english grammar sheets for teachers

7/25/2019 English Grammar Sheets for Teachers

1/78

All of vs All

All vs All of

Amount vs Numbervs Quantity

Assure , Ensure,Insure, Secure

Between vs Among

Causative verbs

Close (to) vs near(to)

Conditionalsentences

Confusing words

Either or / Neithernor

Even though / Evenif / Even so

Lastly, Finally,Eventually, In the

end , at last

Amount vs

Number vs

Quantity

Between

vs Among

Either or

Neither nor

Conditional sentences

Even though / Even if / Even so

Causative verbs

Fast vs Quick

Hardly /Scarcely /Barely /No sooner

I vs Me

Inasmuch as

Insofar as


2/78

GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com

ALL vs ALL OFALL

All refers to three or more items. I will buy allthree shirts.

I will buy both shirts. (NOT I will buy all two shirts.)

We use ALLbefore normal nouns. Allchildren need love. (NOT All of children need love.)

Allparents want the best for their children.

All can be put after personal pronouns used as objects. She has sent her love to you all. (= She has sent her love to all ofyou.) Mary has invited them all. (= Mary has invited all ofthem.)

Allis used before uncountable and plural nouns. Allthe water /Allmy children /Allthe milk /Allthe cake /Allmy friends

Allwith nouns.All can also be used before some singular countable nouns like week,

family and way..

Allmy family live in different parts of India.He ran allthe way to the railway station.

We've been working allweek.

Negative sentence structure : Notall + noun + affirmative verb.

Not allbirds can sing. ( More natural than All birds cannot sing.)

Not allAmericans like hamburgers.

(More natural than All Americans do not like Hamburgers.)

ALL OFBefore a personal pronoun we use all of.Note that we use object form of the personal pronouns after all of.

All ofus like reading. (NOT All of we like reading.)

I have invited all ofthem. (NOT I have invited all of they.)

ALL & ALL OFBefore a noun with a determiner (articles, possessives or demonstratives)

all and all of are both possible.

I have invited all my friends. OR I have invited all ofmy friends.Allmy friends have been invited. OR All of myfriends have been invited.

Thank you to all / all ofthe soldiers who have laid down their lives to defend

our freedom.


3/78


ALL vs ALL OF

TEST1. Do email us with ______ your questions.

2. _____ us are passionate about English.

3. _____ children want presents on their birthdays.

4. They ate _____ the food.

5. I like ____ them.

6. ____ the food at the party was cooked by my wife.

7. _____the students came to our party.

8. _____ passengers must turn off their mobile.

9. Good bye and thank you___.


4/78


AMOUNT / NUMBER / QUANTITYThere are subtle differences between amount of, quantity of

and number of.Amount Of is used for things you cannot measure

( non-countable nouns). It usually precedes a singular word.

I undertook an inordinate amount of work.

He paid regular amounts of money to charity.

It is not difficult to see where that amount of hate derives.

The amount of smokers has decreased.WRONG

The number of smokers (smokers

plural and can be counted)

Number Of precedes a plural, countable noun.

It can be applied to bothanimate and inanimate objects.

The disease affected a largenumber ofcamels in the town.

The ship was only carrying a largenumber ofmangoes.

Quantity Of is used for things that you can measure.

(countable nouns). It is usually applied to inanimate objects.The ship was only carrying a largequantity ofmangoes.

(Number of could also be used in this example. Number of is

preferable as it is unlikely to be considered incorrect by some

readers.)

Quantityis more formal than amount or number.

A quantity of orQuantities ofcan be followed by a countablenoun or an uncountable noun. They are most commonly used

with an adjective such as huge, big, large, small:

The soldiers discovered a large quantity of weapons hidden

under the floor of a disused building. (countable)

You only need a very small quantity of cement to mix with

the sand. (uncountable)

Large quantities of illegal drugs had been discovered.(countable)


5/78

AMOUNT / QUANTITY / NUMBERGRAMMAR & VOCABULARY www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com

TEST1. The ______of work I got through in July was double the

amount that I did in June.

2. No _______ of love would heal the hatred she felt.

3. Police found a large _____ of drugs in his possession.

4. I had a certain _____ of respect for him: he was a good

footballer and a good ambassador for his country.

5. The _____ of equipment needed for this trip is staggering.

6. We use a huge _____of paper in the office every day.

7. A small _____ of children are educated at home.

8. A great _____of students volunteer each year for

environmental projects.

9. The soldiers discovered a large______ of weapons

hidden under the floor of a disused building.

10. Large _____ of cows were infected by the virus.


6/78


Assure , Ensure,

Insure , Secure.Assure: to tell someone confidently that something is true,so that they do not worry. Only people can feel anxious ordoubtful only they can be assured. Things cannot be assured.Examples:

Tom assured Mike that he'd come to the party early.

She assured us (that) the car would be ready the next day.

Ensure : to guarantee an event or condition, to makesomething certain to happen. People cannot be ensured.Examples:

The role of the police is to ensurethat the law is obeyed.

A good anti-virus will ensurethat your PC remains virus-free.

These blankets ensurethat youll be warm enough.

Insure : to guarantee or protect the monetary value ofsomething , usually with an insurance.

Places , people and things can be insured.Examples:

The house is insured for two million euros.

Many companies wont insure new or young drivers.

Secure : to keep from attack , harm or damage ,to get something , sometimes with difficulty.

Examples:

The computer system is secure from intruders.

He secured a place for himself in law school.


7/78


Assure , Ensure,

Insure , Secure. TEST1. The car was ______________ for $1 000 000.

2. My sister has ________ me that I will do fine on my test.

3. You must _________that everyone in the car is wearing a seat belt.

4. My parents ______ me that no matter what I do, they will love me.

5. I need to _______ my house.

6. The singer failed to _____a place in the Eurovision Song Contest.

7. We will ______that future orders are delivered efficiently.

8. The goal is to ______ that people are enabled to make full

use of the information they have been given.

If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/resources/assure%20%2C%20

ensure%20%2C%20insure%20%2C%20secure%20TEST%20ANSWERS._001.jpg


8/78


Between vsAmongBetween and among are both prepositions , and they are

usually followed by nouns .

Betweenyou can use the word between when you are talking about

distinct, individual items even if there are more than two of

them. It is usually followed by a singular noun.Examples:

This contract is entered intobetween the Seller

and the Purchaser.

She chosebetweenHarvard, Brown, and Yale.

The negotiationsbetweenthe union and management

have broken down.Amongyou can use among when you are talking about things thataren't distinct items or individuals. Among should be used

where the entities are considered as a group, mass or

collectivity.

It is usually followed by a plural noun.Examples:

She choseamongthe Ivy League schools

There is consensusamongshareholders that

this approach be adopted.

He loves to spend timeamong his friends.
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/


9/78


Between vs Among TEST

1. You must choose _____the three books. Well, it is not adifficult choice ____them, there is only one that I like.

2. The people of the town were frightened to think that a

killer might be living ____them.

3. Its difficult to live ____ strangers.

4. Tonights match is _____ Belgium and USA.

5. We divided the cost of the dinner ______ Francis,

Martha, Sally, and me.

6. Talk about it ______ yourselves for a while.

7. He has worked as a singer _____ other things.

8. We have agreed the price ____ ourselves and also have

agreed that we will not close the deal till November the

30th 2014.


10/78


CAUSATIVE VERBSCausative verbsare used to show that the subject causes another thing or

person to do something or be something.

MAKE , GET, HAVE , LET, HELP

Make somebody do something : To force someone to do something.Examples:

She made her childrendo her homework.

His mother made him apologizeto the teacher.

Get somebody to do something :To convince or persuade someone to do something.

Examples:

She got meto mow the lawn.

I'll get himto help you.

Have somebody do something : to ask somebody to do something /to request somebody to do something.

Examples:

He had his secretarytranslate the letter.

I will have himcall you when he comes back.

Let somebody do something : to give somebody permission to dosomething.

Examples: My dad let mego by myself.

She wanted to go but her parent wouldnt let her.

Help somebody to do something :to give somebody aid to do something.

Examples:

This book has helped me(to) improve my English. Going to the Gym has helped me(to) lose weight.


11/78


MAKE , GET, HAVE , LET, HELP

TEST

1. Instead of buying a new bicycle, why don't you ____

your old one fixed.

2. Can you ____ me paint my livingroom next weekend?

3. My mom always _____ me clean up my room onSaturday mornings

4. My little girl wants us to ____ her stay overnight at her

friend's place.

