enhancing communication and cooperation with web 2.0

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Islamic University of Gaza Computer Engineering Department Seminar Report On Enhancing Communication and Cooperation with Web 2.0 In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Seminar course Submitted By To Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki April 2013 Shady A. Alefrangy : 120091608

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Islamic University of Gaza

Computer Engineering Department

Seminar Report

On

Enhancing Communication and Cooperation

with Web 2.0

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of

Seminar course

Submitted By

To

Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki

April 2013

Shady A. Alefrangy : 120091608

Acknowledgment

We would love to express our gratitude to Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki teacher in

Computer Engineering Department for his support and guidance throughout the

semester.

Our heartfelt thanks to our colleague for taking time and helping us through

researching process.

We would like to thank our families, especially our parents, for their

encouragement, patience, and assistance over the years. We are forever indebted to our

parents, who have always kept us in their prayers.

i

Abstract

In this research we focuses on the revolution that is changing the World Wide

Web, electronic commerce, and business in general. Web 2.0 is the term used to describe

the wave of change in business models and in Web site functionality that has

transformed the online landscape. Most likely, you are already familiar with popular

Web 2.0 applications such as Facebook or Wikipedia.

Web 2.0 introduces unprecedented ways to connect to friends, share knowledge

with your colleagues, or collaborate with a team of engineers 5,000 miles away, and

many of today’s companies cannot afford to miss this trend.

Most young people entering the workforce have grown accustomed to using

Facebook or Twitter for their communication needs. With Web 2.0 providing a new set

of capabilities for individuals and businesses, an understanding of how they can be

applied can be very helpful. Being able to understand and apply these emerging

capabilities and strategies that are associated with Web 2.0 is a highly marketable skill.

Relevant information was collected from trusted internet sources and some

papers which is published in well-known conferences.

Keyword:

Web 2.0; Social presence tool; Microblogging; Blog; Collaboration; Asynchronous;

Social media; Social networking; Synchronous.

ii

List Of Figures

Figure 3.1 Strands of DNA

…………………………………………………... 4

Figure 3.2 Watson-Crick Model of DNA

……………………………………. 4

Figure 4.1 Simple Hamiltonian path problem

……………………………….. 5

Figure 4.2 Gaza-Rafah combined strand

…………………………………….. 6

Figure 4.3 Separating strands using Gel Matrix

……………………………... 8

Figure 4.4 Affinity purification process

……………………………………... 9

Figure 5.1 Configuration of AND gate and its experimental results

………… 12

Figure 5.2 Configuration of NAND gate and the experimental results

……… 12

iii

Glossary

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA Ribonucleic Acid

MB Megabyte

GB Gigabyte

MIPS Millon Instruction Per Second

ASA Algorithmic self-assembly

GM Gel Matrix

iv

Contents

Page #

1 Introduction .……………………………………………………….……… 1

2 History of DNA Computing …………………………………………..….. 2

3 What is DNA Computing ...………………………………………….…... 3

4 First DNA Computer …………………..…………………………….…… 5

4.1 Adleman's Computer: Hamiltonian path problem ………….….. 5

4.2 Adleman's Experiment: In Depth …………………………….…. 9

5 DNA Universal Logic Gates ………………………………………….….. 11

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Computing …………….……... 14

7 Conclusion - Future of DNA Computing ……………………….………. 16

References ……………………………………………………………….…….. 17

v

1

Chapter 1

1. Introduction

Web 2.0, the second phase in the Web’s evolution, is attracting the attention of IT

professionals, businesses, and Web users. Web 2.0 is also called the wisdom Web,

people-centric Web, participative Web, and read/write Web. Web 2.0 harnesses the Web

in a more interactive and collaborative manner, emphasizing peers’ social interaction

and collective intelligence, and presents new opportunities for leveraging the Web and

engaging its users more effectively.

Over the past few years, Web 2.0 has received much attention from the popular press.

Typically, the term refers to dynamic Web applications that allow people to collaborate

and share information online. One of the basic concepts associated with Web 2.0 is a

shift in the users’ role from the passive consumer of content to its creator: in contrast to

the TV network ABC’s site, where content is provided by ABC, the Web 2.0 application

YouTube depends on content created and uploaded by other users; similarly, whereas

the Encyclopaedia Britannica invests large sums in professionally researched articles,

the articles in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia are jointly written and edited by the

online community.

