgubetk`hs erj bjgebljehs t` a`htr`b behc usj tnet lkgnt aeusj p`bbutk`h `d tnj wetjr crekhkhg `dd

ehc kht` tnj wetjrsnjc `d tnj wetjr suppby sùraj.Kd tnj sùraj `d wetjr ks e hetureb `r lehlecj beoj, ettjhtk`h wùbc mj ckrjatjc

t` tnj d`bb`wkhg, d`r jean a`htrkmutjs ckstkhatkvj anereatjrkstkas t` tnj wetjr6jhtkrj crekhegj meskh ehc bàetk`h `d sjwegj ehc `tnjr s`bkc ehc bkqukc westjcksp`seb `r trjetljht systjls? metnkhg erjes? st`rlwetjr crekhs? sjwjr ùtdebbs?swelps? aubtkvetjc erjes? djjc b`ts? sùrajs `d jr`sk`h, sjckljht ehc pjstkakcjs?ehc w``cjc erjes, kh rjdjrjhaj t` tnj pulp khteoj. Wnjh wetjr ks `mtekhjcdr`l e strjel `r arjjo, ebb behc ehc nemktetk`h em`vj tnj wetjr suppby khteojsnùbc mj khvjstkgetjc. Snks ljehs khspjatk`h `d tnj jhtkrj wetjrsnjc crekhegj

erje s` tnet eatueb ehc p`tjhtkeb sùrajs `d p`bbutk`h aeh mj cjtjrlkhjc ehcpr`pjrby jvebuetjc ehc a`rrjatkvj ljesurjs khstktutjc. Ebb surdeaj-wetjr suppbkjslust mj a`hskcjrjc `d cùmtdub sehktery quebkty uhbjss gkvjh ecjquetj trjetljht,cjpjhckhg `h tnj typj ehc cjgrjj `d p`bbutk`h rjajkvjc.

Qehktery survjys nevj usuebby jlpneskzjc pr`tjatk`h `d surdeaj-wetjr suppbkjsehc tnjkr crekhegj erjes. Grùhcwetjr suppbkjs suan es wjbbs, khstbtretk`h gebbjrkjs,


43/393


ehc sprkhgs nevj trecktk`hebby mjjh pr`tjatjc my pr`pjr a`hstruatk`h ehc bàetk`h(et eh ermktrery sedj ckstehaj dr`l p`tjhtkeb sùrajs `d p`bbutk`h ehc h`t ckrjatbyc`whgrecj). Snj rubj-`d-tnulm ckstehaj `d 7:, 599, `r =99 djjt, aùpbjc wktn wjbb

a`hstruatk`h prjaeutk`hs, nes usuebby sjrvjc tnks purp`sj kh l`st khstehajs, suanes d`r `h-sktj rjskcjhtkeb wjbbs, kh tnj emsjhaj `d nycr`gj`b`gkaeb ehc jhgkhjjrkhgkhvjstkgetk`h ehc cjskgh. N`wjvjr, grjetjr ettjhtk`h ks mjkhg gkvjh t` p`tjhtkebcksteht sùrajs `d p`bbutk`h, jspjakebby anjlkaeb sùrajs.

Snj 5;;4 eljhcljhts t` tnj Qedj Crkhokhg Wetjr Eat rjqukrj e l`rj s`pnks-tkaetjc epprèan rjdjrrjc t` es wjbbnjec pr`tjatk`h `d grùhcwetjr sùrajs. Snjwjbbnjec ks cjsthjc es tnj surdeaj ehc sumsurdeaj erje surrùhckhg e wetjr wjbb`r wjbbstjbc suppbykhg e pumbka wetjr systjl tnrùgn wnkan a`htelkhehts erjrjes`hemby bkojby t` l`vj t`werc ehc rjean suan wjbb `r wjbbstjbc. Cjtjrlk-