5. We ___ our landlord fix the broken window.

6. We ____ the computer guy to install the new software

for us.

7. My friend ____ me borrow his car .

8. I can ____ you to move into your new apartment if you

cannot manage on your own.

9. Your car engine is making some strange sounds. Why

don't you ____ a mechanic look at it?


12/78


Close tovs

NearWhen used in the sense of not far or a short distance away, theadjectives near and close have the same meaning and are interchangeable.

Close (to) / NearNot far away in distance or time. Almost in a particular state or condition.

Examples: Dont get too close to/nearthat dog , Susan.

As time gets closer to/nearerthe exam, I feel more and

more nervous.

"I could see that Sam was close to/near tears.

The boxer looked near/close toexhaustion.

We can decide which route to take nearer / closer tothe time.

CloseWe use close to talk aboutpeoples relationshipswith one another

Theyre a close family.

My dad was closer tohis brother than to his sister. John and Mike are very closefriends.

Close is also used in the following collocations and nouns.a close encounter , a close race , a close finish , close shave

Near is also used in the following collocations and nouns.Near miss, near-death experience, near thing, near future


13/78


Close (to) vs Near TEST

The minister said reforms are unlikely in the ____ future.

The news report said that the hikers had a ___ encounter

with a mountain lion.

Mary was always very ____ to her twin sister, Emily.

Political analysts predict a ____ race in the elections.

There were many ____ finishes in the track events at the

London Olympics.

The asteroid passed 27,700 km from the surface of Earth

It was a ____ miss.

We're low on petrol but the next station is very____ so

we should be OK.

How ____ are they to finding the solution?

Those mountains ahead are not as_____ as they seem.

We're a very _____ family.


14/78


(IF CLAUSES)

Z E R O C O N D I T I O N A L

We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are always true.

If you heat water, it boils.

When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

It lights up if you push that button.

Structure :If + Present ..... Present

F I R S T C O N D I T I O N A L

We use the first conditional when we talk about real and possible situations.

Illsend her an invitation, if I find her address.

If it is cold, you mustwear warm clothes.

If you play the lottery, you maybecome a millonaire someday. If I study conditionals, I will speak better English

Structure : if + present simple ..... will/can/may/must + infinitive.

S E C O N D C O N D I T I O N A L

We used the second conditional to talk about unreal orvery unlikely or

impossible things or situations.

If I found her address , Idsent her an invitation.

Where would you live if you couldlive anywhere in the world?

If you studied harder , you mightpass the test.Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive.

T H I R D C O N D I T I O N A L

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and

to imagine the result of this situation.

If I had found her address , I wouldhave sent her an invitation.

(but I didnt find it , so I couldnt send it to her.)

If I hadn't been so busy, I couldhave helped you.

(but I was very busy , so I couldnt help you.) If we had taken a taxi, we mightnot have missed the plane.

Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could + have + past participle.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditionalsare used to describe the result of something that might

happen(in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in thepast).Conditional sentences aredivided into4different types.Its not important which clause comes first


15/78


(IF CLAUSES) TEST1. If its a nice day tomorrow we____ go to the beach.

2. If you feel sick, you ____stay in bed.

3. He ____have saved more money, if he had worked more.

4. I _____ have raised my hand, If I had known the answer.

5. If it were not raining, we _____ go out.

6. If we don't hurry, we ____miss our bus.

7. If I won the lottery, I _____ travel around the world.

8. If I didn't want to go, I _____ tell you.

9. If I hadn't been so busy, I _____ have helped you.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES


16/78


CONFUSING WORDS


EVERY ONE vs EVERYONEEveryone= Everybody (All the people) TODO EL MUNDOEveryone was trying to find a place to park (= Everybody was...)Every one= Every + the pronoun ONE CADA UNOI have many friends. Every one is dear to me (= Every friend is...)

ANYONE vs ANY ONEAnyone= Any person CUAQUIERA / ALGUIENExamples : Has anyone seen my wallet?

Any one= Refers to an unidentified individual ALGUNO ( DE )Ex: If any one of your friends knows, please tell them to keep quiet.

EVERYDAY vs EVERY DAYEveryday= Found in the ordinary course of eventsExamples : A placid everyday scene COTIDIANOEvery day = Each day CADA DAExamples : I go to school every day

ANYWAY vs ANY WAYAnyway= Used as a support to previous statement or a statement to comeExamples : Anyway, there is another factor to consider DE TODAS FORMAS

Any way: Whichever path CUALQUIER MODOExamples : Any way you choose will be good for you.

ANYMORE vs ANY MOREAny more= Adjective any (negative) + adverb (quantity) more; or additionalExamples : I don't need any more clothes. NO MSAnymore = No longer; (usually used with a negative) YA NOExamples : Alice doesn't live here anymore

SOMETIME vs SOME TIMESometime= At some indefinite or unstated time

Examples : Everything has to end sometime ALGUNA VEZ/ ALGN MOMENTOSome time= A period of timeExamples : They went out together for some time ALGN TIEMPO


17/78

CONFUSING WORDS

TEST1. I dont want to talk about this anymore/any more.

2. I didnt ask foranymore/any morework to be put on mydesk.

3.Not everyone/every onehas natural rhythm.

4. However, everyone/every oneof us can learn to dance.

5.She doesnt know anyone/any onein France.

6.He likes everybody/every bodythat he works with.

7. Anyone/Any oneof you can redecorate the office if youwould like.

8. Death was an everyday/every dayoccurrence during theCivil War.

9.She has sometime/some timeto see you tomorrowafternoon.

10.She goes to school every day/everyday.

11.Chloe is willing to help Marshall prepare for the exam inanyway /any wayshe can.


18/78


Pronouncinged endingsed endings may be pronounced in one of the following three ways:

-t / -id / -d

ed endings are pronounced t if the end of the word sounds like:K, S, Ch, Sh, F, P, Th

Example: I helped my mom make cookies yesterday.

In this example, the end of the word help sounds like P.So, the ed ending is pronounced t.

ed endings are pronounced id if the end of the word sounds like:T or D

Example: I wantedto go to the beach last weekend.

In this example, the end of the word want sounds like T. So, the edending is pronounced id.

ed endings are pronounced dfor all other ending sounds:A, B, E, G, H, I , J, L, M, N, O, Q, R, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Example: I playedsoccer this afternoon.

In this example, the end of the word play sounds like Y. So, the ed

ending is pronounced d

Exceptions.Each of the following words do not follow the ed ending rules.For these words, the ed ending is pronounced like id. aged bles sed crooked dogged learned naked ragged wicked

So we say:

an aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a dogged persistence /Id/

a learned professor /Id/ a wretched beggar /Id/

But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal

rules apply and we say:

he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/ they dogged him /d/

he has learned well /d/ or /t/


19/78


EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR

EITHER /OR used when referring to a choice between two possibilities.

Examples :

We caneithereat nowor after the show.

EitherTomorHenry has lost the book.

________________________________________________________

NEITHER /NOR used when referring to the fact that two or more things are not true.

Examples:

She speaksneitherEnglishnorFrench.

Chris wasnt at the meeting andneitherwas her assistant.

NeitherChrisnorher assistant was at the meeting.

Singular or Plural?

SingularIf both subjects are singular , the verb is singular too.

Examples:

Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting.

(Father and mother are singular so the verb hasis singular too.)

Neither Sally nor Nancy is going to write the report.

(Sally and Nancy are singular , so the verb isis singular too.)

PluralIf one subject is plural , the verb is plural too.

Examples:

Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight.

(The girls is plural , so the verb areis plural too.)

Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom.

(The students is plural , so the verb wereis plural too.)


20/78


EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR

TEST - SINGULAR vs PLURAL

1. Neither Jeremy nor Sam ______in the shop.

2. Neither the brushes nor the paints ____on the tables.

3. Either an apple or a banana ____ in the bag.

4. Either Mary or her parents ____ going to pay the bill.

5. Neither John nor Anthony ____ arrived yet.

EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NORTEST

1. I have _____ a pencil ___ a pen.

2. I don't have ____a Facebook ___ a Twitter account.

3. I dont know what to do. I dont know ______.

4. I dont know what to do. ______do I.

5. I dont know what to do. Me ____.

If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:

http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/either--or---either-nor.php


21/78


EVEN THOUGHEVEN IF

EVEN SOEVEN THOUGH (AUNQUE/ A PESAR DE QUE)Even though describes a real situation and is a more emphatic version of thoughand although.

