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English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Period) 1558-1640s Tracey Culley and Zoe Cooper

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Page 1: English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Tracey … · English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Period) 1558-1640s Tracey Culley and Zoe Cooper. ... Elizabethan Age). 1582:

English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean

Period) 1558-1640sTracey Culley and Zoe Cooper

Page 2: English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Tracey … · English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Period) 1558-1640s Tracey Culley and Zoe Cooper. ... Elizabethan Age). 1582:

Historical Timeline 1558-1600

1558: Queen

Elizabeth I is crowned

1563: Martin Luther’s 39 Articles are published

1570: The Catholic church excommunicates

Queen Elizabeth I

1574: The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1576: The Curtain Theater was built

1578: King James VI becomes King of

Scotland

1584: Sir Walter Raleigh

establishes the first colony in the

New World

1587: Queen Mary of Scots is executed

Rose Theater is built

1588: Spanish armada

destroyed by English fleet

1560 1570 1580

1592: Anti-Alien riots break out

in England

1577: Raphael Holinshed publishes

the Holinshed’s Chronicles of

England, Scotland, and Ireland

1593: Theaters close due to

plague

1590 1600

1594: Theaters reopen

1599: The Globe

Theater is built

1600: Queen Elizabeth I

grants the East India Company and its charter

During her reign “London became a cultural and

commercial center where learning and literature thrived” (The

Elizabethan Age).

1582: Sir Francis Drake

circumnavigated the globe.

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Historical Timeline 1600-1640

1601: The Earl of

Essex is executed

1600 1610 1620 1630 1640

1604: The death of Queen

Elizabeth I

1613: The Globe Theater burns

down during the performance of

Henry VII

1614: The Globe

Theater is rebuilt

1616: The death of

Shakespeare

1625: King James I dies and King

Charles I follows reign

1642: English civil war commences

Puritan Parliament bans theater and closes

playhouses

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Wars

● 1585-1604: England vs. Spain● 1597-1601: Ireland rebels against England● 1624-1630: England vs. Spain● 1627-1629: England vs. France● 1642: English civil war

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Religion

● Freedom of belief as long as English subjects were not open with or encouraged the practice of their faith

● Church of England○ Queen Elizabeth I made attending church services mandatory

■ Many had to travel long distances■ People who did not attend were punished (unless ill)

● Catholics○ No legal way to practice faith

■ Powerful people less likely to be punished■ Upper class members exempt from oaths of allegiance to Church

of England

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Comparing Religions

Church of England● “Justification by faith”● Church exists as a guide for the

people● Two Sacraments: Baptism and

Holy Eucharist● Pope does not lead the church

○ “Just a man and subject to error” (Life in Elizabethan England).

● Heaven and Hell● Relationship with God

Catholic● “Salvation is gained through faith in

God, the prayers of the church, the grace of the sacraments, and doing good works” (Life in Elizabethan England)

● Church interprets the Bible● Seven Sacraments: Baptism,

Confirmation, Holy Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, and Matrimony

● Pope = Head of church● Heaven, Purgatory, Hell● Worship to God, prayers to Saints

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Occult Philosophy

● Anti-scientific way of thinking● Dealt with supernatural forces

○ Spirits, demons, fairies○ Hidden causes of everything in the universe

● Cornelius Agrippa○ Magician○ Three books of Occult Philosophy

Page 8: English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Tracey … · English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Period) 1558-1640s Tracey Culley and Zoe Cooper. ... Elizabethan Age). 1582:

Alchemy

● Linked with metal transmutation (gold making)● Queen Elizabeth I

○ Believed in good alchemy● King James I

○ Viewed alchemy as witchcraft○ Stated his approval of witch hunting

● Thomas Charnock○ English Alchemist○ Support from the Queen

■ Making gold and beheading

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Sir Francis Bacon

● Emphasis on experimentation and interaction

● New scientific method● Rejection ● Book One of Novum Organum Scientiarum

○ Reputable philosopher of science

"more fully than any man of his time, entertained the idea of the universe as a problem to be solved, examined, meditated upon, rather

than as an eternally fixed stage upon which man walked" (Francis Bacon)

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Thomas Hobbes

● Concerned with social and political order○ Living together in peace

● Humans are ○ Needy ○ Vulnerable○ Selfish○ Ignorant

● Authoritarian sovereign

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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

● Polish astronomer and mathematician○ lived in Italy for many years

● passionate about science● developed new astronomical

theory

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The Copernican Theory

● disproved the Ptolemaic system○ Earth was center of entire universe○ “each planet moved on a small sphere or circle,

called an epicycle, that moved on a larger sphere or circle, called a deferent” (The Ptolemaic Model)

