enhancing communication and cooperation with web 2.0
TRANSCRIPT
Islamic University of Gaza
Computer Engineering Department
Seminar Report
On
Enhancing Communication and Cooperation
with Web 2.0
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of
Seminar course
Submitted By
To
Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki
April 2013
Shady A. Alefrangy : 120091608
Acknowledgment
We would love to express our gratitude to Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki teacher in
Computer Engineering Department for his support and guidance throughout the
semester.
Our heartfelt thanks to our colleague for taking time and helping us through
researching process.
We would like to thank our families, especially our parents, for their
encouragement, patience, and assistance over the years. We are forever indebted to our
parents, who have always kept us in their prayers.
i
Abstract
In this research we focuses on the revolution that is changing the World Wide
Web, electronic commerce, and business in general. Web 2.0 is the term used to describe
the wave of change in business models and in Web site functionality that has
transformed the online landscape. Most likely, you are already familiar with popular
Web 2.0 applications such as Facebook or Wikipedia.
Web 2.0 introduces unprecedented ways to connect to friends, share knowledge
with your colleagues, or collaborate with a team of engineers 5,000 miles away, and
many of today’s companies cannot afford to miss this trend.
Most young people entering the workforce have grown accustomed to using
Facebook or Twitter for their communication needs. With Web 2.0 providing a new set
of capabilities for individuals and businesses, an understanding of how they can be
applied can be very helpful. Being able to understand and apply these emerging
capabilities and strategies that are associated with Web 2.0 is a highly marketable skill.
Relevant information was collected from trusted internet sources and some
papers which is published in well-known conferences.
Keyword:
Web 2.0; Social presence tool; Microblogging; Blog; Collaboration; Asynchronous;
Social media; Social networking; Synchronous.
ii
List Of Figures
Figure 3.1 Strands of DNA
…………………………………………………... 4
Figure 3.2 Watson-Crick Model of DNA
……………………………………. 4
Figure 4.1 Simple Hamiltonian path problem
……………………………….. 5
Figure 4.2 Gaza-Rafah combined strand
…………………………………….. 6
Figure 4.3 Separating strands using Gel Matrix
……………………………... 8
Figure 4.4 Affinity purification process
……………………………………... 9
Figure 5.1 Configuration of AND gate and its experimental results
………… 12
Figure 5.2 Configuration of NAND gate and the experimental results
……… 12
iii
Glossary
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
MB Megabyte
GB Gigabyte
MIPS Millon Instruction Per Second
ASA Algorithmic self-assembly
GM Gel Matrix
iv
Contents
Page #
1 Introduction .……………………………………………………….……… 1
2 History of DNA Computing …………………………………………..….. 2
3 What is DNA Computing ...………………………………………….…... 3
4 First DNA Computer …………………..…………………………….…… 5
4.1 Adleman's Computer: Hamiltonian path problem ………….….. 5
4.2 Adleman's Experiment: In Depth …………………………….…. 9
5 DNA Universal Logic Gates ………………………………………….….. 11
6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Computing …………….……... 14
7 Conclusion - Future of DNA Computing ……………………….………. 16
References ……………………………………………………………….…….. 17
v
1
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
Web 2.0, the second phase in the Web’s evolution, is attracting the attention of IT
professionals, businesses, and Web users. Web 2.0 is also called the wisdom Web,
people-centric Web, participative Web, and read/write Web. Web 2.0 harnesses the Web
in a more interactive and collaborative manner, emphasizing peers’ social interaction
and collective intelligence, and presents new opportunities for leveraging the Web and
engaging its users more effectively.
Over the past few years, Web 2.0 has received much attention from the popular press.
Typically, the term refers to dynamic Web applications that allow people to collaborate
and share information online. One of the basic concepts associated with Web 2.0 is a
shift in the users’ role from the passive consumer of content to its creator: in contrast to
the TV network ABC’s site, where content is provided by ABC, the Web 2.0 application
YouTube depends on content created and uploaded by other users; similarly, whereas
the Encyclopaedia Britannica invests large sums in professionally researched articles,
the articles in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia are jointly written and edited by the
online community.
In addition to these applications, many organizations have successfully incorporated
Web 2.0 concepts into their business models. For example, Amazon.com adds value to
its site by incorporating book reviews from its customers. This way, they give customers
a channel to voice their thoughts; at the same time, a larger number of reviews can help
other customers make better decisions, thus attracting more visitors to Amazon.com’s
site (see Figure 1.1).