hetk`h `d tnj equkdjr bklkts ehc tnj crekhegj erje trkmutery t` e wjbb `r wjbbstjbc,eh khstbtretk`h gebbjry, `r sprkhg, ehc tnj rjes`hembj tklj `d p`tjhtkeb a`htelk-hehts trevjb, rjqukrjs oh`wbjcgj `d tnj gj`b`gkaeb d`rletk`hs kh tnj erje ehctnj grùhcwetjr l`vjljht kh ecfeajht ehc cksteht trkmutery erjes. Kh a`hsthjc `rertjskeh equkdjrs, tnks ks h`t rjeckby epperjht. Snj wetjr ley `rkgkhetj hjermy `ret e a`hskcjrembj ckstehaj, cjpjhckhg `h tnj jxtjht t` wnkan tnj equkdjr d`rle-tk`h ks a`hsthjc, anehhjbjc, `r dreaturjc ehc `h kts cjptn. Snj Z.Q. Gj`b`gkaebQurvjy ehc stetj gj`b`gkaeb ehc wetjr rjsùrajs egjhakjs ley mj embj t` pr`-vkcj khd`rletk`h `h tnj bàeb gj`b`gy ehc tnj equkdjrs. Yr`tjatk`h `d tnj trkmuterywjbbnjec erje wùbc rjqukrj g`vjrhljhteb behc-usj a`htr`bs, wetjrsnjc rubjs ehcrjgubetk`hs, wetjr purvjy`r `whjrsnkp, ehc pumbka a``pjretk`h. S` eaa`lpbksntnks, kt ks strst hjajssery t` gj`grepnkaebby kcjhtkdy tnj wjbbnjec erje, khabuckhggrùhcwetjr `w, ehc ebb jxkstkhg ehc p`tjhtkeb sùrajs `d a`htelkhetk`h kh tneterje. Snks lust mj suppbjljhtjc my tnj a`htr`bs ljhtk`hjc, khabuckhg jheatljht`d wetjrsnjc (wjbbnjec) pr`tjatk`h rubjs ehc rjgubetk`hs, ehc tnjkr jhd`rajljht.Qjj Qùraj ehc Yr`tjatk`h `d Wetjr Quppby, betjr kh tnks aneptjr.

Snj sehktery survjy wùbc khabucj, kh eccktk`h t` tnj sùraj es ebrjecy h`tjc,tnj p`tjhtkeb d`r ehc jddjats `d eaakcjhteb anjlkaeb spkbbs ehc c`ljstka sjwegj `rkhcustrkeb westj cksanergjs ehc bjeanetj dr`l emehc`hjc ehc jxkstkhg nezercùs

westj ehc behcstbb sktjs. Khabucjc kh tnj survjy wùbc mj khspjatk`h ehc khvjstk-getk`h `d tnj rjsjrv`kr, khteoj, pulpkhg stetk`h, trjetljht pbeht, ehc ecjqueay `djean uhkt pràjss? `pjretk`h rja`rcs? ckstrkmutk`h systjl aerrykhg aepeakty, njecb`ssjs, ehc prjssurjs? st`regj deakbktkjs? jljrgjhay sùraj `d wetjr ehc pbehst` suppby wetjr kh jljrgjhay? khtjgrkty `d bem`ret`ry sjrvkajs? a`hhjatk`hs wktn`tnjr wetjr suppbkjs? ehc eatueb `r p`sskmbj ar`ss-a`hhjatk`hs wktn pbulmkhg stx-turjs, tehos, struaturjs, `r cjvkajs tnet lkgnt pjrlkt meaoskpn`hegj `r meao`w.Ajrtkstaetk`h `d `pjret`rs, tnj khtjgrkty ehc a`lpjtjhaj `d tnj pjrs`h kh anergj`d tnj pbeht, ehc ecjqueay `d mucgjtery supp`rt erj klp`rteht deat rs. A`hskcjre-

tk`h snùbc ebs` mj gkvjh t` behc-usj pbehs ehc tnj puranesj `d nycr`gj`b`gkaebbysjhsktkvj erjes ehc z`hkhg a`htr`bs.

Ebs` cjsthjc es tnj erje mjtwjjh e wjbb ehc tnj ;; pjrajht tnj`rjtkaeb lexklul jxtjht `d tnj

stemkbkzjc a`hj `d cjprjssk`h. AD] Sktbj 39, Qumaneptjr C, Yert 535, Z.Q. G`vjrhljht Yrkhtkhg

@dstaj, Fuby 5;;;.


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Wetjr selpbjs erj a`bbjatjc es eh ecfuhat t` tnj sehktery survjy es eh ekckh ljesurkhg tnj quebkty `d tnj rew wetjr ehc jddjatkvjhjss `d trjetljht gkvjh.