She told him even thoughI asked her not to. Even thoughI've cleaned it and polished it, it still doesn't look new. Even thoughhe lost his job as Arts Minister, he continued to serve in the

government.

EVEN IF (INCLUSO SI / SUPONIENDO QUE)Even if describes an unreal situation where we could substitute 'just supposing' foreven if.

Even ifI had two hours to spare for shopping, I wouldn't go out and buy a suit. Even ifyou take a taxi, youll still miss your train. Even ifI knew it, I wouldnt tell you.

EVEN SO (AN AS)Even sois a prepositional phrase that can be used in a similar fashion to introducea fact that is surprising in the context of what has been said before.It connects ideas between clauses or sentences:

I know her English isn't very good, but even soI can understand her. The evidence was only circumstantial. Even so, he was convicted and spent ten

years in prison for a crime that he perhaps did not commit. I had a terrible headache , but even soI went to the concert.

DIFFERENCES in meaning between even though, even if and even so.Even thoughI had time, I didnt do it. Aunquetuve tiempo no lo hice.Even ifI had time I wouldnt do it. Incluso situviese tiempo no lo hara.

I had time but even soI didnt do it. Tuve tiempo pero an asno lo hice.


22/78


EVEN THOUGH

EVEN IFEVEN SO

TEST1. Even_____ we won the war, we would probably suffer

tremendous destruction.

2. Even _______ we lost tonight, boys, I'm proud of you.You played a tough game.

3. I know you have good vocabulary, but, even ____ youshould use a dictionary.

4. This time she has kept her promises faithfully.Even ____ I don't really trust her.

5. Even _____I was late for work , my boss wasnt angry.

6. Even ____I win the lottery I will still work doing somethingconstructive and helpful to the economy.

7. I know you don't like vegetables, darling.Even ____ you must eat them.


23/78


Lastly, Finally, Eventually,

In the end , At last Use FINALLYor EVENTUALLYto say that something

happens after a long time or after several other things happened.Examples:Finallywe managed to get the car to start. AL FINALWhen she eventuallyturned up, the food was cold.

Use EVENTUALLYor IN THE ENDto say what the resultor outcome of something was.Examples:They eventuallygot bored and went home. AL FINALIn the endwe decided to cancel the trip.

Use AT LASTto say that something happens after a long periodof waiting or trying, when you are glad about this.Examples:It's good to be home at last. AL FINAt last, the pizza's here!

Use LASTLYor FINALLYto introduce the last pointyou want to make, the last action in a series of actions,or the last item in a list.Examples:Lastly, I would like to remind you that smoking is not allowed.Load the paper, select the number of copies, and lastlypress

'Print'.You add flour, salt, and finallymilk. POR LTIMO


24/78


Lastly, Finally, Eventually,In the end , At last

TEST1. It might take him ages but hell do it _____.

2. We ______ got home at midnight.

3. ______ people got used to the idea.

4. We were thinking about going to Paris, but ____________we went to Berlin.

5. ________ , the hero runs away with all the money.

6. The performance_____started half an hour late.

7. Ive finished my essay _____!

8. Firstly, that's illegal; secondly, it has serious disadvantages;and ___ ___, did I mention that it's illegal?


25/78


EVER

idioms and set phrasesALL SOMEBODY EVER DOES IS.... lo nico que hace esused to emphasize that somebody does the same thing very

often, usually in an annoying way

All he ever doesis grumble about things.

DID YOU EVER ()! pero bueno, habrse visto!

(old-fashioned, informal) used to show that you are surprised orshocked : Did you everhear anything like it?

EVER SINCE() desde que / desde entonces

continuously since the time mentioned

He's had a car ever sincehe was 18. I was bitten by a dog once

and I've been afraid of them ever since.

EVER SO/EVER SUCH A tan

(informal, especially British English) very; really.

He looks ever so smart. She's ever such a nice woman.

IF EVER THERE WAS (ONE) como ninguno

(informal) used to emphasize that something is certainly true.

That was a disaster if ever there was one!

WAS/IS/DOES, etc. SOMEBODY EVER! Vaya!

(informal, especially North American English) used toemphasize something you are talking about.

You must have been upset by that. Was I ever!

sometimes used at the end of an informal letter, before you

write your name : yours ever/ever yours Siempre tuyo

EVER THE + adjective , noun (caballeroso) como siempre

And when we use ever before a noun to indicate that a person

has particular qualities, ever is used to mean always:

Let me open the door for you. ~ Ever the gentleman!

I always wear loose-fitting clothes like this ~ Ever the hippie!


26/78


EVER

idioms and set phrases

TEST1. All he _____ does is cry.

2. She is ______ a pretty girl.

3. She is been depressed _________ she got divorced.

4. Now there's a challenge, ________ was one.

5. It was a brilliant performance ____________ was one.

6. _______ funny guy, Mr. Man suggested that I play the song

backwards.

7. Mad? ___ he ___!

8. __________ see such a thing?

9. I moved to London 20 years ago and Ive lived here

_______.

10. He's a fool _________was one.


27/78


FAST vs QUICK QUICK is usually used to refer to something happening

in a short time, or a shorter than expected time:Examples:

We stopped for a quicksnack. Not: a fast snack.

I just need a quickanswer. Not: a fast answer.Let me ask you a quickquestion. Not : ... a fast question.

FASTrefers to things that happen or go at high speed,

e.g. a train, a person running:Examples :

She loves fast cars. Not: She loves quick cars.

Dont eat so fast you are going to choke.

Not : Dont eat so quick you are going to choke

Note the common expression fast food to refer to food such as

hamburgers, which are cooked and served in a very short timein restaurants:

Fast collocations , idioms and set phrasesFast asleep. When I am fast asleep, I don't hear anything. Profudamente dormido

Thick and fast. Money came thick and fast. A raudales.

Pull a fast one on someone. Tomar el pelo / engaar

Don't try to pull a fast one with me! I know what you're doing.

As fast as your legs would carry you a todo lo que te daban las piernas,I ran down the mountain as fast as my legs would carry me!

Hold/ stand fastHe held fast to his principles. Mantenerse firme a...

Quick collocations , idioms and set phrasesQuick fixed- There is no quick fix for dieting and weight loss. Solucin rpida

Quick temper Your quick temper will get you into trouble. Mal genio.

Be quick on the uptakeser muy listo, agarrar las cosas al vueloHe was quick on the uptake and able to realize right away what was wrong.


28/78


FAST vs QUICKTEST1. Slow down! You're driving too ______.

2. Its a ______journey. Well be there in no time.

3. He took a _____ glance at the newspaper.

4. Could I have a _____ word?

5. He was a very _______ runner.

6. My broadband connection is very _____ and reliable.

7. She was _____ at understanding what we wanted to do.

8. She was running very______ on the treadmill today!

9. He is a _____ worker who cares about the job he does.


29/78

FCE PART 2OPEN CLOZE

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Who , That, Which, Whose, Whom, What ...

DETERMINERS

This , That, These, Those, Which, Whose...

CONJUNCTIONS & ADVERBS

Where, What, When, How, Why, Who,

ARTICLES AND QUANTIFIER

Few, little, none , some , any , much , many, no, enough, either, neither, fewer, less,

Both, all, nothing , something.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

After , although , as , as if , as long as , as though , because , before ,even if , even though ,

even if , if , if only , in order that , now that , once , rather than , since , so that , than ,that ,though , till , unless , until , when , whenever , where ,whereas ,wherever ,while

PRONOUMS

I, me, she, he, we, they, her, his, him, our, theirs, their, my, mine, hers, themselves , ourselves,

himself, herself, it, its, itself, myself...

AUXILIARY VERBS

Would, should, have, must, been, was ,seen, shall, will , do ,did, has, need,

PREPOSITIONS /PHRASAL VERBS

At, to, on, in , with, for, of, up, down, about, along, out, into, around, through, over, after , back,

across, off, without, away, behind, forward...

RELATIVE PRONOUMS , DETERMINERS AND LINKING EXPRESSIONS

Who , whose, whom , which, when , where, what , how, that, whom, this , that, these, those...

CONTRAST LINKS

In spite of , despite (the fact that) , although, even though, even so, however, nevertheless , but,

yet , whereas, while, but, notwithstanding..on the one hand...on the other hand...as opposed to,

rather than, on the contrary...

PURPOSE LINKS

In order to , for, to , so as to, so that, in order that..

