Enlightenment & Revolution

Chapter 6 Section 1Mr. Porter

World History 9th Grade

The Scientific Revolution

• Prior 1500, people generally decided what was true or false by early Greek and Roman authors or the Bible itself.

• After 1500, scholars began to look at nature itself and developing their own theories and ideas.

• These new theories would not only affect science but also affect the church.

Scientific Revolution

• A new way of thinking while replacing old assumptions by ancient thinkers and the church.

• Exploration to Africa, Asia and the Americas.

• New research in science and mathematics.

• Science began to look at the world around them more closely

Middle Ages

• Scholars believed that the earth was the center of the universe.

• Geocentric Theory• Ptolemy Universe• Christianity taught that

the earth was the center

The Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus Earth, Planets and stars

revolve around the sun.He published his book

1543.Other researchers

would continue to add the Copernicus work.

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler

• Continued to explore planetary motion.

• Discovered that the planets revolve in an elliptical orbits.

• He was able to prove Copernicus’s ideas to be true.

• It was more proof that the planets revolve around the sun.

Galileo’s Discoveries

Galileo Galilei

• Italian Scientist who built his own telescope to study the sky.

• 1610 Published Star Messenger– Jupiter had four moons– Sun had dark spots

• Proved Aristotle theory to be wrong. (Moon & Sun were not made of pure substance)

Galileo’s Discoveries

Galileo Galilei

Because of his discoveries he fell out of favor in both the catholic and protestant church.

He was warned in 1616 by the Catholic Church not to support Copernicus ideas.

He remained silent until 1632 when he published a book supporting Copernicus theory.

Galileo’s Discoveries

Galileo Galilei

Galileo was brought before the Pope to stand trial in 1633.

Under the threat of torture by the Inquisition, he agreed that Copernicus ideas were false.

Galileo remained under house arrest until his death in 1642.

Scientific Method

• With the new ideas brought on by Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler a new type of science came about.

• Scientific Method- a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.

• Scientists would come up with a problem• Scientists would form a hypothesis• Test the hypothesis• Analyze the data and make a conclusion

Sir Francis Bacon• English statesmen and

writer, passion for science.• Attack medieval scholars of

Aristotle• Supported abstract thinkers

who used experiment to draw conclusions.

• Empiricism

Rene DescartesFrench IntellectualDeveloped analytical

geometryPublished Geometry in 1637

which link geometry and algebra to create analytical geometry

Science and math could explain everything in nature

Rene Descartes• Everything should be

doubted until proven by reason

• Used math and science to prove his logic

• “I think, therefore I am”

Isaac Newton• English Scientist who studied

math & physics• Discovered that the same

force that ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and space.

• 1687 Published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Great Inventions of the Time• First Microscope invented in

1590 by Zacharias Janssen

• In 1670 Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria

• Also examined red blood cells

Great Inventions Cont.• 1643 Evangelista Torricelli

developed the first mercury barometer.

• 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit developed the thermometer w/mercury in which water freezes at 32 degrees.

• 1742 Anders Celsius developed a scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees.

Medical Ideas

• Andreas Vesalius dissected a human corpses and published his observations.

• He published detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle.

• Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine to prevent smallpox.

• Used inoculation of the smallpox germs (very dangerous)

• Jenner would use a cowpox sample to inoculate humans with (less dangerous)

Chemistry

• Robert Boyle used scientific method in chemistry (founder of modern chemistry)

• He proposed that matter is made up of smaller particles that are joined together in different ways.

• Boyle’s Law – which explains how volume, temperature and pressure of gas affect each other.