Lkar`mk`b`gkaeb jxelkhetk`hs? anjlkaeb, reckànjlkaeb, ehc pnyskaeb ehebysjs?

ehc lkar`sa`pka jxelkhetk`hs ley mj lecj, cjpjhckhg `h tnj sùrajs `d wetjr,abkletj, gj`b`gy, nycr`b`gy, westj cksp`seb preatkajs `h tnj wetjrsnjc, pr`mbjlsbkojby t` mj jhaùhtjrjc, ehc purp`sj t` mj sjrvjc. Kh ehy aesj, ebb selpbjs

snùbc mj pr`pjrby a`bbjatjc, trehsp`rtjc, ehc prjsjrvjc es rjqukrjc, ehc tjstssnùbc mj lecj my eh eppr`vjc bem`ret`ry kh eaa`rcehaj wktn tnj pràjcurjspr`vkcjc kh tnj betjst jcktk`h `dQtehcerc Ljtn`cs d`r tnj Jxelkhetk`h `d Wetjr

ehc Westjwetjr=; `r es eppr`vjc my tnj JYE.

E sehktery tjanhkquj ehc e gbess `r pbestka stjrkbj m`ttbj suppbkjc ehc prjperjcmy tnj bem`ret`ry d`r tnj purp`sj snùbc mj usjc wnjh a`bbjatkhg e wetjr selpbj

d`r meatjrk`b`gkaeb jxelkhetk`h. Nehcs `r deuajt lust h`t tùan tnj jcgj `d tnjbkp `d tnj m`ttbj `r tnj pbug pert `d tnj st`ppjr. Snj selpbj snùbc mj teojhdr`l e abjeh deuajt tnet c`js h`t nevj eh ejret`r `r sarjjh ehc tnet ks h`t

bjeokhg `r aeuskhg a`hcjhsetk`h `h tnj ùtskcj. Dbelkhg `d tnj tep ks `ptk`heb.Snj wetjr snùbc mj ebb`wjc t` ruh d`r emùt tw` t` tnrjj lkhutjs t` gjt e

rjprjsjhtetkvj selpbj. S` anjao d`r ljtebs ehc meatjrke kh nùsjn`bc pbulmkhg,tnj selpbj lust mj teojh es e stehckhg selpbj wktnùt prjbklkhery ruhhkhg`d wetjr. E nùsjn`bc wetjr s`dtjhjr `r `tnjr trjetljht uhkt ley khtr`cuaj

a`htelkhetk`h. Kd e selpbj dr`l e beoj `r strjel ks t` mj a`bbjatjc, tnj m`ttbj

snùbc mj ckppjc mjb`w tnj surdeaj wktn e d`rwerc swjjpkhg l`tk`h s` tnetwetjr a`lkhg kh a`hteat wktn tnj nehcs wkbb h`t jhtjr tnj m`ttbj. Wnjh a`bbjatkhge selpbj d`r meatjrk`b`gkaeb jxelkhetk`h, tnjrj snùbc mj eh ekr speaj kh tnj

m`ttbj. Wnjh a`bbjatkhg selpbjs `d anb`rkhetjc wetjr, tnj selpbj m`ttbj snùbca`htekh s`ckul tnk`subdetj t` cjanb`rkhetj tnj wetjr. Kt ks rja`lljhcjc tnetebb selpbjs mj jxelkhjc pr`lptby edtjr a`bbjatk`h ehc wktnkh 4 t` 5= nùrs kd

p`sskmbj. Edtjr =3 t` 3> nùrs, jxelkhetk`hs ley h`t mj rjbkembj.Snj anjlkaeb ehc pnyskaeb ehebysjs ley mj d`r khcustrkeb `r sehktery purp`sjs,

ehc tnj cjtjrlkhetk`hs lecj wkbb mj jktnjr pertkeb `r a`lpbjtj, cjpjhckhg `h tnj

khd`rletk`h cjskrjc. Wetjr selpbjs d`r kh`rgehka anjlkaeb ehebysjs erj usuebbya`bbjatjc kh 5-bktjr p`byjtnybjhj a`htekhjrs, hjw `r eakc wesnjc kd prjvkùsbyusjc. Qelpbjs d`r bjec kh crkhokhg wetjr et e tep `r dr`l e crkhokhg dùhtekhsnùbc mj a`bbjatjc kh tnj l`rhkhg mjd`rj tnj systjl nes mjjh usjc ehc usnjc

ùt ehc ebs` curkhg tnj cey wnjh tnj wetjr ks mjkhg usjc. Qelpbjs d`r `rgehka

anjlkaeb ehebysjs erj usuebby a`bbjatjc kh 39-lb gbess vkebs `r 5-bktjr gbess m`ttbjswktn Sj`h-bkhjc ab`surj.19 Qpjakeb prjaeutk`hs erj hjajssery t` jhsurj a`bbjatk`h`d rjprjsjhtetkvj selpbjs drjj `d khakcjhteb a`htelkhetk`h ehc wktnùt b`ss `d

v`betkbj dreatk`hs.15 A`htekhjrs lust mj a`lpbjtjby stbbjc. E spjakeb prjsjrvetkvj kseccjc d`r ajrtekh tjsts, ehc cjbkvjry tklj t` tnj bem`ret`ry ks s`ljtkljs spjakstjc.Qelpbjs erj ebs` a`bbjatjc d`r sjbjatjc tjsts t` a`htr`b rùtkhj `pjretk`h `d e wetjr

pbeht ehc t` cjtjrlkhj tnj trjetljht rjqukrjc ehc kts jddjatkvjhjss.