REASON LINKS

Due to , owing to , because of, on acccount of, since , in case (of) , therefore, so , consequently,

seeing that, seeing as..

ADDITION LINKS

Too, also, as well , as well as , not only ...but also, besides, in addition to , moreover,

furthermore, whats more, such as , for example, for instance , apart from , except for..

CONDITIONAL LINKS

Provided (that) , unless , as long as, if , whether ..(or) , either...or, neither...nor, until, even if...


30/78


HARDLY , SCARCELY,

BARELY, NO SOONERAPENAS Hardly, scarcely and barelycan all be used to say that something

is only just true or possible. They are used with words like any and

ever, with adjectives and verbs, and are oftenplaced between can,

could, have, be, etc. and the main part of the verb:

They have sold scarcelyany copies of the book.They were so young they had hardlyany experience.

His words were barelyaudible.

I can hardly believe it. I hardly can believe it. X WRONG

Hardly, scarcely and barelyare negative words and should not be

used with not or other negatives:

I can hardly believe it. I cant hardly believe it. X WRONG And are followed by when /before in order to say that one

thing happens immediately after another:

We had hardly/scarcely/barelysat down at the table,

when/beforethe phone rang.

In a literary style, these words are usually inverted.

Hardly/Scarcelyhad we sat down at the table,when the phone rang.

No sooner is used in the same way, but is always used with than:No soonerhad we sat down at the table thanthe phone rang.

Hardly and scarcely can be usedto mean almost never, but barely

is not used in this way:She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days.

She barely sees her parents these days. X WRONG


31/78


HARDLY , SCARCELY,BARELY, NO SOONER

TEST1. I could _____ hear her at the back.

2. He ______ ate anything.

3. She was _____ 15 when she won her first championship.

4. We ______ ever go to concerts.

5. He could _____ read and write.

6. I could _______ believe it when I heard it on the.

7. _______ had she said it than she burst into tears.

8. ______ had a moment passed before the door creaked open.

9. There was ______ a tree left standing after the storm.


32/78


I is the first person singular subject pronoun ansd it refers tothe person performing the action of a verb.

Examples :

Iwant to go out tonight / Susan and Iare going on holiday.

She and Ineed to tell you something. / This is the one Ilike.

Meis an object pronoun, and it refers to the person that theaction of a verb is being done to, or to whom a preposition

refers.

She asked meto stay / Hes always given megood advice.

Between you and me, I think he cheated.

You need to talk to Mike or me.

The confusionusually occurs when you have I/me connected to

another pronoun or name with "and" or "or."

He blamed Pat and I.

There is an easy way to decide whether to use I or me:

He told Jim and (I or me?) to arrive early.

He told I to arrive early? Incorrect

When you and (I or me) first met.

When me first met you. Incorrect

Examples:

Pat and Iare friends. Pat and I we are both subjects.Pat and me are friends.

He blamed him and me. Him and meare both object pronouns.

He told meto arrive early? Correct

When Ifirst met you. Correct


33/78


I vs METEST1. Janet asked him and ___ to do the job.

2. He and ___did the job for Janet.

3. Leo and ________ are going to the cottage this weekend.

4. They wanted Peter and ____ to apologize.

5. She met ____ at the gym.

6. My mom fixed lunch for my sister and ___.

7. Leave the decision to Laura and ___.

8. Please join Tom and ____ for lunch.

9. The group consists of Maria, Sean , and ____.

10. For all the work my family and ___ have put into this

industry, we've gotten a lot back.

If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/i-vs-me.php
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/i-vs-me.phphttp://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/


34/78


TO, FOR, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO, SO THAT,

IN ORDER THAT, IN ORDER FORTO - We use "to" : When there is some kind of transfer happening or something ,

being moved from one place to another. "To" expresses direction.

To say why we do something. 'to + verb'

I'm going toIreland tovisit my family.

I went tothe post office tobuy some stamps.

FOR- We use "for" : When something is being done to benefit something or someone else.

When you express purpose or the reason that something is happening

Examples : "I bought this gift foryou."

"Bring this tea upstairs foryour grandmother."FOR vs TO"I made a quick phone call tomy mom."

(I called with the intention of speaking with my mom)

"I made a quick phone call formy mom."

(My mom wasn't able to make the call so I made the call for her)

IN ORDER TO & SO AS TO = with the aim of achieving something.(USUALLY BEFORE INFINITIVE)

We use in order to / so as to with an infinitive form of a verb to express thepurpose of something.

I asked him out in order to/ so as toknow whether he had any interest in me.

I talked to him so as to/on order tohave a better understanding of the situation.

Their negatives are : in order not to / so as not to

Before a negative infinitive, we usually prefer in order to/ so as to rather than to

In order not / So as not to oversleep, I set the alarm for seven oclock.

(More natural than Not to oversleep , I set the alarm for seven oclock)

SO THAT & IN ORDER THAT (USUALLY BEFORE PRONOUN)We use so that and in order that to talk about purpose.

So that is far more common than in order that, and in order that is more formal:

Ill go by carso thatI can take more luggage.

We left a message with his neighbour so thathe would know wed called.

In order thatyou can sign the form, please print it out and mail it to this address.

IN ORDER FOR = so that someone can do sth or something can happen(USUALLY BEFORE PRONOUN)

In order forus to win, well all have to try a little harder.

He left early in order forMary to make the presentation.

It is important that your proficiency in English is good in order foryou to

study successfully at the University of Aberdeen.


35/78


TO, FOR, IN ORDER TO, IN ORDER THAT,

IN ORDER FOR, SO THAT, SO AS TO

TEST1. I'm studying very hard at the moment____ pass my exams

next month.

2. I bought a dictionary ____ help with my vocabulary.

3. I went to bed early_____ I wouldn't be tired in the morning.

4. I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock ____

oversleep.

5. I waited for an hour______ I could meet her.

6. Some people do not eat before exercises____feel nauseated.

7. Do exercise regularly ______have excellent health and well-

being.

8. I feel a lot more practical experience needs to happen for

female coaches _______ them to get more jobs.

9. My sister gave English lessons ____ earn some pin money.

10. Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt ____ help

her friends.

11. They took the taxi _____waste time.

12. I'm going to Australia _____ forget my English.


36/78


Inasmuch as vs Insofar as

Inasmuch as (conjunction formal)

used to introduce a phrase that explains why or howmuchsomething described in another part of the sentence is true.

Dado que , ya que, teniendo en cuenta que

Examples:

Inasmuch asyou are their commanding officer, you are

responsible for the behaviour of these men.

This made my task easier, inasmuch asit was notnecessary for me to make further inquiries.

They're rather similar, inasmuch asthey are the same

size and colour.

_______________________________________________

Insofar as (conjunction formal)used for talking about thedegree to which something

happens, or the situation in which something happens.

En la medida queen lo referente a

Examples:

She cites other scholars' work only insofar asit supports

her own theories. We agree only insofar asthe budget is concerned.

The news is good insofar asit suggests that a solution

may be possible.

Looking back helps insofar asit helps you learn from

your mistakes.


37/78


Inasmuch as vs Insofar asTEST

1. The research suggests that the drug will be successful, ______

one can draw conclusions from such a small sample size.

2. Ann is guilty, ______she knew what the others were planning.

3. ________ as people still read books, books are still important.

4. ________ possible, we will try to integrate each of these

dimensions into our analysis.

5. ________ it is possible, we try to avoid any interruption in

services.

6. I will get my math homework done ______ I can.


38/78


LITTLE vsFEW

LESS vsFEWERLITTLE is used withuncountable nouns(money , water , time ...)Little can express either a satisfactory or an unsatisfactory amount.

Satisfactory : A little. UN POCO I have a littlewater. (Tengo un poco de agua)

I ve got a littlemoney. (Tengo un poco de dinero)

I wanta little

salt on my potatoes. ( Quiero un poco de sal en mis patatas)Unsatisfactory : Little. POCO/A

I have littlewater. (Tengo poca agua)

Ive got very littletime ( Tengo muy poco tiempo)

LESS is used withuncountable nouns(money , water , time...) MENOS I hope lesssnow falls this year / I have less computer savvy than you.

You should spend lessof your time complaining.

This bottle contains less water than that one.

FEW is used withcountable nouns(friends , tables, teachers..)Few can express either a satisfactory or an unsatisfactory amount.

Satisfactory : A few. UNOS POCOS / UNOS CUANTOS A fewfriends are coming over (Van a venir unos cuantos amigos).