FIGURE 1.1: Amazon.com lets readers provide feedback.
2
1.1 Enterprise 2.0
Given these profound changes, many business organizations have looked for ways to
control and/or utilize Web 2.0 and social software. Many organizations have built
successful business models around Web 2.0, but most are trying to use Web 2.0
applications to support their existing business models. The use of Web 2.0 techniques
and social software within a company’s boundaries or between a company and its
customers or stakeholders (often referred to as Enterprise 2.0) can help in sharing
organizational knowledge, making businesses more innovative and productive, and
helping them to effectively connect with their customers and the wider public (McAfee,
2006a).
1.2 Social Software
Many successful Web 2.0 applications can be classified as social software (or social
media), allowing people to communicate, interact, and collaborate in various ways. With
the proliferation of Web 2.0, people’s behaviors and societies have undergone rapid
changes. For example, many people have changed the ways they search for information:
Whereas in the past, people have turned to encyclopedias as sources of unbiased
information, people now increasingly turn to Web sites such as Wikipedia, or ask their
friends and acquaintances on Facebook for personalized information. Similarly, there
has been a marked shift in the way people view privacy and share information; as
criticized by privacy advocates, people are sharing more personal information than ever
before.
Repeatedly, you can read about people posting the most private information, without
thinking about the consequences; as Facebook and other social Web sites have become
pervasive in many people’s lives, you have information about your friend’s recent
drinking escapades leading to a DUI, your coworker’s breaking up with his girlfriend,
and other things you may or may not want to know, all at your fingertips.
Clearly, social software has strongly influenced the lives of many people. Table 5.1
highlights the shift in perspectives from the Web 1.0 to the Web 2.0 era.
1.3 Collective Intelligence
One major benefit of social software is the ability to harness the “wisdom of crowds,”
or collective intelligence (Surowiecki, 2004). The concept of collective intelligence is
based on the notion that distributed groups of people with a divergent range of
information and expertise will be able to outperform the capabilities of individual
experts, as demonstrated by the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, which is entirely based
on its users’ contributions (see Figure 1.2).
3
Likewise, open source software is another example of the power of collective
intelligence. High-quality software such as the Firefox Web browser, the Linux
operating system, or the OpenOffice productivity suite are created by thousands of
volunteers located all over the world.
For organizations, making effective use of the collective intelligence of their employees,
customers, and other stakeholders can prove extremely valuable. In addition to the
benefits of harnessing the wisdom of crowds, societal changes, brought about by
globalization, increasing wealth and consumerism, as well as the Web, are key drivers
for Enterprise 2.0.
TABLE 1.1: Shifting Perspectives from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0.
Web 1.0 Web 2.0
Me Me and you
Read Read and write
Connect ideas Connect ideas and people
Search Receive and give recommendations to
friends and others
Find Share
Techies rule Users rule
Organizations Individuals
Source: Based on Sessums (2009).
FIGURE 1.2: Distributed groups of people
with a divergent range of information and
expertise will be able to outperform the
capabilities of individual experts.
4
Chapter 2
2. Enhancing Communication with Web 2.0
A prime application of Enterprise 2.0 is facilitating and enhancing the communication
within an organization as well as between an organization and its stakeholders. For
organizations, Web 2.0 tools have opened up a vast array of opportunities for presenting
themselves to their (potential) customers; at the same time, Web 2.0 applications have
opened up literally thousands of channels for customers to voice their opinions about an
organization. In this chapter, we introduce various Web 2.0 tools used for
communication.
One widely used tool for communication is discussion forums. Pre-dating the Web 2.0
era, discussion forums emulate traditional bulletin boards and allow for threaded
discussions between participants. Typically, discussion forums are dedicated to specific
topics, and users can start new threads. Depending on the owner or host of the forum,
the discussion forum may be moderated so that new postings appear only after they have
been vetted by a moderator; further, some discussion forums may only allow posts from
registered users, whereas others allow anyone to contribute. As the purpose of such
forums is to enable discussion, there are usually multiple participants exchanging
(typically rather short) thoughts.
In contrast, blogs allow individuals to express their thoughts in a one-to-many fashion.
