enri international workshop on atm/ cns applying cognitive ......introduction to airport...

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Study Airport-Collaborative Decision Making

PhD Research Project

Matthias Groppe CRANFIELD University

[email protected]

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS

Sponsored byEUROCONTROL & FRAPORTENRI Tokyo, JAPAN 5 March 2009


Outline

Introduction to Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM)

The A-CDM Environment

Objectives of the Research Project

Method of Applied Cognitive Work Analysis

Data Collection & Initial Results

Conclusion


The Challenge

One Process

Arrival – Turn-round – DepartureLink airports to the Air Traffic Management Network

Requirements

Create transparent overview by Sharing InformationAll Airport partners needed for CDM successMutual Understanding of operationsCulture change and process improvement


Airport CDM Information Sharing

The Milestones Approach

Variable Taxi Time Calculation

Collaborative Management of Flight Updates

Collaborative Predeparture Sequence

CDM in Adverse Conditions

The Airport CDM Concept Elements


PrincipleFoundation for CDMRight info �� Right Time ��Right People

RequirementOne Common Information Platform is requiredDevelop procedures and actions for each milestone

BenefitsBrings partners together � Promotes trust

Common situational awareness � efficient use of resourcesImproved predictability � maximises operational efficiency

Information Sharing & Milestone Approach


OUTBOUND

Taxi Out(EXOT)

ATOT

ASAT

AOBT

14

15 16

-2hrs CFMU Slotallocation

-3hrs Flight Plan Submission (FPL)

Take Off fromOutstation

INBOUNDData coherency

check

ATOTALDT

Taxi In(EXIT)

FIR Entry/Local Radar Data

1 2 3 4 65

FinalApproach

7/8

TURN-ROUND

Boarding

AIBTAGHT

ARDT

9 10

11ASRT

12 13

Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT

Final update

ATC issues

TOBT

TSAT


INBOUND

-2hrs CFMU Slotallocation

-3hrs Flight Plan Submission (FPL)

Data coherency

check

ATOT

FIR Entry/Local Radar Data

Take Off fromOutstation

1 2 3 4 5

FinalApproach

OUTBOUND

Taxi Out(EXOT)

ATOT

ASAT

AOBT15 16

Final update

ARDT

ASRT

ALDT

Taxi In(EXIT)

6

147/8

TURN-ROUND

Boarding

AIBTAGHT

ATC issues9 10

11

12 13


TOBT

TSAT


TOBT (Target Of Block Time)The time that an aircraft operator / handling agentestimates that an aircraft will be ready, all doors closed, boarding bridge removed, push back vehicle available, ready to start up / push back immediately upon reception of clearance from the TWR.

TSAT (Target Start Approval Time)The time provided by ATC taking into account TOBT, CTOT and / or the traffic situation that an aircraft can expect to receive start-up / pushback approval (when start-up and pushback are issued together)



Alarms indicate Airport slot

and type errors

Red EOBT/TOBTnotifies AOsof late flight

CTOT discrepanciesare also highlighted

Barcelona Airport CDM Platform


Sequence Display Examples: Munich


Improved infrastructure usage

Reduced ATCO workload with enhanced planning

Reduced Apron and Taxiway congestion

Improved airport image (passengers perception of smooth operations)

Better situational awareness during times of disruption and delay

Benefits for Airport Partners


Airport CDM Implementation

��

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�

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�

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Over 21 ECAC Airports

Implementing


Position PAX

stairs

Open PAX door

Duty Free Stocks

In-flight Entertainment

Dis-embark

PAX

Dis-embark Crew

Cabin & Cockpit Catering

Final Cleaning

Board CrewCrew Check Close PAX Door

Board PAX Remove PAX Stairs

Fueling

Unload Bags

Open Cargo

Position Cargo

Position wheel

chocks

Unload Cargo

Load Cargo

Load Bags

Close cargo door

Remove cargo loader

Remove weel

chocks

Unload DAA

Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check

Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check

Colling & Heating

Wheel and Tire Check

Portable Fresh Water

Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)

Exterior Aircraft Cleaning

Demin. Water

Air Starter

De-icing

EEI I BBTT

TTOOBBTT

The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path


The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path

Position PAX

stairs

Open PAX door

Duty Free Stocks

In-flight Entertainment

Dis-embark

PAX

Dis-embark Crew

Cabin & Cockpit Catering

Final Cleaning

Board CrewCrew Check Close PAX Door

Board PAX Remove PAX Stairs

Fueling

Unload Bags

Open Cargo

Position Cargo

Position wheel

chocks

Unload Cargo

Load Cargo

Load Bags

Close cargo door

Remove cargo loader

Unload DAA

Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check

Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check

Colling & Heating

Wheel and Tire Check

Portable Fresh Water

Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)

