In The Name Of God

In The Name Of GodHow to Write a Good Research PaperEnglish Department At NajafAbad

Baharlouei_ Hossein

Chaper OneMain ComponentsDefinition( quotations)Research is what I am doing when I dont know what I am doing.(wernher . Magnus)Research is the process of going up alleys to see if the are blind. ( Marston B.) If you steal from one author , its plagiarism; if you steal from many , its Research. (Mizner.W.)A systematic approach to finding answers to questions.( Hactch & Farhady )

Objectives of a good Research

Features of a good ResearchTypes of Research Shohamy view. Types of Research FarhadyviewKind of the RE. (Brown)Browns viewTwo selected MethosExperimentalSchool surveysTo be the peak of statistics reTo make strong conclusion about the interrelationship of the variablesTo start from a re. Q.To change The Re.Q to Re. Hyp.To deal with settings for learningTo discuss the features of educational personal to deal factors { motivation , attitude , sex , educational backgroundTo survey { curriculum planning , method of teaching , text books evaluation To analyze learning process and strategiesFeatures Of Ex Re.EX.Re.Variables TipsDependent Va.

Independent Va.

Moderate

Control

InterveningIt is observed to determine what effect, the other types of Va. May have on it.It is central Variable.1.It selected by Re. to determine its effect on dependent Va.

It Affects on the relationship between Dep.V.& Indep.V.The Re. tries to neutralize its effect on other Va.

Classification of Va.Classification of Va. ( another view)Functions of Va.VariablefunctionIndependent{ eg: the effect of instruction on students' reading comprehension skill}

Dependent Va.1. Main Va. Of Re. which he wants to investigate.2.it is selected , manipulated and measured.3. It will affect on the other va.{ Instruction}1. it is observed by Researcher.2. It is measured by Re. to determine the effect of independent va.{Reading scores of students}Functions of Va.Variabesfunction3). Moderator

4).control

5). Intervening va.

A special kind of ind. Va.It is used by Re. to investigate its modified relationship between dep. & Ind. Va. {proficiency level}-It should be held constant to neutralize its potential effect on behavior{ E.g. nationality}-A number of va.which areneither oberveable nor measureable { frustration, intelligent , learning}

Measurement of Va.Nominal scales

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio-scale1.To name &to categories data in a variable. { + , 3 }2. Grouping people naturally include sex, nationality1.How much of Va. Is present.2.To rank or order the data.( first, second) 3. wecant measure the a mount of equal interval { very happy , happy , unhappy)To show how much of a Va. Is present and the interval can be measured.To reflect the distance between point int ranking ( scores of learners )-To the amount of existence of an attribute.[equal interval , zero} TechniquesHypothesesStatistical analyzestechniqeManipulationChi square

T-test

One way ANOVA

Two way ANOVAsTo measure frequency of occurrence.To compare the means.

One interval-scale dependent Va. + one nominal independent Va.

One interval-scale dependent Va.+two nominal scale independent Va.Chapter TwoSteps in Conducting the Research ( RE.)Steps in conducting Re.(H.Farhady)Stepsprocedure1. Formatting a research Q.

2.Selecting an appropriate Research Method.1.observing some relevant events2.Posing a Q.3.Finding an expectation4.Changing Q. into Hyp.

1.Constructing a Re.d esign2. The systematic representation of factors involve in Re.3. It must provide both reader and researcher with a comprehensive picture of factors Iinvolve in Re.

Steps in conducting Re.Steps

procedure

3.Testing the research Hyp.

4.Preparing the Re. reportTo collect informationTo analyze dataTo manipulate statistical toolsTo interpret the results

To share the findings with others

The process of conducting The RE.Hatch & Farhady s viewChapter ThreeSteps on Writing A practical Research ArticlePreliminaries{ pages before the main content}2) AbstractContents

1. words 2. A clear statement of topic ( purpose) 3. Brief description of subjects 4.matrials & procedure 5. Statistical Analysis 6. summary of results and implications3) Introduction4) Method& Design5) Results6) Discussion ( conclusion)The Research cycle

7)Reference8) Appendixes To prepare information that would not properly fit into the text.Copies of scales and measures used in the study Examples of subjects performance.ReferencesBrown, D. J. 1995. Understanding Research in Second Language learning. CUPBrown, D. J. 2004. Doing second language Research. OUP.Farhady, H. 1385. Research methods in Applied linguistics. Tehran . Payame Noor University.Farhady, H. 1375.Research Design and statistics . Tehran , Ranama publications.Hatch & Farhady.(1981) .Research Design and Statistics.Tehran: Rahnama publications.Mousavi S. A. 1375. A Dictionary of language Testing. Tehran . Ranama publications.Shohamy .E. 1989. Second language Research Method. OUP.

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