We still have a few good customers (Todava tenemos unos cuantos

buenos clientes).Unsatisfactory : Few. POCOS/AS

I have few friends. (Tengo pocos amigos)

We have very few days left to finish. (Nos quedan muy pocos das para

terminar)

FEWER is used withcountable nouns(people ,chairs, shoes,etc...)MENOS

You know fewerpeople tha I do. There should be fewerbooks on that table.

Fewerof us show up each year.

Fewer andfewerpeople go to church these days.


39/78


LITTLE vsFEW

LESS vsFEWERTEST

1. ____ people know as much about art as he does.

2. Tom is just too fat. In my opinion, he walks ______than he

should.

3. You ought to drink _____vodka. It destroys your liver.

4. There are _____ people on the beach than we expected.

5. He knows____about chinese culture.

6. There is very ____orange juice left in the fridge.

7. Fred felt very alone. ____ people visited him in hospital.

8. This recipe requires ___ eggs than your recipe.

9. I have got a ____money left. I can buy this book.

10. There is ____ hope of finding them alive.


40/78


"Ly" ending adverbsAbsolutelyabsolutamente / por supuesto(Abso-lt-ly)

It is absolutely impossible for me to go.Do you agree?Oh, absolutely

Accordingly - En consecuencia / por consiguiente(accr- ding-ly)

Find out what has happened and act accordingly.

He was very worried about the future of the firm and

accordingly he did what he could to help.ActuallyEn realidad , de hecho(c-chua-li)She actually saw the accident happen.

Actually, Im doing something else this evening.

AdmittedlyHay que reconocer que../ est claro que..(adm- ted-ly)It wasnt an easy task , admittedly, butAdmittedly , I could have tried harder but I still dont think all

this criticism is fair.

AlternativelyEn todo caso , o bien...(Ol-trna-tiv-ly)Do you want to come with us in the car?

Alternatively, we could meet you somewhere in town.You can eat in the hotel or, alternatively, go to a restaurant.

Consequentlypor consiguiente ,(Cn-secunt-ly)She didnt explain it clearly consequently, he didnt

understand.

Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard

training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.


41/78

CorrespondinglyDe la misma manera / en la misma medida(c-rrespn-ding-ly)Life in the city is more expensive , but salaries are

correspondingly higher.

As his political power has shrunk, he has grown correspondingly

more dependent on the army.

Considerablyconsiderablemente / bastante(Con-s-dera-bly)He is considerably fatter than he was when I knew him.

The situation has improved considerably.

Definitelysin duda ,

(D-finit-ly)I will definitely be back by ten./ I definitely need a holiday.

Extremely

FundamentallyFundamentalmente , en esencia.(fnda-mntaly)The conclusions of the report are fundamentally wrong.

He was fundamentally honest.

GenerallyPor lo general / generalmente.(Y-nu-aly)He is generally disliked.

Your health is generally good, but you do have a few minor

problems.

Gradually- gradualmente / poco a poco / paulatinamente

(Gr-juli)His health is gradually improving.

Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell.

Increasingly- Cada vez ms (In-cr-sin-ly)It became increasingly difficult to find helpers.

Increasingly, young people distrust all forms of government.


42/78

Inevitably- Inevitablemente /(In-vita-bly)The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions.

Their arguments inevitably end in tears.

Invariablysiempre(In-vf-riably)They invariably quarrel when he comes home.

It invariably rains when I go there.

MerelySlo , meramente(Ma-ly)

I was merely asking a question.It's not merely a matter of cost, but whether she's old enough to

go on holiday alone.

Painstakingly- Concienzudamente..(Pens-tei-kin-ly)The old painting was painstakingly restored.

She painstakingly explained how the machine worked.

Partiallyparcialmente(Pr-sha-ly)The meat was only partially cooked.

Remember that you are partially responsible for their

unhappiness.

Particularlyen particular / en especial

(Pat-Ki-la-ly)He was particularly pleased to see his brother.

We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe.

Perfectly- perfectamente / a la perfeccin(prfect-ly)It's perfectly normal to be nervous before a performance.

The steaks were perfectly cooked.


43/78

Permanently Permanentemente.(pr-mannt-ly)The accident left him permanently disabled.

She wants to stay in this country permanently.

ReadilyDe buena gana , fcilmente(ru-di-ly)Id readily help you.

The information is readily accessibleon the Internet.

RegularlyCon regularidad .(Ru-giu-la-ly)

His heart was beating regularly.It's important to exercise regularly.

SeparatelyPor separado ,(S-pret-ly)They did arrive together, but I think they left separately.

We each made our way to Jeffs apartment separately.

SimilarlyDe la misma manera /(Sm-i-la-ly)The first letter she wrote me was less than a page long, and her

second letter wassimilarlybrief.The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years.

Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.

UltimatelyEn ltima instancia / al final / finalmente

(l-ti-met-ly)Ultimately, the decision rests with the child's parents.

We hope ultimately to be able to buy a house of our own.

VividlyVvidamente / claramente(v-vid-ly)I vividly remember that day.

I can vividly remember the day we met.


44/78


MIXED CONDITIONALS(IF CLAUSES)

Mixed conditionals are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the if-

clause is different than the time in the main-clause. Let's first have a look at

unreal conditional sentences:

If she were shorter, she would be more attractive.

I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.

If they hadn't trained hard, they wouldn't have won.

As you can see, they refer to the same time: the present, the future

or the past. If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.

P A S T & P R E S E N T

If my father hadn't lost his keys, we wouldn't have to wait until he finds them.

But my father lost his keys and therefore we have to wait until he finds them.

If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now.

But I didn't install an anti-virus and therefore my computer is so slow now.

Structure :If + Past perfect ..... would (Present)

P A S T & F U T U R E

If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.But our house wasn't broken into and we are not going to call police.

If we had won the lottery last week, we would buy a new sofa today.

But we didn't win the lottery and we are not going to buy a new sofa today.

Structure : if + past perfect ..... will/can/may/must.

P R E S E N T & P A S T

If I werent intelligent , I wouldnt have graduated from Stanford.

But I am intelligent and therefore I did graduate from Stanford.

If Mary weren't a snob, she wouldn't have had so many parties this year.

But Mary is a snob and therefore she had so many parties this year.

Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive.

P R E S E N T & F U T U R E

If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.

But I am not more eloquent and I won't become a politician.

If you had more time, I would go to the cinema with you.

But you don't have more time and I won't go to the cinema with you.Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could..


45/78


CONDITIONALS

(IF CLAUSES) TEST

1. If I had enough money, I ___ ____ ____ with him.

2. I ___ ____ learned Spanish if my life was not so busy.

3. He ____have saved more money, if he had worked more.

4. If I had gone with Tito, I ____ ____ be so lonely now!

5. If I had quit my job I ___ _____ have enough money to

live in Colombia..

6. If I had moved to Colombia I ___ ___ poor and unhappy

now.


46/78


SEPARABLE & INSEPARABLE

MULTI-WORD VERBSMulti-word verbs . On these pages we make a distinction between three types ofmulti-word verbs: phrasal verbs , prepositional verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs.

1. Phrasal Verbs are made of: verb + adverb ex : (throw away)Phrasal verbs can be: intransitive(no direct object) transitive(direct object)When they are transitive (have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts.

They turned downour

offer.transitive phrasal verbs

are SEPARABLEThey turned

our

offerdown.

They turned it downWhen the direct object is a

pronoun we must always separate

the phrasal verb They Turned down it

I dont like to get up earlyIntransitive phrasal verbs are

INSEPARABLE I dont like to getearly

up

2. Prepositional Verbs (cannot be separated)Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words.

Prepositional verbs are made of: verb + prepositionThe object must sit after the preposition:

They believe in God

They look after the dogPrepositional verbsare INSEPARABLE

They look the dog after

3. Phrasal-prepositional Verbs (cannot be separated)Phrasal-prepositional verbs are made of: verb + adverb + prepositionBecause phrasal-prepositional verbs end with a preposition, there is always a direct object. And, like

prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs cannot be separated. Look at these examples:

We ran out of fuel.Phrasal-prepositional verbs are

INSEPARABLEWe ran out of it.


47/78


SEPARABLE & INSEPARABLE

MULTI-WORD VERBS1.Which is correct?

a) I made up that story

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) I made that story up.

2. Which is correct?

a) I drove to his house up.

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) I drove up to his house.


a) The police blew up the car.