Exterior Aircraft Cleaning

Demin. Water

Air Starter

De-icing

EEI I BBTT

Remove weel

chocks

TTOOBBTT

Estimated Additional/

Reduced GH Time


Airport CDM Environment I

Operational decision making is based on insufficient quality & flow of information (observation & own experience)

Not all airport partners have required Situational Awarenessfor operational decision making


Airport CDM Environment II

Strategic

Pre-tactical

Tactical

Ad hoc

LANDSIDE OPERATION

AIRSIDE OPERATION

Interactions across different layers

Strategic Planning

ATC, Aircraft Operator, Airport, Ground Handler, ATFCM, Supervisor

actors

ATCRamp Agent Pilots Dispatch ….

Detai

l of I

nfor

mat

ion

APOCsATC - Aircraft Operators Ground Handler - Airport

Dista

nce

to A

ctio

n

Meta Cooperation

Cooperation in Planning

Cooperation in Action

Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)

DISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESSDISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

COMMON COMMON SITUATIONAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESSAWARENESS

COMMON COMMON SITUATIONAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS?AWARENESS?


Airport CDM Environment III

APOCAPOC: Planning : Planning LevelLevel

Cockpit: Action LevelCockpit: Action Level

Operational Decision Operational Decision MakingMaking

ATC Tower:ATC Tower: Action LevelAction Level

Safety related Decision Making with Operational

Consequences

INFORMATION SHARING- Intermediaries

- Distributed LocationINFORMATION

SYNCHRONISATION Distance to Planning/ Action


Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context I: Constraints through Multi-Party Decision Making

Identify individual (single operator) goal setting to increase cooperation towards a common (global) goal

Understand HHIs and HCIsamong operators to increase cooperation building factors

ATC

Pilot/Crew

Airport Operation

Center



Context II: Heterogeneous & Asynchronous Information Sharing

Identification of data/information/ knowledge components which should be employed to provide situational awareness

Synchronization of information sharing for time critical decisions

ATC

Pilot/Crew

Airport Operation

Center



Context III: Irregularities through Unanticipated Events

Identify decisions necessary during unanticipated situations

Understand which information is required for decision making and cooperation among partners during these situations

ATC

Pilot/Crew

Airport Operation

Center


Applying Cognitive Work Analysis I

Analysis, design, and evaluation of complex sociotechnical systems

Contrast to other task analysis: Formative approach

Designed to provide decision support in an environment with different policies, skill sets and capabilities


Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II

SRK Behaviour

SBB

KBB

(5) Actor Competencies Analysis

Role definitionCooperation: during critical situations

Predefined

(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis

Information Requirements

IFM

(3) Strategies Analysis

Decision Model

WHAT HOW WHO

(2) Control Task Analysis

Critical Situations for TOBT Adherence

Traffic limitations

Availableinformation

Technology

Human

(1) Work Domain Analysis

Constraints through...

Work Domain

Cognition

(1)-(5): Phases of CWA accordingto Vicente (1999)


Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II

CWACWA

Functional

Abstraction

Network

Functional

Abstraction

Network

Information /

Relationship

Requirements

Information /

Relationship

Requirements

Cognitive

Work

Requirements

Cognitive

Work

Requirements

Presentation

Design

Concepts

Presentation

Design

Concepts

Representation

Design

Requirements

Representation

Design

Requirements

Storyboard /

Prototype

Storyboard /

Prototype

Functional

Requirements

Functional

RequirementsProcessing /

Transformation

Requirements

Processing /

Transformation

Requirements

Knowledge Elicitation

Physical Workspace

Virtual Workspace

Decision Centered Testing

ANALYSISANALYSIS DESIGNDESIGN


Building the Abstraction-Decomposition SpaceTotal System

Airport Collaborative Decision Making

Subsystem CDM Turn-Round Process Element

Components Milestones, ACISP, CDM

Partners

Functional Purpose

Abstract Function

Generalised Function

Physical Function

Physical Form

Purposes* Improve work together at an operational level* Efficient and safe daily flight operation with reliable information

provision & Common Situational AwarenessExternal Constraints

* Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement, Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO

* Local Standard Operationg Procedures (e.g. due to environmental, airline, airport..)