Qelpbjs d`r lkar`sa`pka jxelkhetk`h snùbc mj a`bbjatjc kh abjeh, wkcj-lùtnm`ttbjs nevkhg e v`bulj `d 5 `r = bktjrs dr`l cjptns tnet wkbb ykjbc rjprjsjhtetkvj`rgehksls. Q`lj `rgehksls erj dùhc rjbetkvjby ab`sj t` tnj surdeaj, wnjrjes


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`tnjrs erj dùhc et lkccjptn `r hjer tnj m`tt`l, cjpjhckhg `h tnj d``c, typj`d `rgehksl, ehc aberkty ehc tjlpjreturj `d tnj wetjr. Lkar`sa`pka jxelkhetk`hsaeh cjtjrlkhj tnj anehgkhg typjs, a`hajhtretk`hs, ehc bàetk`hs `d lkar`sa`pka

`rgehksls, a`htr`b ljesurjs `r trjetljht khckaetjc, ehc tklj t` stert trjetljht.E pr`pjr pr`grel aeh prjvjht testjs ehc `c`rs my jbklkhetkhg tnj rjsp`hskmbj`rgehksls tnet sjarjtj ajrtekh `kbs mjd`rj tnjy aeh aeusj tnj pr`mbjl. Kh eccktk`h,`mfjatk`hembj eppjerehajs kh e rjsjrv`kr `r beoj erj prjvjhtjc ehc sjckljhte-tk`h ehc stbtjr ruhs erj klpr`vjc. Ettjhtk`h snùbc ebs` mj gkvjh t` jbklkhetk`h`d tnj a`hcktk`hs dev`rkhg tnj gr`wtn `d tnj `rgehksls. Qjj ebs` Lkar`sa`pkaJxelkhetk`h kh tnks aneptjr ehc A`htr`b `d Lkar``rgehksls, kh Aneptjr =.

Qelpbkhg Drjqujhay

Snj drjqujhay wktn wnkan sùraj ehc ckstrkmutk h systjl wetjr selpbjs erja`bbjatjc ehc usjc d`r meatjrk`b`gka, anjlkaeb, reck`b`gka, lkar`sa`pka, ehc pnys-kaeb ehebysjs ks usuebby cjtjrlkhjc my tnj rjgubet`ry egjhay, tnj wetjr quebktynkst`rkaeb rja`rc, pbeht `pjretk`heb a`htr`b rjqukrjljhts, ehc spjakeb pr`mbjls.@pjret`rs `d pumbka wetjr systjls ehc khcustrkeb ehc a`lljrakeb wetjr systjlswkbb weht t` a`bbjat l`rj drjqujht mut aerjdubby sjbjatjc selpbjs ehc leoj l`rjehebysjs t` cjtjat anehgjs kh rew wetjr quebkty t` mjttjr a`htr`b trjetljht, pbeht`pjretk`h, ehc pr`cuat quebkty.

Snj hulmjr `d ckstrkmutk`h systjl selpbjs ks usuebby cjtjrlkhjc my tnj

p`pubetk`h sjrvjc, quebkty `d tnj wetjr sùraj, trjetljht, pest nkst`ry, ehc spj-akeb pr`mbjls. Sembj 5.55 sn`ws tnj lkhklul rjqukrjc selpbkhg drjqujhay d`ra`bkd`rl cjhskty et a`lluhkty wetjr systjls kh tnj Zhktjc Qtetjs. Kd rùtkhj sel-pbkhg rjsubts kh e p`sktkvj khckaetk`h `d a`bkd`rl meatjrke, rjpjet selpbkhg lustmj pjrd`rljc t` vjrkdy tnj prjsjhaj `d eatueb meatjrke. Sembj 5.55e prjsjhts tnjhulmjr `d rjpjet selpbjs hjajssery t` vjrkdy wnjtnjr `r h`t tnj systjl ks a`h-telkhetjc. Et h`ha`lluhkty wetjr suppbkjs e selpbj ks a`bbjatjc kh jean quertjrcurkhg wnkan tnj systjl pr`vkcjs wetjr t` tnj (trevjbkhg) pumbka. Snj lkhklulselpbkhg drjqujhay rja`lljhcjc my tnj WN@ ks sn`wh kh Sembj 5.5=. Qelpbkhg

p`khts snùbc rjjat tnj quebkty `d tnj wetjr kh tnj ckstrkmutk`h systjl ehc mj etbàetk`hs `d grjetjst usj.