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) The police blew the car up.


a) The thieves broke in at around midnight.

b) The thieves broke at around midnight in.

c) BOTH ARE CORRECT


a) Are you going to come back later?

b) Are you going to come later back?

c) BOTH ARE CORRECT


a) I was trying to speak, but he cut off me.

b)BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) I was trying to speak, but he cut me off.


a) BOTH ARE CORRECT

b) I mix up those words all the time.

c) I mix those words up all the time.


a) Thomas' grandfather passed away last month.

b) Thomas' grandfather passed last month away.

c) BOTH ARE CORRECT


a) Pass out ( = distribute) these forms!

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) Pass these forms out!


a) We took after breakfast off.

b) BOTH ARE CORRECT

c) We took off (=left) after breakfast.



48/78


Need to vs Need + ingWe use 'need' to talk about things we think are necessary to do.

We can use two different structures - need / needs to and need / needs ing_______________________________________________________________

Need toWe use this form when we want to talk about something that's necessary for

someone to do. We usually mention who is going to do it.

Example:

"I need to go to the dentist" means "It's necessary for me to visit the dentist".

Structure : subject + need or needs to (dont need /doesnt need to) + verb

Ellie needs to practise.

Alice doesnt need to wear a uniform.

They need to go shopping.

We dont need to post the letters.

_______________________________________________________________

Need -ingWe can use this form when we want to talk about something that is necessaryfor someone to do. We don't have to say who is going to do it.

Example:

The house need cleaning means the house needs to be cleaned

by someone that we dont mention.

This is a passive structure where the usual subject + verb + object form

changes to object + need + verb+ing.

Structure : object +need or needs ( dont/doesn t need )+verb+ing

My hair needs cutting.

The house needs tidying.

The curtains dont need washing.

The letter doesnt need posting.

____________________________________________________________

Need doing = Need to be done(we dont say who is going to do it)


49/78


Need to vs Need + ing

TEST1. My car is making strange noises. I think it needs ____

(service).

2. This apple is rotten. It needs _____(throw away).

3. I dont need _____ (get up) early tomorrow.

4. You need _____ (wash) your hands before lunch.

5. Your hands are very dirty, they need _____(wash).

6. We need _____(hurry) or well miss our bus.

7. The dog doesnt need_____(walk).

I took him out about an hour ago.

8. Your shirt is very creased , It needs ____(iron).

9. Does the baby need _____(bathe)?


50/78


NO, NONE , NONE OFNoand none ofare determiners. None is the pronoun form of no.No, noneand none ofindicate negation.

NO We use no directly before nouns: Ive got notime to waste / There are nopeople I recognise here.

She says she has no enemies.

NONEmeans not oneor not any. We use it as a pronoun to

replace countable and uncountable nouns and as subject or object .None of usknew her. (Not any of us knew her.)

I have two brothers. She has none. (She doesnthave any brothers.)

A: What reasons did he give? B: None.

When none is the subject, the verb is either singular or plural

depending on what it is referring to.

Im always looking for inspiration. Noneever comes.Shes always looking for ideas. None ever come.

Warning: We dont use none where we mean no one or nobody:

They had a wonderful time and luckily no onewas injured.

Not: and luckily nonewas injured.

NONE OF is used before the, demonstratives (this, that),possessives (my, your) or pronouns (you, us, them):

None ofhis old friends knew what had happened to him.

It doesnt matter. None of itwas your fault.

Warning:It is not usedwhen there is a negative word (not, nt) in the clause:

She doesnt remember any of us.

Not: She doesnt remember none of us.

Warning: When we are referring to two things or people, we use

neither ofrather thannone of:There were two proposal. But neither of themwas accepted.

Not: None of them was accepted.


51/78


NO, NONE, NONE OF

TEST1. She wanted some sugar but there was ____ in the house.

2. Is there any tea left? No, _____ at all.

3. There was ____ end to my happines when I found him.

4. Im a mother of five and _______ my children has redhair.

5. The three of them left yesterday, but ______ them has

come back yet.

6. How many tickets have you got? _____.

7. _____ words can describe the scene.

8. I asked them both to come, but _______ of them accepted.

9. We have _____ kids.


52/78


NOT ONLY ...... BUT ALSOWe use not only X but also Y in formal contexts to give more information.

The war caused not onlydestruction and death but alsogenerations of hatredbetween the two communities.

The car not onlyis economical but alsofeels good to drive.

This investigation is not onlyone that is continuing and worldwide but also

one that we expect to continue for quite some time.

We can sometimes leave out also:

I identified with Denzel Washington not onlyas an actor butas a person.

Inversion:To add emphasis,we can use not only at the beginning of a clause.

When we do this, we invert the subject and the verb:

Not onlywas it raining all day at the wedding but alsothe band was late.

Not onlywill they paint the outside of the house but alsothe inside.

When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did:

Not onlydidshe forget my birthday, but she alsodidnt even apologise

for forgetting it.

Not only doI enjoy watching plays but I alsolike acting in them.

Not only doesit cost more, it also

Not onlyis he intelligent , but he is alsovery charming.

Inversion structure :Not only + verb or Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object


53/78


NOT ONLY.... BUT ALSO

TEST1. There are problems __ __ with the students, __ __

with the teachers themselves.

2. Alcoholism is seen as __ __ a physical and psychologicaldisease __ __a spiritual one.

3. He speaks __ __ English,___ he ____ speaks Spanish.

4. He did __ __ turn up late, ___he ___ forgot his books.

INVERSION

5. Not only ___there problems with the students , __ __with

the teachers themselves.

6. Not only __ Alcoholism seen as a physical and

psychological disease , __ ___ as a spiritual one.

7. Not only ___ he speak English, ___ he ___ speaks Spanish.

8. Not only ____he turn up late , ___he ____forgot his books.


54/78


Elder/Eldest vs Older/OldestElder and eldest mean the same as older and oldest only they are used as a

more polite way of saying the same thing. But there are some other

important differences in meaning that we need to be aware of.

Older/OldestWe use older/oldest as the regular comparative and superlative forms to

describe people and things and for absolutes.

Examples :

My car is olderthan yours. .

He is the oldestman alive

Elder/EldestWe only use the adjectives elder and eldest before a noun (as attributive

adjectives), and usually when talking about relationships within a family.

We NEVER USE elder/eldestas a comparative followed by THAN

Examples: My sister is older than me

My sister is elder than me We only use elder/eldest to talk about people NEVER to talk about things.

Examples:

The Washington Monument is the oldestmonument in the US capital.

Not : The Washington Monument is the eldestmonument in the US capital.

ElderWe use ELDER when we speak about twofamily members such as

brothers , sisters, cousins, etc.

Examples : My elder son, his elderdaughter.

The elderof the two sons / The elderof the two.

EldestWe use eldest when we speak about three or more family members.

Examples:

His eldestbrother is five years older than he is. Im the eldestof three children.

Her eldestchild is nearly 10.

.


55/78


Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest

TEST1. He is theman in the village.

2. Mybrother is a doctor.

3. She isthan me. older

4. This is Antonio, the dukes son.

5. He is the ______ boy in the class.

6. This is the ______ church in London.

7. The _______ city in France is Marseilles.

8. Ryan Giggs is ________ player on Manchester United.

9. She is _______ of four siblings.

10. My________ relative is 94 years old.

You can fnd the answers to this test here:http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/elder-eldest---older-oldest.php
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/elder-eldest---older-oldest.php


56/78


POSITION OF ADVERBSAdverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or clauses.

She sings beautifully. (beautifully modifies the verb sing)

He runs very fast.(very modifies the adjective fast)

He plays very well. (very modifies the adverb well)

The position of adverbs in the sentence depends on what type of adverb it is.

Do not place an adverb between a verb and its object.1. Adverbs of Manner (e.g.: slowly, carefully, awfully.)

These adverbs are put after the subject or behind the verb or direct object.

I carefullypainted the house. = Correct/I painted the house carefully. = Correct

I painted carefully the house. = Incorrect

* Adverbs of manner not ending in -ly (like well, hard, and fast) can only

appear in the end position: They dance well. / She runs fast / I hit very hard

2. Adverbs of Place (e.g.: here, there, behind, above, outside , nearby)Usually go in end-position or mid-position immediately after the verb:

The children are playing outside. /He walked towardsthe police station.

The glass shattered and the pieces flew everywhere.

3. Adverbs of Time & frequecy (e.g.: every day, daily , weekly, last year)

Front-position or end-position (more common). I study English every day. / Every day, I study English.

We went to Australia last year. / Last year we went to Australia.