Criteria*ATTT*Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT) *TOBT/TSAT Predictability*EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time*Ready Reaction Time: AOBT - ARDT

�Safe & efficient usage of available resources�Effective law, regualation, procedure, and policy enforcement�Redesign of airport operational procedures�Implementation of CDM functions

�Provision of reliable information for all CDM partners�Collaborative operational decision making�Increasing Situational Awareness�A-CDM Information Sharing Platform (ACISP)

Purposes�Provide the A-CDM partners with a common situationalawareness�Anticipation of disruptions & expeditious recovery throughinformation sharing among all partners including passengersExternal constraints�Distributed location between CDM partners and actors�Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement,

Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO

Criteria�ATTT�Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT)�TOBT/TSAT Predictability�EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time

�Ready Reaction Time: AOBT – ARDT

�Safe & efficient turn-round & flight�Adherence to CDM procedures�Efficient implementation of collaborative decisions at action level�Enforcement of laws, regulations, procedures, policies

�Efficient information provision & cooperation betweenoperators & actors�Distributed Situational Awareness at action level�Efficient comand & control structure between pretactical & action level of operation

�Printed Information/ Data about TOBT/TSAT�Information Screens for passengers�Airport Infrastructure & Airspace Structure�Alert Messages to all CDM partners via the ACISP�Flight Update Messages (FUMs)

Purposes�Milestones: To provide decision makers withinformation about flight progress and triggerdecision making�ACISP: To provide information sharing betweenthe Airport CDM Partners�A-CDM Partner GoalsExternal Constraints�No & design of Milestones, Alert Messages, participating partners

Milestones�CDM Procedure Group Meetings�Performance AssessmentsACISP & A-CDM Partners�User feedback & Performance Assessment

Milestones�Data/ Information availability & Practicability of Information ACISP & A-CDM Partners�Physical dynamics of user behaviour

Milestones�Functionalability/capability/limitations & status�Inform all partnersACISP & A-CDM Partners�Functionalability/capability/limitation�Establish Situational Awareness

�IT platforms with operational information sources, eg TOBT/TSAT�AMAN/DMAN�Airport Operation Centre (APOC)�Representative Decision Makers of all partners�Meteorlogical features, e.g. adverse weather condition

�Electronic Data/ Information�Software Applications�HMIs, e.g. ACARS, Telefon, Computer�Computer Network�Operation Room�System Operators�Passengers�Actors


The A-CDM Abstraction-Decomposition Space

Total System Airport Collaborative

Decision Making

Subsystem CDM Turn-Round Process Element

Components Milestones, ACISP, CDM

Partners

Functional Purpose

Abstract Function

Generalised Function

Physical Function

Physical Form

WHY

WHAT

HOW

Safe & efficient Flight Operation

Increased Punctuality (Reliability)

Shorter Travel Time

Increased Passenger Satisfaction

Safe & efficient Usage of available

Information

Operators Capabilites & Limitations

Milestones Functionability & Limitations

ACISP & Airport

Infrastructure

Compliant Operator Behavior

Effective Turn-Round Procedures


(1) Work Domain Analysis: Mapping Information Requirem ents I

EEEE


Cockpits’ Survey: Information Requirements I

xStand Information

xTarget In Block Time

xCDM Compliance Alerts

xVariable Taxi Time Calculation

xAircraft Operational Status

xNot time related Data

xTime related Data

xTurn-Round Disruptions

xEnvironmental Condition Information

xPassenger Boarding Time

xInformation Sharing among participating actors

xCDM Operating Procedures

xOperational Information

xBehavioral Recommendations

xInfrastructure related warnings

xApron Rules & Regulations

xTTOT

xCTOT

xTurn-Round Compliance of other actors

xETTT

xTOBT/ TSAT

xInformation from ACISP

PARTIALLYNOYES

Information Requirement Information Provided to Pilots

xOther A-CDM users location & future movements

xCurrent airport & aircraft condition

xCurrent component performance & status

xCurrent task status in relation to goals

xAvailable Resources

xCapability/ Knowledge Level of all participating actors

xTurn-Round Compliance control task support

xCognitive turn-round control task support

xPhysical turn-round control task support

xAircraft Requirements & Status

xPerformance & Status of all participating actors

xEconomic Cost of planned/ alternative Turn-Round

xA-CDM Partner Goals

xAircraft Technical Status

xAirport Performance

xSafety Level

xPilots`Goals

xEXOT

xEOBT/TOBT/CTOT Compliance alarms

xRunway in Use

xGround Handling Start Delay

Source: On-line Cockpits’ Survey (2008)