In addition to these applications, many organizations have successfully incorporated

Web 2.0 concepts into their business models. For example, Amazon.com adds value to

its site by incorporating book reviews from its customers. This way, they give customers

a channel to voice their thoughts; at the same time, a larger number of reviews can help

other customers make better decisions, thus attracting more visitors to Amazon.com’s

site (see Figure 1.1).

FIGURE 1.1: Amazon.com lets readers provide feedback.

2

1.1 Enterprise 2.0

Given these profound changes, many business organizations have looked for ways to

control and/or utilize Web 2.0 and social software. Many organizations have built

successful business models around Web 2.0, but most are trying to use Web 2.0

applications to support their existing business models. The use of Web 2.0 techniques

and social software within a company’s boundaries or between a company and its

customers or stakeholders (often referred to as Enterprise 2.0) can help in sharing

organizational knowledge, making businesses more innovative and productive, and

helping them to effectively connect with their customers and the wider public (McAfee,

2006a).

1.2 Social Software

Many successful Web 2.0 applications can be classified as social software (or social

media), allowing people to communicate, interact, and collaborate in various ways. With

the proliferation of Web 2.0, people’s behaviors and societies have undergone rapid

changes. For example, many people have changed the ways they search for information:

Whereas in the past, people have turned to encyclopedias as sources of unbiased

information, people now increasingly turn to Web sites such as Wikipedia, or ask their

friends and acquaintances on Facebook for personalized information. Similarly, there

has been a marked shift in the way people view privacy and share information; as

criticized by privacy advocates, people are sharing more personal information than ever

before.

Repeatedly, you can read about people posting the most private information, without

thinking about the consequences; as Facebook and other social Web sites have become

pervasive in many people’s lives, you have information about your friend’s recent

drinking escapades leading to a DUI, your coworker’s breaking up with his girlfriend,

and other things you may or may not want to know, all at your fingertips.

Clearly, social software has strongly influenced the lives of many people. Table 5.1

highlights the shift in perspectives from the Web 1.0 to the Web 2.0 era.

1.3 Collective Intelligence

One major benefit of social software is the ability to harness the “wisdom of crowds,”

or collective intelligence (Surowiecki, 2004). The concept of collective intelligence is

based on the notion that distributed groups of people with a divergent range of

information and expertise will be able to outperform the capabilities of individual

experts, as demonstrated by the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, which is entirely based

on its users’ contributions (see Figure 1.2).

3

Likewise, open source software is another example of the power of collective

intelligence. High-quality software such as the Firefox Web browser, the Linux

operating system, or the OpenOffice productivity suite are created by thousands of

volunteers located all over the world.

For organizations, making effective use of the collective intelligence of their employees,

customers, and other stakeholders can prove extremely valuable. In addition to the

benefits of harnessing the wisdom of crowds, societal changes, brought about by

globalization, increasing wealth and consumerism, as well as the Web, are key drivers

for Enterprise 2.0.

TABLE 1.1: Shifting Perspectives from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0.

Web 1.0 Web 2.0

Me Me and you

Read Read and write

Connect ideas Connect ideas and people

Search Receive and give recommendations to

friends and others

Find Share

Techies rule Users rule

Organizations Individuals

Source: Based on Sessums (2009).

FIGURE 1.2: Distributed groups of people

with a divergent range of information and

expertise will be able to outperform the

capabilities of individual experts.

4

Chapter 2

2. Enhancing Communication with Web 2.0

A prime application of Enterprise 2.0 is facilitating and enhancing the communication

within an organization as well as between an organization and its stakeholders. For

organizations, Web 2.0 tools have opened up a vast array of opportunities for presenting

themselves to their (potential) customers; at the same time, Web 2.0 applications have

opened up literally thousands of channels for customers to voice their opinions about an

organization. In this chapter, we introduce various Web 2.0 tools used for

communication.

One widely used tool for communication is discussion forums. Pre-dating the Web 2.0

era, discussion forums emulate traditional bulletin boards and allow for threaded

discussions between participants. Typically, discussion forums are dedicated to specific

topics, and users can start new threads. Depending on the owner or host of the forum,

the discussion forum may be moderated so that new postings appear only after they have

been vetted by a moderator; further, some discussion forums may only allow posts from

registered users, whereas others allow anyone to contribute. As the purpose of such

forums is to enable discussion, there are usually multiple participants exchanging

(typically rather short) thoughts.

