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Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University of Gloucestershire

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Page 1: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling

Jo LonsdalePostgraduate researcherCentre for Active LearningUniversity of Gloucestershire

Page 2: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

The Gloucestershire approach to active learning• learning is created through the transformation of experience

(Kolb 1984)• based on Kolb (1984) and Blythe and Associates (1998)• students are enabled to construct theoretical understanding

by reflection on their activities and experiences

Based on Kolb (1984) and

Blythe and Associates (1998)

Page 3: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Reflective digital storytelling (DST)• DST piloted (2006/7) as a reflective

tool for active learning in the first undergraduate year

• to develop reflective practice• to make reflection explicit in the learning

process• to reflect as an individual or collaborative

process• use of technology and images to provide

stimulating ways to engage and reflect• incorporating emotional content / personal

voice

Page 4: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

What is a reflective digital story?

• a reflection using digital technology• a media artefact / mini-movie• created from digital images and sounds• easily accessible technique• combines technology and narrative to enable

new approaches to reflection and engagement

• Examples of digital stories:• induction (group)• module (individual)

Page 5: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Students reflecting on their induction experience

Page 6: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Evaluating students reflective digital stories:• Evaluation of :

• 29 group stories at induction • 5 individual stories for assessment in a

module

• Evaluation undertaken using:• ‘Map of Learning’ (Moon 1999)• ‘Model of Reflective Learning through Storytelling’

(McDrury and Alterio 2002) • other factors (number of speakers, voice, use of

discipline language, structure, task centredness and image relevance)

Page 7: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Evaluation using ‘Map of Learning’ (Moon 1999)

• Increasing levels of reflection :

• 1: ‘Noticing’• 2 : ‘Making sense’• 3 : ‘Meaning making’• 4 : ‘Working with

meaning’• 5 : ‘Transformative

learning’0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5

Group stories

Individualstories

Page 8: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Evaluation using ‘Model of Reflective Learning through Storytelling’ (McDrury and Alterio 2002)

• Problems with using this model for evaluation

• reflections rather than stories• not interactive• BUT were associated with higher levels of

reflection

Page 9: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Evaluation of other factors (1)

• Voice• use of personal voice made these engaging, emotional and

powerful

• Language:• most used appropriate language and above average

discipline language.• reflection was not necessarily hampered when English was

not the first language of the student voice

• Structure• most stories were well structured / scripted• this did not necessarily associate with deeper reflection but

where combined with deep reflection becomes more powerful

Page 10: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Evaluation of other factors (2)

• Images• choice can enhance cohesion of story or seriously detract

from it• ownership of images further enhanced reflection

• Discipline task focus• 76% above average task focus• tasks set effected the possible level of reflection

• Humour• this could enhance or distract viewers engagement

• Duration• protocols were set at max. 2 mins / 250 words• the data showed that it is difficult to produce a reflective

piece in less than 1 mins, but that extending the time beyond 2 minutes did not necessarily increase the reflective capacity

Page 11: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Staff perceptions of reflective DST at induction:

• “I think the digital story telling reflection would have worked better if the students had had more time to reflect, choose photos and if they could have produced their own stories”.

• “I think there was evidence of active learning, but it was not part of the whole experience. I think greater emphasis on the digital stories, as a means of a reflection task is important.”

Page 12: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Student perceptions of reflective DST at induction:

• Students most enjoyed:• “The production of the digital story and

reflection of what we had done during the day, because I found it really enjoyable and a new take on an evaluation for the day”

• Students least enjoyed:• “Creating the digital story, I don’t think it

helped me to learn”

Page 13: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Staff perception of reflective DST in a module:

• “Digital storytelling .....has been a useful process for the students to evaluate their own design methodology. They are able to understand how they as individuals work effectively at solving design related problems, they are able to plan their work more effectively as a result and they seem to develop their cognitive approach”.

• “In retrospect would have reduced my own assessment in order to utilise the process as one of the teaching and learning outcomes”.

Page 14: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Future developments:Induction 2007 /08 • possible changes to include :

• students to take ownership of the creation process allowing reflection to continue over time

• feedback of the stories in discipline groups led by the tutor to facilitate deepening reflection on learning and practice

• greater emphasis on a well structured reflective task

• within landscape design will continue to use storytelling and DST as a focus for community building

Page 15: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Future developments:Landscape design modules :• continuing development of the technique for

articulating tacit learning, reflection, developing communication skills and community

• use of the studio model for critiquing of individual stories

• piloting of new ways to use the technique• “…to explain design concepts as narratives…

may give them the confidence and the necessary ability to be able to communicate at ‘crit’s’, write legible design statements and also develop … concepts in to artistic and creative prose”

Page 16: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Reflective digital storytelling : conclusions• Digital storytelling offers new ways of presenting

work and developing reflective practice• simple technology is inclusive to all (Prensky

2001)• provides an engaging focus for collaborative

reflection

Page 17: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

Reflective digital storytelling : conclusions• a formal setting for review of stories may help to

“bring about thoughtful and reasoned change to practice” (McDrury and Alterio 2002, p111)

• a studio model (Schön 1983; 1987) may assist :• multiple perspectives to be explored• scaffolding in a peer learning forum• enhanced reflective learning• enrichment of discipline-based learning

communities

Page 18: Enhancing learning through reflection : experimenting with digital storytelling Jo Lonsdale Postgraduate researcher Centre for Active Learning University

References• Blythe, T. and Associates, (1998) The Teaching for Understanding Guide, Jossey-

Bass.• Brown, J. S. (2005) New Learning Environments for the 21st Century• http://www.johnseelybrown.com/index.html [Accessed 21 March 2007)• Dewey, J., Boydston, J. A., Baysinger, P., & Murphey, M. G. (1988). Human nature

and conduct, 1922. Carbondale [etc.]: Southern Illinois University Press. • Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential Learning: Experience as a Source of Learning and

Development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.• Lave, J. and Wenger, E. (1991) Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral

Participation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.• McDrury, J .and Alterio, M.G. (2003) Learning through Storytelling in Higher

Education Using Reflection and Experience to Improve Learning. London: Kogan Page.

• Moon, J. A. (1999) Reflection in Learning and Professional Development. London: Kogan Page Ltd.

• Moon, J. A. (2004) A Handbook of Reflective and Experiential Learning: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge Farmer.

• Schön, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books.

• Schön, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner. New York: Jossey Bass.• Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind and Society: The development of higher mental processes.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.