1. Enhancement in the efficiency of Solar Cells Submitted By:Guided By: Srinath Poduval 06BCH097 Prof. (Dr.) Jayesh P. Ruparelia Swapnil Agarwal 06BCH098 Assistant Professor

2. Index Introduction Dye Solar Cells (DSC) Materials & Methods Results References 3. IntroductionDye Solar Cells Low cost thin film solar cells Invented by Michael Grtzel in 1991 Mechanically robust and can be made onflexible sheets Commercialization just started with threemajor companies: DyeSol, Austraila; Solaronix,France; ECIC, Taiwan. 4. Construction & Working: 5. Advantages: Works well under diffused sunlight, less sensitiveto angle of incidence. Can be made fully transparent, can have a lot ofaesthetic applications. Bifacial, absorbs light from both faces, can beinverted. Manufacturing costs much cheaper than thecommercially available PV silicon cells. Also works at high temperature, owing to the thinconducting film that radiates internal heat. 6. Materials & Methods:DSCs four major components:1. Conducting glass2. TiO2 layer3. Dye4. Electrolyte5. Counter electrode 7. Building of DSC:Conducting glass: Commercially available as ITO (Indium Tinoxide glass) used normally in LCD screens. Glass with a resistance of at least 30/sq.cm isrequired. Glass has to be highly transparent. A normal 160 * 80 mm ITO glass (4mm thick)costs around $150 (Courtesy: Dyesol Inc.) 8. Lab preparation of conducting glass Stannic Chloride is obtained and dissolved in ethanol(40% w/w) solution (5 gm in 5ml of methanol) It is sprayed upon the glass surface with the help of a mister. The glass is then kept in the muffle furnace and is heated up to 400-500 C for about 15-20 min Sn4+ gets reduced to Sn2+, forming a mix layer of SnO2 & SnO4, which are responsible for conductivity 9. Conducting glass by Thermal Evaporation @IPR, Gandhinagar 10. Contd..Thermal Evaporation facility @ FCPTI, IPR, Gandhinagar 11. Contd.. 12. Contd.. 13. Procedure to build a DSC(Materials Required) 2 transparent conductive glass slides (We used glass slides prepared byThermal Evaporation technique). Sticky tape Ruler and a small knife. Isopropyl alcohol . Titanium dioxide (Company: Finar 99.0% pure) Mortar with pistil Acetic Acid Triton X-100 (Surfactant) Muffle furnace (at least 450C) Potassium Iodide crystals Dye (we used Santalin) Spirit lamp Fire tongs Glass rod 14. Step by Step process: Check for conducting side Preparation of glass slide TiO2 Coating 15. Contd.. Heating the coated glass Preparing the Dye Solution 16. Contd.. Coating Dye over TiO2 Preparation of Counter electrode 17. Contd.. Measuring the open-circuit Voltage 18. ResultsConducting glass Analysis SEM Analysis 19. XRD Analysis Intensity/ cps2 Theta/ (Scan axis: 2:1 sym.)XRD pattern reveal that films contain SnO and SnO2 both phases with SnO peaks with higher intesities and preferred orientaions. 20. Transmission Spectra Transm ission Spectra for SnO2 film s deposited by therm al evaporation and Plasm a assisted thermal evaporation1 250 C 0.8 Transmittance300 C 0.6 0.4250 C with RF 0.2300 C with RF0 350 415 480 545 610 675 740 805 870 935 1000 Wavelength(nm )Transmission spectra of films show that as the substratetemperature increases transparency of the films increases. Alsospectra of plasma assisted films are lying somewhat above thespectra of thermally grownFilms. 21. Open Circuit VoltageS. No. Resistivity of Conducting Illumination Voltage(m glass (W/m2) V)1. 89.59 cm120 (Sun light)9892. 129.8 cm120 (Sun light)6923. 127 cm120 (Sun light)4684. 146 cm250 (Solar Lamp) 19 22. References D. Keefer, E. Eibergen, G. Lisensky, J. Tanaka and S. L. Suib, Surface conductive glass, J. Chem.Educ. 61, 1104 (1984). Beomjin Yoo, Kyungkon Kim, Seung Hoon Lee, Won Mok Kim, Nam-Gyu Park, ITO/ATO/TiO2triple-layered transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells, Solar EnergyMaterials & Solar Cells 92 (2008). Supachai Ngamsinlapasathian, Thammanoon Sreethawong, Doubled layered ITO/SnO2conducting glass for substrate of dye-sensitized solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & SolarCells 90 (2006). B. ORegan, M. Gratzel, Nature 353, 737 (1991). B-S. Chiou, J-H. Tsai, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 10, 491 (1999). B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, Addison-Wesley Publication Company, Reading,MA, 2-9 (1978). S. Kambe, K. Murakoshi, T. Kitamura, Y. Wada, S. Yanagida, H. Kominami, Y. Kera, Sol. EnergyMater.Sol. Cells 61, 427 (2000). Haiying Wan, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells, The University of Alabama Publications, 1-13 (2006). Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Pechy , P.; Grtze, M, Chem. Community, 85 (1997). M.S. Roy, P. Balraju, G.D. Sharma, Dye-sensitized solar cell based on Rose Bengal dye andnanocrystalline TiO2, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 1-5 (2007). A.F. Nogueira, M.A. De Paoli, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 61 (2000). J.G. Chen, H.Y. Wei, K.C. Ho, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 91 (2007). 23. Contd Yongxiang Li, Dietrich Haarer, Winfried Scharath, Titanium dioxide films for photovoltaic cellsderived from a solgel process, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 56, 167-174 (1999) . K. Tennakone, G.R.R.A. Kumara, I.R.M. Kottegoda, Sensitization of nano-porous films of TiO2with santalin (red sandalwood pigment) and construction of dye-sensitized solid-statephotovoltaic cells, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 117, 137-142(1998). K. Tennakone, G.R.R.A. Kumara, A.R. Kumarasinghe, K.G.U. Wijayantha, P.M. Sirimanna,Semicondutor. Science. Technology 10, 1689 (1995). Michael Grtzel, Photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of dye-sensitizedmeosocopic solar cells, C. R. Chimie 9, 578583 (2006). Michael Grtzel, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology,2003 Dr. Wolf Peter Stckl, Research on the usability of low-cost materials in dye sensitized solarcells, HTL Braunau am Inn http://www.dyesol.com/index.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dye_sentisized_solar_cell http://www.solarprint.ie http://www.ecic.com/dssc http://solarcellsinfo.com/blog/archives/category/dye-sensitized-polymer-organic-solar-cells