2.1 Blogs
Blogging originally started out as a novice’s way of expressing themselves using very
simple Web pages. Blogging is the process of creating an online text diary (i.e., a blog,
or Web log) made up of chronological entries that comment on everything from one’s
everyday life, to wine and food, or even computer problems (see Figure 2.1).
Rather than trying to produce physical books to sell or use as gifts, bloggers (i.e., the
people maintaining blogs) merely want to share stories about their lives or voice their
opinions (although feedback is often encouraged through associated threaded
discussions). Many bloggers use their blogs to hone their writing skills, often producing
elaborate, thoughtful pieces of writing.
Blogging has exploded into its own industry, and many companies and even the
mainstream media embrace blogging (see Table 2.1).
5
TABLE 2.1: Examples of Prominent Blogs
Type of Blog Example Description
Technology www.engadget.com Consumer electronics blog
news.cnet.com/tech-blogs Various technology blogs
www.roughtype.com Blog of Nicholas Carr, author of the
book IT Doesn’t Matter and former
executive editor of the Harvard
Business Review
Financial blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat Wall Street Journal’s blog on stock
market happenings
www.dvorak.org/blog John Dvorak from Market Watch reports
on various news events
Entertainment www.perezhilton.com A gossip and news blog run by TV
personality Mario Armando Lavandeira
Jr.
nymag.com/daily/fashion New York Magazine’s fashion blog
Political corner.nationalreview.com A blog run by The National Review, a
magazine started in 1955 by William F.
Buckley
FIGURE 2.1: Blogging is the process of creating an online text diary
(i.e., a blog, or Web log) made up of chronological entries.
6
Engadget.com is one instance of a blogging business. Started in 2004 and later bought
by America Online (AOL) in 2005, Engadget.com focuses on news and rumors from the
customer electronics and gadgets areas. Engadget.com now employs several story
editors and a multitude of reporters to cover the electronics industry. The influence of
blogging has also hit the mainstream media. Many traditional media giants, such as
CNN, now use blogs to paint a richer picture of the stories they produce. Anderson
Cooper, one of CNN’s anchors, currently edits and writes for CNN’s flagship blog called
Anderson Cooper 360.
Blogs are being used by small, medium-sized, and large organizations and have become
important voices that can sway public opinion. One famous example of the power of
blogging is the 2004 election scandal known as “Rathergate.” Dan Rather, appearing on
60 Minutes, reported on some suspect findings concerning President George W. Bush’s
record of military service. Bloggers soon after (correctly) reported that the documents
used in this news story were falsified. Without the bloggers’ visibility, this
misrepresentation could have gone unnoticed. Because of the bloggers ‘reports, Dan
Rather resigned from 60 Minutes, and some say that this eventually caused his dismissal
from CBS News.
Blogs are not without controversy. Nicholas Carr, noted technology journalist (and
active blogger himself), classifies blogging as the “amateurization” of journalism. Often
the value of blogging is the ability to bring breaking news to the public in the fastest
possible way. By doing so, some bloggers cut journalistic corners, rendering some of
the posts on the blogs less than accurate. For example, in May 2007, Engadget.com
reported that Apple’s iPhone and OSX operating system were going to be delayed. This
news spurred a 4 percent downturn in Apple’s stock price in less than 20 minutes. Soon
after the story was released, users questioned the validity of the story, and Engadget.com
retracted the story. Further, blogs have been criticized for frequently providing the
biased opinions of the writers, particularly because many of the authors’ sources cannot
or have not been verified.
Nevertheless, blogs have massively influenced the way in which people gather and
consume information. In fact, turning to free information from blogs and other online
sources, many readers have cancelled newspaper subscriptions. In turn, diminishing
readership in traditional newspapers has enticed advertisers to begin to withdraw from
this traditional medium, leading to budget cuts and layoffs at reputable newspapers such
as the San Francisco Chronicle, the New York Times, the Washington Times, and many
others; in December 2008, newspaper giant Tribune Co., owner of the Los Angeles
Times, the Chicago Tribune, and other newspapers, facing dwindling advertising
revenues and a huge debt burden (as of 2010, Tribune was still under bankruptcy
7
protection). Unfortunately—and ironically—this may erode the very sources that many
bloggers base their information on. To show just how severe this problem is today, a
Google Maps Web service has been created to visually show where layoffs are occurring
at newspapers across the United States (http://papercuts.graphicdesignr.net). These
examples show both the power of the blogs and some of the problems associated with
them. The influence of blogs has also been called the power of the blogosphere (i.e., the
community of all blogs).