● Sun was center of solar system● each planet orbited around the sun

independently

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Ptolemaic vs. Copernican

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Galileo Galilei (1562-1642)

● Italian scientist● invented the telescope

○ changed the way space was studied forever

● helped prove that the solar system was heliocentric

● disproved Aristotelianism

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Moon and Sun

● people believed that the heavens were perfect○ “meant that they were unchanging” (Galileo)

● spots on Sun● Moon surface was rough

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Moons of Jupiter

● saw what he thought were stars around Jupiter

● “stars” were rotating around Jupiter○ many thought that if a planet was moving

throughout space, moons and stars would be left behind

● meant “Earth could not be the only center of motion” (Galileo)

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Phases of Venus

● similar to the moon○ shadows appear and move over time

● not noticeable without telescope● only explanation was that Venus was

circling the sun

Page 18: English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Tracey … · English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Period) 1558-1640s Tracey Culley and Zoe Cooper. ... Elizabethan Age). 1582:

What Galileo saw

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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

● German mathematician and astrologist

● hired by another scientist to help with research

● developed Laws of Planetary Motion

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First law

● planets orbit in ellipses, not circles● Sun is not perfectly centered, but acts as a

focus

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Second law

● planets move quickly when close to Sun● planets move slowly when farther from Sun

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Third law

● all planets abide by the same guidelines as each other

● orbits are dependent on astronomical units

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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

● Flemish surgeon● dissected human body parts● believed surgery was key to

anatomy● published De Humani Corporis

Fabrica○ “the founder of human anatomy”

(Elizabethan)

Page 24: English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Tracey … · English Renaissance (Elizabethan & Jacobean Period) 1558-1640s Tracey Culley and Zoe Cooper. ... Elizabethan Age). 1582:

William Harvey (1578-1657)

● English scientist● researched and dissected animal

veins● discovered that the heart circulates

blood throughout the body○ “founded human physiology” (Elizabethan)

● claimed that animals reproduced by fertilization of the egg by the sperm

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Lyric Poetry

● became newly popular among lower classes○ only the wealthy used to be able to afford poetry

● usually meant to have musical accompaniment○ often sung

● intended to express personal emotions

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Sonnets

● Italian origin● consist of 14 lines● five-foot iambics● rhyme

○ “abab cdcd efef gg” (Sonnet)● written mainly for romantic purposes

○ was Shakespeare bisexual?

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Theater/Plays

● plays typically performed outdoors○ afternoon or evening

● seating dependent on social class○ wealthy sat in chairs○ poor stood

● only men were actors○ young boys played female parts

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Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

● dramatic poet● blank-verse line

○ iambic pentameter○ unrhymed

● second greatest poet of the century

● reportedly stabbed to death

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Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586)

● passionate poet● women influence

○ often has female characters○ mother

● incredibly intelligent○ “mastery of grammar, rhetoric,

mathematics, Latin, French, and some Greek” (Philip Sidney)

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Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)

● bold writer● “The Faerie Queene” epic

○ historical fiction on Queen Elizabeth

○ most famous piece● unusual upbringing

○ father was “an obscure cloth maker” (Edmund Spenser)

○ did not originally go to school in fine arts

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William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

● most famous for his dramatic plays○ originally wrote nondramatic poetry○ nobles, including the Queen, would

specifically request his plays

● very mysterious○ unknown birthdate○ may not even exist

● unique○ created his own words○ utilized paradox

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Works Cited● "The Academy." Elizabethan. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "Alchemy." DigitalBard. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● Baker, Peter S. "The Transition from Medieval to Renaissance." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.

● Baker, Peter S. "The Transition from Medieval to Renaissance." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.

● BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Sonnet (poetic Form)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "Elizabethan Science and Technology." Elizabethan Science and Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2014.

● "English Renaissance Timeline: Some Historical and Cultural Dates." Great Writers Inspire: Learning from the Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "The Hermetic Research Series." The Hermetic Research Series. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.

● "Introduction to Elizabethan Occult Philosophy." DeliriumsRealmcom. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "The Occult Philosophy." Philosophy Talk. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "Philosophical Introduction." Life in Elizabethan England 2:. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "Poems & Poets : The Poetry Foundation." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

● "Rene Descartes." Rene Descartes. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.

● "Shakespeare: Sonnets." Shakespeare: Sonnets. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.

● "The Ptolemaic Model." The Ptolemaic Model. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.