In contrast, blogs allow individuals to express their thoughts in a one-to-many fashion.

2.1 Blogs

Blogging originally started out as a novice’s way of expressing themselves using very

simple Web pages. Blogging is the process of creating an online text diary (i.e., a blog,

or Web log) made up of chronological entries that comment on everything from one’s

everyday life, to wine and food, or even computer problems (see Figure 2.1).

Rather than trying to produce physical books to sell or use as gifts, bloggers (i.e., the

people maintaining blogs) merely want to share stories about their lives or voice their

opinions (although feedback is often encouraged through associated threaded

discussions). Many bloggers use their blogs to hone their writing skills, often producing

elaborate, thoughtful pieces of writing.

Blogging has exploded into its own industry, and many companies and even the

mainstream media embrace blogging (see Table 2.1).

5

TABLE 2.1: Examples of Prominent Blogs

Type of Blog Example Description

Technology www.engadget.com Consumer electronics blog

news.cnet.com/tech-blogs Various technology blogs

www.roughtype.com Blog of Nicholas Carr, author of the

book IT Doesn’t Matter and former

executive editor of the Harvard

Business Review

Financial blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat Wall Street Journal’s blog on stock

market happenings

www.dvorak.org/blog John Dvorak from Market Watch reports

on various news events

Entertainment www.perezhilton.com A gossip and news blog run by TV

personality Mario Armando Lavandeira

Jr.

nymag.com/daily/fashion New York Magazine’s fashion blog

Political corner.nationalreview.com A blog run by The National Review, a

magazine started in 1955 by William F.

Buckley

FIGURE 2.1: Blogging is the process of creating an online text diary

(i.e., a blog, or Web log) made up of chronological entries.

6

Engadget.com is one instance of a blogging business. Started in 2004 and later bought

by America Online (AOL) in 2005, Engadget.com focuses on news and rumors from the

customer electronics and gadgets areas. Engadget.com now employs several story

editors and a multitude of reporters to cover the electronics industry. The influence of

blogging has also hit the mainstream media. Many traditional media giants, such as

CNN, now use blogs to paint a richer picture of the stories they produce. Anderson

Cooper, one of CNN’s anchors, currently edits and writes for CNN’s flagship blog called

Anderson Cooper 360.

Blogs are being used by small, medium-sized, and large organizations and have become

important voices that can sway public opinion. One famous example of the power of

blogging is the 2004 election scandal known as “Rathergate.” Dan Rather, appearing on

60 Minutes, reported on some suspect findings concerning President George W. Bush’s

record of military service. Bloggers soon after (correctly) reported that the documents

used in this news story were falsified. Without the bloggers’ visibility, this

misrepresentation could have gone unnoticed. Because of the bloggers ‘reports, Dan

Rather resigned from 60 Minutes, and some say that this eventually caused his dismissal

from CBS News.

Blogs are not without controversy. Nicholas Carr, noted technology journalist (and

active blogger himself), classifies blogging as the “amateurization” of journalism. Often

the value of blogging is the ability to bring breaking news to the public in the fastest

possible way. By doing so, some bloggers cut journalistic corners, rendering some of

the posts on the blogs less than accurate. For example, in May 2007, Engadget.com

reported that Apple’s iPhone and OSX operating system were going to be delayed. This

news spurred a 4 percent downturn in Apple’s stock price in less than 20 minutes. Soon

after the story was released, users questioned the validity of the story, and Engadget.com

retracted the story. Further, blogs have been criticized for frequently providing the

biased opinions of the writers, particularly because many of the authors’ sources cannot

or have not been verified.

Nevertheless, blogs have massively influenced the way in which people gather and

consume information. In fact, turning to free information from blogs and other online

sources, many readers have cancelled newspaper subscriptions. In turn, diminishing

readership in traditional newspapers has enticed advertisers to begin to withdraw from

this traditional medium, leading to budget cuts and layoffs at reputable newspapers such

as the San Francisco Chronicle, the New York Times, the Washington Times, and many

others; in December 2008, newspaper giant Tribune Co., owner of the Los Angeles

Times, the Chicago Tribune, and other newspapers, facing dwindling advertising

revenues and a huge debt burden (as of 2010, Tribune was still under bankruptcy

7

protection). Unfortunately—and ironically—this may erode the very sources that many

bloggers base their information on. To show just how severe this problem is today, a

Google Maps Web service has been created to visually show where layoffs are occurring

at newspapers across the United States (http://papercuts.graphicdesignr.net). These

examples show both the power of the blogs and some of the problems associated with

them. The influence of blogs has also been called the power of the blogosphere (i.e., the

community of all blogs).