In addition to blogs created by and/or for individual readers, companies increasingly use
blogs for connecting with their employees or customers. For example, IBM’s business-
oriented social software suite Lotus Connection includes blogs, helping people to voice
ideas and obtain feedback from others. Similarly, companies such as Google maintain
official company blogs to inform their stakeholders about news, rumors, or current
thoughts.
2.2 Social Presence
Social presence tools (sometimes called microblogging tools), similar to blogging,
enable people to voice their thoughts; however, in contrast to blogs, which often contain
lengthy posts, social presence tools are designed for relatively short “status updates.” A
popular social presence tool is Twitter, which allows users to post short (up to 140
characters of text) “tweets” that are delivered to the author’s followers or subscribers
via mobile phone or Twitter applications (see Figure 2.2). The recipient can “retweet”
(i.e., re-broadcast) interesting tweets to his or her followers. Whereas Twitter’s initial
focus was on personal status updates, the focus has now shifted to users tweeting “what’s
happening.” Hence, Twitter has become a source for breaking news; for example,
messages about US Airways Flight 1549 crashing in the Hudson River were spreading
on Twitter 15 minutes before traditional media outlets started to broadcast news about
the incident. Many social networking sites (discussed later in this chapter) also have
social presence functionality built in; for example, users can update their status on
Facebook, letting their friends know about their current thoughts and allowing them to
post replies.
Many organizations have used this trend and created accounts on Twitter. For example,
Coca-Cola has an official Twitter account with over 36,000 followers and uses it to post
news or interact with its followers; Coca-Cola follows 26,000 Twitter accounts and
actively replies to and retweets Twitter messages. This way, Coca-Cola signals that it
cares about its followers, and can increase its customers’ brand loyalty.
8
2.3 Instant Messaging
In contrast to asynchronous discussion forums, blogs, and status updates, instant
messaging (or online chat) emulates real-time written conversations. Using instant
messaging, multiple participants can have conversations and enjoy immediate feedback
from their conversation partners. Some social networking sites such as Facebook have
integrated instant messaging functionality; however, instant messaging is often regarded
as somewhat artificial, although most instant messaging environments also support both
video and voice communication.
Many organizations have adopted instant messaging for internal communications and
also use live chat for sales and customer support functions. For example, the Chinese
business-to-business marketplace Alibaba.com includes a chat interface so that
interested buyers can immediately contact potential sellers.
2.4 Virtual Worlds
Virtual worlds take the concept of real-time communication a step further by allowing
people to communicate using avatars. Popular virtual worlds such as Second Life, Meez,
or IMVU consist of 3D environments where people can interact and build, buy, or sell
virtual items, all using their personalized avatar (see Figure 2.3). However, while many
individuals run successful small businesses in consumer-oriented virtual worlds, large
companies have not been able to realize the potential of those environments beyond
providing virtual showcases for their products.
FIGURE 2.2: Twitter allows posting short “tweets” that are delivered to the author’s
followers or subscribers via mobile phone or Twitter applications.
9
However, dedicated virtual worlds are increasingly used for rich communication, as is
the case with the Cisco Live conference, which simultaneously takes place both in Las
Vegas, Nevada, and in a virtual environment, allowing participants to attend sessions or
interact with other attendees.
FIGURE 2.3: Virtual worlds consist of 3D environments where people can interact
and build, buy, or sell virtual items, all using their personalized avatar.
11
Chapter 3
3. Enhancing Cooperation with Web 2.0
In addition to communication, companies and individuals can benefit from Web 2.0
applications that enable cooperation. Cooperation between individuals or organizations
creates win-win situations such that one participant’s success improves the chances of
success of other participants. Web 2.0 applications facilitating such cooperation rely on
the network effect to provide the greatest benefits for users. The network effect refers to
the notion that the value of a network (or tool or application based on a network) is
dependent on the number of other users. In other words, if a network has few users, it
has little or no value (e.g., how useful would e-mail be if none of your friends or family
members had access to it?). For example, eBay would not be an effective auction Web
site if only a few bidders were present. In order for eBay auctions to be valued, there
must be a large number of users who are involved in the auctions. As more users hear
about eBay and then become active buyers and sellers, the value of eBay continues to
grow. These network effects also occur in various other applications, such as social
networks or instant messaging applications.