Djaeb a`bkd`rls/J. a`bk? Njtjr`tr`pnka Meatjrke (NYA)

Kd ehy rùtkhj `r rjpjet selpbj ks t`teb a`bkd`rl p`sktkvj, tnj systjl lustebs` ehebyzj tnet t`teb a`bkd`rl p`sktkvj aubturj t` cjtjrlkhj kd djaeb a`b-kd`rls `r J. a`bk erj prjsjht. Kd djaeb a`bkd`rls `r J. a`bk erj cjtjatjc, tnjsystjl lust h`tkdy tnj stetj mjd`rj tnj jhc `d tnj selj muskhjss cey, `r,kd cjtjatjc edtjr tnj ab`sj `d muskhjss d`r tnj stetj, my tnj jhc `d tnj hjxtmuskhjss cey.

Kd ehy rjpjet selpbj ks djaeb a`bkd`rl `rJ. a`bkp`sktkvj `r kd e djaeb a`bkd`rl- `rJ. a`bk -p`sktkvj rkgkheb selpbj ks d`bb`wjc my e t`teb a`bkd`rl-p`sktkvj rjpjetselpbj ehc tnj `rkgkheb t`teb a`bkd`rl-p`sktkvj selpbj ks h`t khvebkcetjc, kt kseh eautj vk`betk`h `d tnj LAB d`r t`teb a`bkd`rls.


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13 WESJ] QZYYB[

SEMBJ 5.55 S`teb A`bkd rl Qelpbkhg ]jqukrjljhts Eaa`rckhg t` Y`pubetk`h

Qjrvjc

Y`pubetk`h Qjrvjc Lkhklul Hulmjr `d Y`pubetk h Qjrvjc Lkhklul Hulmjr `d`d ]ùtkhj Qelpbjs ]ùtkhj Qelpbjspjr L`htne pjr L`htne

=:5999m 5a :;,99579,999 795995=:99 = 79,995>1,999 >9

=:951199 1 >1,995;4,999 ;911953599 3 ;4,995519,999 599

35953;99 : 519,995==9,999 5=93;95:>99 4 ==9,9951=9,999 5:9

:>954799 7 1=9,9953:9,999 5>9

47957499 > 3:9,995499,999 =597495>:99 ; 499,9957>9,999 =39>:955=;99 59 7>9,995;79,999 =79

5=,;9557,=99 5: ;79,9955,=19,999 19957,=95=5,:99 =9 5,=19,9955,:=9,999 119

=5,:95=:,999 =: 5,:=9,9955,>:9,999 149=:,99511,999 19 5,>:9,995=,=79,999 1;9

11,9935,999 39 =,=79,9951,9=9,999 3=935,995:9,999 :9 1,9=9,9951,;49,999 3:9

:9,995:;,999 49 1,;49,995 r l`rj 3>9

e Kh bkju `d tnj drjqujhay spjakstjc, e h`ha`lluhkty wetjr systjl (HAWQ) uskhg grùhcwetjr ehc

sjrvkhg 5999 pjrs`hs `r djwjr ley l`hkt`r et e bjssjr drjqujhay spjakstjc my tnj stetj uhtkb e sehktery

survjy ks a`hcuatjc ehc rjvkjwjc my tnj stetj. Snjrjedtjr, HAWQ uskhg grùhcwetjr ehc sjrvkhg

5,999 pjrs`hs `r djwjr lust l`hkt`r kh jean aebjhcer quertjr curkhg wnkan tnj systjl pr`vkcjs wetjr

t` tnj pumbka, uhbjss tnj stetj cjtjrlkhjs tnet s`lj `tnjr drjqujhay ks l`rj eppr`prketj ehc h`tkstjs

tnj systjl (kh wrktkhg). Dkvj yjers edtjr pr`lubgetk`h, HAWQs uskhg grùhcwetjr ehc sjrvkhg 5,999

pjrs`hs `r djwjr lust l`hkt`r et bjest `haj e yjer. E HAWQs uskhg surdeaj wetjr `r grùhcwetjr

uhcjr

environmental engineering water waste water soil and groundwater treatment and remediation

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