In addition to blogs created by and/or for individual readers, companies increasingly use

blogs for connecting with their employees or customers. For example, IBM’s business-

oriented social software suite Lotus Connection includes blogs, helping people to voice

ideas and obtain feedback from others. Similarly, companies such as Google maintain

official company blogs to inform their stakeholders about news, rumors, or current

thoughts.

2.2 Social Presence

Social presence tools (sometimes called microblogging tools), similar to blogging,

enable people to voice their thoughts; however, in contrast to blogs, which often contain

lengthy posts, social presence tools are designed for relatively short “status updates.” A

popular social presence tool is Twitter, which allows users to post short (up to 140

characters of text) “tweets” that are delivered to the author’s followers or subscribers

via mobile phone or Twitter applications (see Figure 2.2). The recipient can “retweet”

(i.e., re-broadcast) interesting tweets to his or her followers. Whereas Twitter’s initial

focus was on personal status updates, the focus has now shifted to users tweeting “what’s

happening.” Hence, Twitter has become a source for breaking news; for example,

messages about US Airways Flight 1549 crashing in the Hudson River were spreading

on Twitter 15 minutes before traditional media outlets started to broadcast news about

the incident. Many social networking sites (discussed later in this chapter) also have

social presence functionality built in; for example, users can update their status on

Facebook, letting their friends know about their current thoughts and allowing them to

post replies.

Many organizations have used this trend and created accounts on Twitter. For example,

Coca-Cola has an official Twitter account with over 36,000 followers and uses it to post

news or interact with its followers; Coca-Cola follows 26,000 Twitter accounts and

actively replies to and retweets Twitter messages. This way, Coca-Cola signals that it

cares about its followers, and can increase its customers’ brand loyalty.

8

2.3 Instant Messaging

In contrast to asynchronous discussion forums, blogs, and status updates, instant

messaging (or online chat) emulates real-time written conversations. Using instant

messaging, multiple participants can have conversations and enjoy immediate feedback

from their conversation partners. Some social networking sites such as Facebook have

integrated instant messaging functionality; however, instant messaging is often regarded

as somewhat artificial, although most instant messaging environments also support both

video and voice communication.

Many organizations have adopted instant messaging for internal communications and

also use live chat for sales and customer support functions. For example, the Chinese

business-to-business marketplace Alibaba.com includes a chat interface so that

interested buyers can immediately contact potential sellers.

2.4 Virtual Worlds

Virtual worlds take the concept of real-time communication a step further by allowing

people to communicate using avatars. Popular virtual worlds such as Second Life, Meez,

or IMVU consist of 3D environments where people can interact and build, buy, or sell

virtual items, all using their personalized avatar (see Figure 2.3). However, while many

individuals run successful small businesses in consumer-oriented virtual worlds, large

companies have not been able to realize the potential of those environments beyond

providing virtual showcases for their products.

FIGURE 2.2: Twitter allows posting short “tweets” that are delivered to the author’s

followers or subscribers via mobile phone or Twitter applications.

9

However, dedicated virtual worlds are increasingly used for rich communication, as is

the case with the Cisco Live conference, which simultaneously takes place both in Las

Vegas, Nevada, and in a virtual environment, allowing participants to attend sessions or

interact with other attendees.

FIGURE 2.3: Virtual worlds consist of 3D environments where people can interact

and build, buy, or sell virtual items, all using their personalized avatar.

11

Chapter 3

3. Enhancing Cooperation with Web 2.0

In addition to communication, companies and individuals can benefit from Web 2.0

applications that enable cooperation. Cooperation between individuals or organizations

creates win-win situations such that one participant’s success improves the chances of

success of other participants. Web 2.0 applications facilitating such cooperation rely on

the network effect to provide the greatest benefits for users. The network effect refers to

the notion that the value of a network (or tool or application based on a network) is

dependent on the number of other users. In other words, if a network has few users, it

has little or no value (e.g., how useful would e-mail be if none of your friends or family

members had access to it?). For example, eBay would not be an effective auction Web

site if only a few bidders were present. In order for eBay auctions to be valued, there

must be a large number of users who are involved in the auctions. As more users hear

about eBay and then become active buyers and sellers, the value of eBay continues to

grow. These network effects also occur in various other applications, such as social

networks or instant messaging applications.