Airport CDM Turn-Round

De-icing

Passenger Transport

Airline

Boarding

Cleaning

Catering

WCH Fuel

De-BoardingRamp

Agent

Airport Infrastructure

APOC

Check-In

Transportation

Push-Back

Parking Position

Aircraft

Crew Transport

Loading

Ground Handler

CFMUATC

Repair

Flight Documents

Load Sheet

Fresh Water

Crew

Ramp Transport

Security


Airport CDM Turn-Round

DeDe--icingicing

Passenger Passenger TransportTransport

AirlineAirline

BoardingBoarding

CleaningCleaning

CateringCatering

WCHWCH FuelFuel

DeDe--BoardingBoardingRamp

Agent

Airport Airport InfrastructureInfrastructure

APOC

CheckCheck --InIn

TransportationTransportation

PushPush --BackBack

Parking Parking PositionPosition

AircraftAircraft

Crew Crew TransportTransport

LoadingLoading

Ground Ground HandlerHandler

CFMUCFMUATCATC

RepairRepair

Flight Flight DocumentsDocuments

Load Load SheetSheet

Fresh Fresh WaterWater

Ramp Ramp TransportTransport

SecuritySecurity

Crew


(2) Control Task Analysis – The Decision Ladder

Task definition

TaskTrig �, TaskCoord �

Planning

ActTrig �

Active task

ActOut

Active target

Re- activation

of goal

Need of visual

information

Deliver

clearance

AP- Process

AP- StateProcessInfo

Conditions for

TaskCoord

PG- Model

AP

Condition for

task finalization

,

MeetSCHEDULE

- Execution

PGtoPI �

Execution

Coordinate Manipulations

TOBT

-

PlanningFormulate Procedure

Re activation

of goal

Action

Task definitionEquipment ChangeTaskCoord

ObsArea �Observation

Information & Data of A/C

ActInSET of Observations

PItoPG

-

ActivationTechnical Problem with

A/C

Action

ConditionNot implemented

Analysis

Planning

Legend:

Action

ConditionNot implemented

Analysis

Planning

Legend:

ALERT StationsPilots

report or request

Active task

Procedure

Need of more

Conditions fortask finalization

information

Interpretation

GoalSelec �

New goal identified

Task finished

StrategySystemState

Evaluation

SitEval �

Goal cannot

be reached

(Task is

temporarilydeactivated)

InterpretationConsequence for

current flight

New goal identified

Task finished

Ambiguity

Interpretation

changed

system state

Interpretation

changed

system state

Evaluation

Delay/ Cancellation

Goal cannot

be reached

(Task is

temporarilydeactivated)

Goal stackSystemState

System State: Alert

Identification

, , Present State of System: AOG

MEET Schedule

AP- Process InAP1

AP- StateProcessInfo

AP- Model

OutAP1

States of Knowledge resulting from data

processing

Data-processing Activities

Legend:


(3) Strategy Analysis – Goal Complexity I

[2] [2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)[2] [2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)

APOC Decision Making DomainAPOC Decision Making Domain

Ultimate Ultimate GoalGoal

Cooperative PlanningCooperative Planning

Structure/ ProcessStructure/ Process

Group Group TasksTasks

RolesRoles

Domain 2Domain 2

(TOBT)(TOBT)

(e.g. Ground Handler)(e.g. Ground Handler)Domain 1Domain 1

(e.g. Airline Cockpit)(e.g. Airline Cockpit)

GoalsGoals

TasksTasks

ResourcesResources

GoalsGoals

TasksTasks

ResourcesResourcesA1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A4A4 A5A5 A6A6 A7A7

B1B1 B2B2 B3B3

C1C1 C2C2

Individual Individual GoalGoal

SubgoalsSubgoals

Flight Flight SafetySafety

Routine Routine ChecksChecks

Aircraft Aircraft SystemsSystems

Punctual Punctual DispatchDispatch

Service Service DeliveryDelivery

GHDGHD


(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis

Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995)Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995)

J. Ferber (1995) J. Ferber (1995) MultiMulti--Agent SystemsAgent Systems, Addison, Addison --Wesley, MunichWesley, Munich

AntagonismCollective resource conflictinsufficientinsufficientincompatible

AntagonismIndividual resource conflictsufficientinsufficientincompatible

AntagonismPure individual competitioninsufficientsufficientincompatible

CooperationPure individual competitionsufficientsufficientincompatible

CooperationCoordinated collaborationinsufficientinsufficientcompatible

CooperationBlockadesufficientinsufficientcompatible

IndifferenceSimple working togetherinsufficientsufficientcompatible

IndifferenceIndependencesufficientsufficientcompatible

CategoryType of SituationAbilitiesRessourcesAims/ Interests


Conclusion

Using Turn-Round Scenarios allows to demonstrate the Applicability of CWA in the A-CDM System Domain

CWA identifies Information Sharing ‘Bottlenecks’ and reveals areas for possible Improvements

CWA allows to draw focus on decision making or conflicting interests

Can be used to develop a future A- CDM Decision Support System


THANK YOU!THANK YOU!THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Q & A?Q & A?