3.1 Media Sharing
One example of cooperative Web 2.0 applications making use of the network effect is
media sharing. The sharing of pictures, videos, audio, and even presentations has
become immensely popular on the Web, using sites such as Flickr (images), YouTube
(videos), or SlideShare (presentations). Typically, the shared content is hosted on media
sharing sites; however, the content can also be embedded into other sites, creating a win-
win situation for the content creator and the site embedding the content. For example,
embedding an interesting and relevant YouTube video into a blog post helps to increase
the attractiveness of the blog while at the same time increasing the viewership of the
video, thus creating positive returns for both parties.
Similarly, netcasting is increasingly used for media sharing. Netcasting (or podcasting)
is the distribution of digital media, such as audio or video files via syndication feeds for
playback on digital media players. The term “podcasting,” derived from combining the
terms “broadcasting” and “iPod,” is a misnomer, as netcasts (or podcasts) can be played
on a variety of devices in addition to Apple’s iPods. As with blogging, netcasting has
grown substantially, with traditional media organizations now netcasting everything
from shows on National Public Radio to Fox’s Family Guy to the Oprah Winfrey Show.
All of this is made possible using syndication feeds that allow netcast publishers (called
netcasters) to publish and push current shows to the watchers/listeners. In addition to
11
media organizations and independent netcasters, the educational sector uses netcasts for
providing students access to lectures, lab demonstrations, or sports events; this allows
students to review lectures or prepare for class during their morning and evening
commutes. In 2007, Apple launched iTunes U, which offers free content provided by
major U.S. universities, such as Stanford, Berkeley, and the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (see Figure 3.1).
3.2 Social Bookmarking
Another category of Web 2.0 applications relying on the network effect is social
bookmarking. For many Web surfers, key challenges are finding information and
finding it again at a later time; hence, people often keep long lists of bookmarks to sites
they find interesting or visit frequently.
Although this is useful for an individual, he or she may miss a plethora of other, related,
and potentially interesting Web sites. Social bookmarking helps to address this by
allowing users to share Internet bookmarks and to create categorization systems
(referred to as folksonomies). As more people participate in social bookmarking, the
value for each user grows as the bookmarks become more complete and more relevant
to each user. Widely used public social bookmarking tools include Digg.com and
delicious (see Figure 3.2). For organizations, social bookmarking can be extremely
valuable for knowledge management and harnessing the collective intelligence of
FIGURE 3.1: A student listens to a podcast on iTunes U.
12
employees. Using enterprise-oriented social bookmarking tools, it is easy to map
“islands” of knowledge within an organization, thus helping to easily find experts on a
given topic.
3.3 Social Cataloging
Similar to social bookmarking, social cataloging is the creation of a categorization
system by users. Contributors build up catalogs regarding specific topics such as
academic citations, wireless networks, books and music, and so on. For example, users
can create virtual bookshelves with Google Books, organize their collections, and write
reviews and then share this bookshelf with others on the Web. Similarly, students and
researchers can use free tools such as Zotero (see Figure 3.3) to manage their citations,
thus facilitating the creation of reference lists for research papers. Organizations are
typically dealing with tremendous amounts of information, ranging from supplier
information to frequent customer complaints, and can use social cataloging for
structuring this information and making it more accessible and useful.
3.4 Tagging
Closely related to social cataloging is tagging, or manually adding metadata to media or
other content. Metadata can be simply thought of as data about data. In essence,
metadata describes data in terms of who, where, when, why, and so on. For example,
metadata about a Word document includes the author, the time the document was
FIGURE 3.2: Delicious is a popular social bookmarking tool.
13
FIGURE 3.3: Zotero helps in organizing citations
and research resources.
created, and when it was last saved; metadata about a picture includes date and time,
focal length, shutter speed, aperture value, and so on (see Figure 3.4).
FIGURE 3.4: Metadata about a photo.