The single-word adverbs of frequency cannot go in the front-position:

Take the tablets twice daily. Daily take the tablets twice = Incorrect.

4. Indefinite frequency: Ex) often, usually, frequently, occasionally...Always and never go in the mid-position, before the verb:

I alwayswake up early. / We never imagined this would be so hard.

The others can go in various positions: Soon youll be finished with school./ Youll soon be finished with school.

Youll be finished with school soon.

After auxiliary verbs (be, do & have) and modal verbs (will, would, can...)

Heis onlyfive years old. / Ican sometimesplay this game very well.

Weve already eaten dinner. Hehas apparentlypassed the exam.

5. Adverbs of certainty (e.g.: definitely, certainly, clearly, maybe..)Maybe and perhaps usually go in the front-position:

Maybe well go out to eat tonight / Perhaps I should explain further.Other adverbs of certainty usually go in the mid-position:

He clearly made a mistake. Thats certainly not the case


57/78


POSITION OF ADVERBS

TEST

1. ..... dancing : I often go / I go often / often I go

2. She ....... in the morning : smokes never /never smokes

3. ......... drink wine at lunchtime : /I rarely / rarely I

4. I ........ some gardening at the weekend if the weather'snice : do usually /usually do

5. He ....... in to work on time :

gets hardly ever /hardly ever gets

6. She ....... reading the novel she started yesterday.

already has finished / has already finished


58/78


SAXON GENITIVEPossessive Case

The possessive case is used to show ownership.

In general there is some preference for the possessive pattern when a person,rather than a thing, is being described. Thus, we would have:

'My uncle's return was delayed.' but

'The contents of the drawer were strewn all over the floor.'

However, person might be extended to include animals or groups of human

beings, so we would have:

the donkey's tail

the audience's reaction

the government's majorityThe possessive form is also usual when the relationship of possession is described,

so we would say:

'My grandmother's furniture was mostly Victorian.'

Rules for correct use of the apostrophe to indicate possession.Singular nouns.An apostrophe (') is added at the end of the noun to show possession.

The meeting's agenda / St. Michael's College / The companys new project.

Nouns ending in sbut singular in meaning.There are conflicting policies and theories about how to show possession when

writing such nouns. Add either just an apostrophe (') or an apostrophe + s ('s) .

The boss's wife / The bus 's schedule / Mr. Jones' photo / Carlos' car.

NOTE:

Multiple nouns that refer to one person/thingadd an ('s) to the last noun.

Peter and John's mother is a teacher.

Multiple nouns that refer to more persons/thingsadd ('s) to both nouns.

Susan's and Steve's bags are black.Plural nouns.Add the apostrophe (') to regular plural forms:

The girls' room is very nice / The Smiths' car is black / two actresses' roles.

Add ('s) to irregular plural forms:

The children's books / Men's clothes / the teeth's roots

Double possessiveA picture of my father" (in which we see the old man) and "a picture of my

father's" (which he owns)Natasha is a friend of Joan's and a client of Marlowe's.


59/78


SAXON GENITIVE

TEST1. He is a friend of ____ (She).

2. He is a friend of ____(He).

3. I met________________ (my friend/mother) yesterday.

4. I really like_______________(Kate/new dog). It's cute.

5. The __________________(children/toys) were scattered allover the room.

6. I would like to meet ______________(James/wife) at last.

7. My ___________ (cousins/surname) is Johnson.

8. This is a _______________(book of Laura).


60/78


See look (at) -WatchThese three verbs talk about different ways of using your eyes. But they haveimportant differences in meaning.

SeeWhen we say 'see' we are normally talking about things we can't avoid.

We open our eyes and things are just there. It may not be intentional.

Examples:

I canseea cloud in the sky. When I lifted my eyes, I suddenlysawa bull with two

big horns standing in front of me.

Have youseenmy glasses? I can't find them anywhere!

Look (at)When we look, we try tosee. We make a special effort.

We concentrate our eyes on something.

Examples:

Oh,look!Theres a rainbow!

Look atthis picture! Isn't it beautiful?

Don'tlook atThe Sun! It will hurt your eyes.

WatchWhen we watch something, we are more active.

We look at something intensely, usually because it's moving.

Examples:

Iwatchedhim get into a taxi.

I sat by the windowwatchingpeople walk past.

Have youwatchedthe movie Iron Man 3?


61/78


See look (at) - WatchTEST

1. I can____something in your eye.

2. I can't ____the sun. It's hiding behind the clouds.

3. We like _____ movies at home.

4. I couldn't ____ the end of the match.

It was too painful to ____them lose 1-5 to Netherlands.

5. I _____ the view while I drank a cup of tea.

6. Do you want to____ the photos from my holiday?

7. Stop____ the clock.

8. Have you ever ____ a solar eclipse?

9. Shell pretend that she hasnt ___ us.You ____.

10. _____this part, just coming up! It's hilarious.


62/78


THAT vs WHICHIn many cases both words are equally correct.

She held out the hand which was hurt.

She held out the hand that was hurt.In these sentences, thatand whichare introducing whats known as anessential clause.

Essential clausesare necessary to identify the person or thing that is

being described. They are essential to understanding the sentence.

They restrict the meaning to that specific person/thing.

The box that is in the foreground of the picture is a sample box.

(There are other boxes in the picture) Essential clauseEssential clausescan be introduced by that, which , whose, who, or whom.

Non-essential clausesare not essential to the understanding of the

sentence since they merely supply some additional information. They

can be omitted from the sentence without changing the basic meaning.

The box ,which is in the foreground of the picture , is a sample box.

(There is only one box in the picture.) Non-essential clauseNon-essential clausescan be introduced by which, whose, who,

or whom, but you should nneevveerr uussee TTHHAATT ttoo iinnttrroodduuccee tthheemm..

A non-essential clause is pprreecceeddeedd bbyy aa ccoommmmaa(so as to set off the

extra information), whereas no comma should precede a restrictive

clause (indicating that the information is essential, not extra):

I bought a new dress, whichI will be wearing to Jo's party.[non-essential]

I was wearing the dress thatI bought to wear to Jo's party.

[essential]

If that has already appeared in a sentence, writers sometimes use

which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or

nonessential. This is done to avoid awkward formations.

Example:

That whichdoesn't kill you makes you stronger.

Instead ofThat thatdoesnt kill you makes you stronger


63/78


THAT vs WHICH

TEST1. Carlos gave Maria a study guide for material ________

was going to be on the test.

2. Carlos gave Maria notes from chapters 3 through 7_________ were going to be on the test.

3. Mark and Sarah took their children on every vacation

_________ they took to the coast.

4. The teachers gave awards to all paintings ________showed originality.

5. The tomatoes ______ grow in her garden are unlike those

you buy in a store.

6. The tomatoes from her garden, _____ grew larger thanthose in the grocery store, were sweet and ripe.

7. The game ______ intrigues me the most is dominoes.

8. That is a promise ______ cannot be broken.


64/78


VERBS FOLLOWED

BY A THAT-CLAUSESOME verbs do not follow the usual pattern of object + infinitive( I want you to do something). They are followed by a that-clause withshould +

infinitiveor with past, present or subjunctive form verbs.

Examples :

advise, agree, demand, insist, prefer, propose,recommend, request, suggest, urge , etc.

The subjunctive mood. This is the mood that's used to express wishes,

proposals, suggestions, or imagined situations.

Structure

Iinsisted (that)

heleft

early (insisted = past tense hence verb in the past tense )I insisted (that)he leaveearly. (verb in the infinitive tense) slightly more formal

I insisted (that)he should leaveearly. (should + infinitive tense)

Examples :

I suggest that he acceptsyour invitation.

Jill proposedthat they wentto the sauna.

I recommendedthat he goby train.

important / desirable / essential / vital / imperative , etcThese adjectives, when they are used to express similar ideas, are also followed by

a that-clause with should + infinitive or with present, past or subjunctive form:

It was desirable (that) she shouldgo to a school where Italian was taught.

It was desirable (that) she goto a school where Italian was taught.

It was desirable (that) she wentto a school where Italian was taught.

It is important that the lessons should be entertaining

It is important that the lessons areentertaining.

It is important that the lessons beentertaining.