3.1 Media Sharing

One example of cooperative Web 2.0 applications making use of the network effect is

media sharing. The sharing of pictures, videos, audio, and even presentations has

become immensely popular on the Web, using sites such as Flickr (images), YouTube

(videos), or SlideShare (presentations). Typically, the shared content is hosted on media

sharing sites; however, the content can also be embedded into other sites, creating a win-

win situation for the content creator and the site embedding the content. For example,

embedding an interesting and relevant YouTube video into a blog post helps to increase

the attractiveness of the blog while at the same time increasing the viewership of the

video, thus creating positive returns for both parties.

Similarly, netcasting is increasingly used for media sharing. Netcasting (or podcasting)

is the distribution of digital media, such as audio or video files via syndication feeds for

playback on digital media players. The term “podcasting,” derived from combining the

terms “broadcasting” and “iPod,” is a misnomer, as netcasts (or podcasts) can be played

on a variety of devices in addition to Apple’s iPods. As with blogging, netcasting has

grown substantially, with traditional media organizations now netcasting everything

from shows on National Public Radio to Fox’s Family Guy to the Oprah Winfrey Show.

All of this is made possible using syndication feeds that allow netcast publishers (called

netcasters) to publish and push current shows to the watchers/listeners. In addition to

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media organizations and independent netcasters, the educational sector uses netcasts for

providing students access to lectures, lab demonstrations, or sports events; this allows

students to review lectures or prepare for class during their morning and evening

commutes. In 2007, Apple launched iTunes U, which offers free content provided by

major U.S. universities, such as Stanford, Berkeley, and the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (see Figure 3.1).

3.2 Social Bookmarking

Another category of Web 2.0 applications relying on the network effect is social

bookmarking. For many Web surfers, key challenges are finding information and

finding it again at a later time; hence, people often keep long lists of bookmarks to sites

they find interesting or visit frequently.

Although this is useful for an individual, he or she may miss a plethora of other, related,

and potentially interesting Web sites. Social bookmarking helps to address this by

allowing users to share Internet bookmarks and to create categorization systems

(referred to as folksonomies). As more people participate in social bookmarking, the

value for each user grows as the bookmarks become more complete and more relevant

to each user. Widely used public social bookmarking tools include Digg.com and

delicious (see Figure 3.2). For organizations, social bookmarking can be extremely

valuable for knowledge management and harnessing the collective intelligence of

FIGURE 3.1: A student listens to a podcast on iTunes U.

12

employees. Using enterprise-oriented social bookmarking tools, it is easy to map

“islands” of knowledge within an organization, thus helping to easily find experts on a

given topic.

3.3 Social Cataloging

Similar to social bookmarking, social cataloging is the creation of a categorization

system by users. Contributors build up catalogs regarding specific topics such as

academic citations, wireless networks, books and music, and so on. For example, users

can create virtual bookshelves with Google Books, organize their collections, and write

reviews and then share this bookshelf with others on the Web. Similarly, students and

researchers can use free tools such as Zotero (see Figure 3.3) to manage their citations,

thus facilitating the creation of reference lists for research papers. Organizations are

typically dealing with tremendous amounts of information, ranging from supplier

information to frequent customer complaints, and can use social cataloging for

structuring this information and making it more accessible and useful.

3.4 Tagging

Closely related to social cataloging is tagging, or manually adding metadata to media or

other content. Metadata can be simply thought of as data about data. In essence,

metadata describes data in terms of who, where, when, why, and so on. For example,

metadata about a Word document includes the author, the time the document was

FIGURE 3.2: Delicious is a popular social bookmarking tool.

13

FIGURE 3.3: Zotero helps in organizing citations

and research resources.

created, and when it was last saved; metadata about a picture includes date and time,

focal length, shutter speed, aperture value, and so on (see Figure 3.4).

FIGURE 3.4: Metadata about a photo.