14
Whereas certain metadata about documents or media files is captured automatically
(e.g., when saving a document in a word processor, or when taking a picture with a
digital camera), there are various other important pieces of information that are not
automatically captured, such as the topic of a document or the names of people in a
picture. Tagging is the process of adding such metadata to pieces of information. Tags
are commonly added to pictures and videos in Web sites such as Flickr, a picture and
video hosting Web site that allows users to upload their content. As of October 2009,
Flickr, owned by Yahoo!, boasted millions of active users and over 4 billion pieces of
media, making it all but impossible to find images related to a certain topic. However,
because many of the images have been tagged by users, they can be easily searched by
various descriptive tags. For example, by adding the key words “Washington State
Basketball” to a picture on Flickr, we are adding metadata about the context of the
picture. This metadata will help return this picture as one of the results whenever a user
searches Flickr for basketball pictures.
Away to visualize user generated tags or content on a site is through tag clouds (see
Figure 3.5). The size of a word in a tag cloud represents its importance or frequency so
that it is easy to spot the most important or frequent words or tags.
FIGURE 3.5: A tag cloud related to words and concepts that are key to Web
2.0 technologies.
15
3.4.1 Geotagging
Another type of metadata about media such as photos, videos, or even blogs or tweets
is of geospatial nature; knowing where exactly a photo was taken and in what direction
the camera was pointing, or knowing the location of a person sending out a breaking
news update on Twitter, can be extremely valuable. Adding geospatial metadata (such
as latitude, longitude, or altitude) to media is referred to as geotagging. Once the location
of an item is known, it can easily be visualized on a map. For example, Google maps
can display various types of geotagged information, such as Wikipedia articles about
places or landmarks, photos, webcams, or even Twitter posts. Thus, Google can offer a
map experience containing pictures of attractions, reviews, and things to do without
having to take a single picture or write a single review themselves.
Chapter 4
16
4. Conclusion
4.1 Summary
4.1.1 Describe Web 2.0 and the key enablers of Enterprise 2.0.
Web 2.0 refers to dynamic Web applications that allow people to collaborate and
share information online. One of the basic concepts associated with Web 2.0 is a
shift in the users’ role from passive consumer of content to creator. Web 2.0
applications have spawned the emergence of social software that people widely used
for communicating and socializing. Increasingly, organizations are using social
software to connect with customers and internal or external stakeholders in order to
become more innovative or productive. Social software can help to harness the
wisdom of the crowd by leveraging the collective intelligence of large groups of
people. For organizations, using Web 2.0 applications can be an important factor in
being able to attract or retain employees as younger generations (who grew up using
social software) are joining the workforce.
4.1.2 Explain how organizations can enhance communication using Web 2.0
applications.
Social software can enhance communication within organizations as well as between
an organization and its stakeholders. Blogs, made up of chronological entries that
comment on virtually any topic of interest to the author, are widely used by
individuals and organizations to communicate with internal and external
stakeholders. Social presence (or microblogging) tools allow sending relatively short
status updates to one’s followers. Instant messaging (or online chat) is used mainly
for synchronous internal communication as well as for sales and customer support
functions. Virtual worlds can be used to showcase products or hold rich interactive
communication.
4.1.3 Explain how organizations can enhance cooperation using Web 2.0
applications. Web 2.0 applications facilitating cooperation depend on the network
effect to provide the greatest benefit to users. Media sharing applications allow
people and organizations to share images, videos, slide shows, or podcasts with
others. Social bookmarking allows users to share and categorize Internet bookmarks,
which can be helpful in organizational knowledge management efforts.
Similarly, social cataloging helps to categorize and share academic citations,
information about books, music, and so on. Tagging refers to manually adding
metadata to a piece of information such as a map, picture, or Web page, thus
describing the piece of information for others and making it searchable.
17
IX. References
[1] PrincySugathan S, (2010) DNA Computing. Master Degree, COCHIN
Universityof Scienceand Technology.
[2] University of Alaska - Trevor and Devin lecture, available at:
[3] http://www.cs.uaf.edu/2010/fall/cs441/proj1/dna/DNAComputingHTMLNotes.html(Accessed
25/04/2012).
[4] University of Rochester - Blog by Steve Bradt available at:
http://www.rochester.edu/pr/releases/bio/ray2.htm(Accessed 27/04/2012).
[5] ORACLE ThinkQuest Education Foundation – "Projects by Students for Students"
available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312650/examplesDNA.htm(Accessed 20/04/2012).
[6] Wikipedia: DNA computing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing(Accessed 20/04/2012).