65/78


VERBS FOLLOWED

BY A THAT-CLAUSE

TEST1. Geoffrey insisted that I ___ ___ the new Opel. (try)

2. They are advising that children ___ ___ at home. (be + keep)

3. The customer demanded that he ___ ___ ___ a full refund.

(be + give)

4. We requested that the meeting _____ on a Friday. (hold)

5. He urged that safety measures _____ . (improve)

6. It is important that you ____at the station before 6pm. (be)

7. It is desirable that interest rates_____. (reduce)

8. It is essential that you _____knowledge and experience.

(have)

9. It is vital that you _____ accurate records when you areself employed. (keep)


66/78


VIEW vs SIGHTView : what you can see from a particular place

or position, especially beautiful natural scenery.

Examples:

The cottage had a delightful sea view.

We had a spectacular viewof the mountains

from our room.

From the balcony we enjoyed/ admired the wonderful

viewof the city.

The viewfrom the top of the mountain is breathtaking._______________________________________________

Sight : a thing that you see or can see, especiallysomething that is impressive or unusual.

Examples:

It's a spectacular sightas the flamingos lift into the air. I faint at the sightof blood.

The sightof vegetables on the table makes my child cry.

Exotic animals are a rare sightin Iceland.

** Note that we can look at / enjoy / admirea view

but we cannot see /watcha view. From the balcony we saw the wonderful view of the city. From the balcony we enjoyed/ admired the wonderful view of the city.

We stood there watching the spectacular view.

We stood there looking at the spectacular view.


67/78

VIEW vs SIGHT TEST

1. The ____of the vegetables on the table makes my child cry.

2. From the balcony we admired the wonderful ____of the city.

3. We stood there looking at the spectacular_____.

4. The flowers at the annual flower show were a beautiful ____.

5. The ____ from the windows is good and we can see the sea.

6. The cottage had a beautiful sea____.

7. Itsa spectacular _____as the flamingos lift into the air.

If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:

http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/resources/view%20vs%20sight%20TEST%20ANSWERS.doc_001.jpg
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/resources/viewvssightTESTANSWERS.doc_001.jpghttp://-/?-


68/78


WHAT vs WHICH

Whatand whichare often interchangeable with little or no differencein meaning. Often what and which are used for the sake of variety.

Which / Whatwould you say are the most polluted cities in the world

and which / whatare the cleanest?

Do you know which / whatsort of plants grow best in a shady garden?

I've no idea which / whatroad to take to Jimmy's place.

WHICHis used when choosing between just two or three options.

WHATis used when there is no limit to the number of choices.

Compare the following:

o Whatwould you like in your sandwiches?

o I've got cheese or tuna. Whichwould you prefer?

o He is from Glasgow. Do you know whichfootball team he

supports? I think it's Celtic, but it may be Rangers. I'm not sure.

o What football team do you support?o WhichTV channel is the tennis on?

Before nouns WHAT and WHICHcan be used interchangeably

to ask questions about people or things:

o What/Whichcolour trousers would you like?

o Which / What writers have made the biggest impression on you?

WHICH -before ONEand OF

Which ofthese cars are you interested in driving?

Which oneof us is going to make the presentation?

We use WHICH, we are trying to identify certain people out of a

group of people(e.g. in a photograph or in a crowded room),

WHICH is similar in use to *which one*(s) in this case:Which(one) is your boyfriend? The one (who is) sitting next to Fiona.

I need to know which(of these) children have not been vaccinated.


69/78


WHAT vs WHICHTEST1. ______ are you doing?

2. _____ would you prefer, the onion soup or the prawn

cocktail?

3. _____ do we need to take for the picnic?

4. _____ are you going to wear for the wedding?

5. ______of these phrases are more commonly used?

6. _____ is mine? The smaller one?

7. See if you can guess ____ one is me in my old school

photo?

8. Its either Spanish or Portuguese that she speaks , but Ive

forgotten _____.

9. _____ size shoes do you take?


70/78

Use of EnglishPart 3

WORD FORMATION

VERBS TO NOUNSThe most frequently recurring conversions are:-appear to appearance /choose to choice / grow to growth / prove to proof

assist to assistance /employ to un/employment or employee /

improve to improvement / dominate to dominance / assist to assistance

NOUNS TO ADJECTIVESThe most frequently recurring conversions involve adding:-

-al -ful -ous -ic -lessaddition to additional /delight to delightful / anxiety to anxious

economy to economic / coast to coastal / doubt to doubtful /danger to dangerous / energy to energetic /industry to industrial

harm to harmless / poison to poisonous /science to scientific

ADJECTIVES TO ADVERBSThese are easy to form.

regular to regularly / punctual to punctually / easy to easily /increase to increasingly / Quick to quickly / typical to typically

VERB TO ADJECTIVEThe most frequently recurring conversions are:-

comfort to comfortable / impress to impressive / rely to reliablesatisfy to satisfying / convince to convincing / dispute to disputable

POSITIVE MEANING TO NEGATIVE MEANINGCommon example conversions are:

able to unable / fortunate to unfortunately / like to unlike

possible to impossible / aware to unaware / satisfied to dissatisfied

INTERNAL CHANGECommon example conversions are:-

choose to choice / fly to flight / hot to heat / long to length

strong to strength /receive to reception / wide to width


71/78

WORD FORMATION75 MOST DIFFICULT WORDS

1. AFFIRM AFFIRMATIVE , AFFIRMATION, AFFIRMATIVELY

2. ALTERNATE ALTERNATIVE , ALTERNATIVELY , ALTERNATION

3. APPEAR APPARENTLY , DISAPPEAR , APPEARANCE , DISAPPEARANCE

4. APPLY APPLICABLE , INAPPLICABLE, APPLICATION , APPLIANCE

5. ASSESS ASSESSMENT , ASSESSOR, ASSESSABLE

6. ATTEND ATTENDANCE , ATTENDEE , ATTENTION , ATTENTIVELY

7. BELIEVE BELIEF , UNBELIEVABLE, BELIEVABLE, BELIEVER

8. BREAK BREAKTHROUGH , OUTBREAK , BREAKABLE

9. BREATH BREATHTAKING , BREATHALYSE , BREATHE

10. CAPTURE CAPTIVITY , CAPTIVATE, CAPTIVATING

11. COME OUTCOME , INCOME , COMING , OVERCOME

12. COMPANY ACCOMPANY , ACCOMPANYING , COMPANION , COMPANIONSHIP

13. CONCEIVE CONCEIVABLE, INCONCEIVABLE

14. CONCLUDE CONCLUSION , CONCLUSIVE , INCONCLUSIVE

15. DANGER DANGEROUS , ENDANGERED

16. DATE UPDATE , OUTDATED , UPDATED , DATING

17. DECEIVE DECEIT , DECEITFUL, DECEITFULNESS

18. DO OUTDO , OVERDO , DOING , UNDO

19. DOUBT DOUBTFUL , UNDOUBTEDLY , DOUBTLESS,

20. DRAW WITHDRAW , DRAWING , OVERDRAW , DRAWBACK

21. EASE EASY , UNEASY , EASINESS, UNEASINESS

22. EFFECT EFFECTIVE , INEFFECTIVE, EFFECTIVENESS, EFFECTIVELY

23. ENTHUSIASM ENTHUSE, ENTHUSIAST , ENTHUSIASTIC

24. EQUAL EQUALLY , EQUALITY, INEQUALITY , EQUALIZER


72/78

25. EXPERIENCE INEXPERIENCED , EXPERT , EXPERTISE

26. FAIR UNFAIR, FAIRNESS ,

27. FOLLOW FOLLOWER , FOLLOWING ,

28. GO UNDERGO , OUTGOING , GOING

29. GROW GROWTH , GROWING , UNDERGROWTH , OUTGROW

30. HIGH HIGHLY , HEIGHT , HEIGHTEN , HEIGHTENED

31. HOPE HOPEFUL , HOPELESS, HOPEFULLY , HOPELESSLY

32. ILLUSION DISILLUSIONED , ILLUSORY

33. IMPRESS IMPRESSIVE , IMPRESSION, IMPRESSED , UNIMPRESSED

34. INCREASE INCREASINGLY ,

35. INTEND INTENTION , INTENDED , INTENTIONAL , UNINTENTIONAL

36. INTRIGUE INTRIGUING

37. INVENT INVENTOR , INVENTION , INVENTIVE , INVENTIVENESS

38. KNOW KNOWLEDGE , KNOWINGLY , KNOWABLE, UNKNOWN

39. LIKE UNLIKE , LIKELY , LIKELIHOOD , LIKEABLE

40. LOSE LOSS , LOST , LOSER

41. MAJEST

english grammar sheets for teachers

Documents