14

Whereas certain metadata about documents or media files is captured automatically

(e.g., when saving a document in a word processor, or when taking a picture with a

digital camera), there are various other important pieces of information that are not

automatically captured, such as the topic of a document or the names of people in a

picture. Tagging is the process of adding such metadata to pieces of information. Tags

are commonly added to pictures and videos in Web sites such as Flickr, a picture and

video hosting Web site that allows users to upload their content. As of October 2009,

Flickr, owned by Yahoo!, boasted millions of active users and over 4 billion pieces of

media, making it all but impossible to find images related to a certain topic. However,

because many of the images have been tagged by users, they can be easily searched by

various descriptive tags. For example, by adding the key words “Washington State

Basketball” to a picture on Flickr, we are adding metadata about the context of the

picture. This metadata will help return this picture as one of the results whenever a user

searches Flickr for basketball pictures.

Away to visualize user generated tags or content on a site is through tag clouds (see

Figure 3.5). The size of a word in a tag cloud represents its importance or frequency so

that it is easy to spot the most important or frequent words or tags.

FIGURE 3.5: A tag cloud related to words and concepts that are key to Web

2.0 technologies.

15

3.4.1 Geotagging

Another type of metadata about media such as photos, videos, or even blogs or tweets

is of geospatial nature; knowing where exactly a photo was taken and in what direction

the camera was pointing, or knowing the location of a person sending out a breaking

news update on Twitter, can be extremely valuable. Adding geospatial metadata (such

as latitude, longitude, or altitude) to media is referred to as geotagging. Once the location

of an item is known, it can easily be visualized on a map. For example, Google maps

can display various types of geotagged information, such as Wikipedia articles about

places or landmarks, photos, webcams, or even Twitter posts. Thus, Google can offer a

map experience containing pictures of attractions, reviews, and things to do without

having to take a single picture or write a single review themselves.

Chapter 4

16

4. Conclusion

4.1 Summary

4.1.1 Describe Web 2.0 and the key enablers of Enterprise 2.0.

Web 2.0 refers to dynamic Web applications that allow people to collaborate and

share information online. One of the basic concepts associated with Web 2.0 is a

shift in the users’ role from passive consumer of content to creator. Web 2.0

applications have spawned the emergence of social software that people widely used

for communicating and socializing. Increasingly, organizations are using social

software to connect with customers and internal or external stakeholders in order to

become more innovative or productive. Social software can help to harness the

wisdom of the crowd by leveraging the collective intelligence of large groups of

people. For organizations, using Web 2.0 applications can be an important factor in

being able to attract or retain employees as younger generations (who grew up using

social software) are joining the workforce.

4.1.2 Explain how organizations can enhance communication using Web 2.0

applications.

Social software can enhance communication within organizations as well as between

an organization and its stakeholders. Blogs, made up of chronological entries that

comment on virtually any topic of interest to the author, are widely used by

individuals and organizations to communicate with internal and external

stakeholders. Social presence (or microblogging) tools allow sending relatively short

status updates to one’s followers. Instant messaging (or online chat) is used mainly

for synchronous internal communication as well as for sales and customer support

functions. Virtual worlds can be used to showcase products or hold rich interactive

communication.

4.1.3 Explain how organizations can enhance cooperation using Web 2.0

applications. Web 2.0 applications facilitating cooperation depend on the network

effect to provide the greatest benefit to users. Media sharing applications allow

people and organizations to share images, videos, slide shows, or podcasts with

others. Social bookmarking allows users to share and categorize Internet bookmarks,

which can be helpful in organizational knowledge management efforts.

Similarly, social cataloging helps to categorize and share academic citations,

information about books, music, and so on. Tagging refers to manually adding

metadata to a piece of information such as a map, picture, or Web page, thus

describing the piece of information for others and making it searchable.

17

IX. References

[1] PrincySugathan S, (2010) DNA Computing. Master Degree, COCHIN

Universityof Scienceand Technology.

[2] University of Alaska - Trevor and Devin lecture, available at:

[3] http://www.cs.uaf.edu/2010/fall/cs441/proj1/dna/DNAComputingHTMLNotes.html(Accessed

25/04/2012).

[4] University of Rochester - Blog by Steve Bradt available at:

http://www.rochester.edu/pr/releases/bio/ray2.htm(Accessed 27/04/2012).

[5] ORACLE ThinkQuest Education Foundation – "Projects by Students for Students"

available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312650/examplesDNA.htm(Accessed 20/04/2012).

[6] Wikipedia: DNA computing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing(Accessed 20/04/2012).