ENGLISH 345English as a global language

Bilingualism

AGENDA

English as a global language The process of Standardization Bilingual Education Discussion Facilitation by Sarah and

Brooke Your Teaching Philosophies Individual Consultation, meeting

arrangements for the final projects.

COLLECTIVE BLOG SHARING Let’s take a few minutes to reflect on

one of the chapters from this week’s readings. Share one or more learning points from the readings. Share one question that you are wrestling with as future educators.

DO YOU SPEAK STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH? Do you have a regional accent? Do you reside in Midwest? Do you have college education? Do you pay attention to your grammar? Are you easily understood by ALL? Are you always in consensus of others

about what proper English is?

CONTINUITY OF CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS OF COLONIALISM Language varieties are not superior than

one another The issue of standard English is

complicated in the context of World Englishes

“Standardization” is a political act.What happens when you have students

who come to class with a home language and culture that are different from the ones they encounter in class? How do you accommodate for all?

THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH

LANGUAGE: A QUICK

OVERVIEW

MCARTHUR(2001) WORLD ENGLISH AND WORLD ENGLISHES: TRENDS, TENSIONS, VARIETIES, AND

STANDARDSSPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Historical Context• Anglo-Saxon settlement: 5th century • The Scandinavian settlement: 9th century• 1066 and on: The Middle English Period• First Diaspora: Colonization of Americas by

Europeans: Walter Raleigh’s expedition of 1584 to the New World

• Second Diaspora (1795-on): diffusion of English within diverse groups of speakers

• •

7

MCARTHUR(2001) WORLD ENGLISH AND WORLD ENGLISHES: TRENDS, TENSIONS, VARIETIES, AND

STANDARDSSPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

In 1900s-Queen’s or King’s English: “good, proper English)

In 1930s-British Standard English (BrSE) and American Standard English (AmSE)

In the late 20th century- Emergence of traditional standard English. Coexistence of BrSE and AmSE with world English or range of world Englishes…Standard Englishes

8

TIMELINE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

9

MCARTHUR(2001) WORLD ENGLISH AND WORLD ENGLISHES: TRENDS, TENSIONS, VARIETIES, AND

STANDARDSSPREAD OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Supranatural standards: Standard English to which both US and UK varieties contribute.

Prevalence and spread of English led to notions such as World English/World Standard English/International Standard English

10

REASONS FOR THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH The geographical, historical and

sociocultural factors:

1700’s-1800’s 1800’s-1900’s Late 1900’s- Early 2000’s

the language of the leading colonial nation

the language of the leader of the industrial revolution

the language of the leading economic power

Britain Britain the USA

WORLD LANGUAGE HIERARCHY PERSONAL LANGUAGE HIERARCHY

The Big languages/ Regional

LanguagesUsed by wider communication

and official purposes

National languages

Used for primary education and

local news

Local Vernacular languages

Used with family and friends

The Big Languages English French

Regional Languages

(Languages of the United Nations)

National LanguagesAround 180

languages serve over 180 nation

statesOfficial languages

within Nation States

Around 600 languages worldwide

Local Vernacular Languages

The remainder of the world’s

6000+languagnes

SOME OF THE PRIME ISSUES FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING: MCARTHUR(2001) WORLD ENGLISH AND WORLD ENGLISHES: TRENDS, TENSIONS, VARIETIES, AND STANDARDS

UK and US usage as dual standard in world media. The influential model of WE: ESL/EFL/ENL. However,

remember that such notions are also being problemitized and challenged in today’s fluid circumstances such as the Internet, migration, mass travel etc.

We see tensions among the various linguistic standards. There is a need for some kind of standard international variety for practical manifestations

There is more certainty on what users of English will be able to read and write in order to be understood worldwide. One the other hand, there is less assurance about how they speak in order to be understood worldwide.

There is a wish or need among self-confident L2 users to know where they stand within the framework of complex WE. Do they have a full voice? Does NS respect their investment to this language? Can they talk back as equals?

13

THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION: COLONIALISM AS THE CENTRAL REASON FOR THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH (AS A RESULT OF SECOND DIASPORA)

ELT was always a significant part of colonial policy. Where the empire spread so did English (Pennycook, 1998 p.20)

English=Power (e.g. material, symbolic and cultural capital) Colonizers vs colonized

Linguistic Imperialism (Phillipson, 1992): the spread of English within British and American colonies. Leads to structural and cultural inequalities.

14

PHILLIPS (1996) TENENS THAT DEVELOPED AS A RESULT OF COLONIAL HISTORY English is best taught monolingually The ideal of English teacher is a native

speaker The earlier english is taught the better

the results are. If other languages are used much,

standars of english will drop. Core English speaking countries vs

periphery countries (Nigeria, India, Singapore)

15

PHILIPHSON’S DIVIDE OF THE ENLIGH-USING WORLD Periphery:1) “countries that require English as an

international link”—Japan, Korea, Italy, Turkey

2) “and those who use it intranational purposes”—India, Singapore (former colonial countries

Center:Countries in the Inner circle (USA, UK, New

Zealand, Australia)

16

NUMBER OF USERS AND OFFICIAL RECOGNITION

Kachru (1989)----Three concentric circles:

Expanding Circle100-1000 millionOuter

Circle150-300 million

Inner Circle350-380 million

KACHRU (1986) THE ALCHEMY OF ENGLISHThe 19th century promoted this belief: “

Knowing Enlighs is like possessing the fabeled alladdin’s lamp, which permits one to open, as it were, the linguisitc gates to international business, technology, service, science and travel”(p.1)

“ English is used official of semi-official language in 60 courtiers, and had a prominent place in a further 20…Over two-thirds of the world’s scientists write in English. The quarters of the world’s mail is written in English” Crystal (1987)

18

PENNYCOOK’S ( 1994, 2001)CULTURAL POLITICS OF ENGLISH AS AN

INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND CRITICAL APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Pennycook endorses Phillipson’s view and also thinks that Anglophone countries (Britain and America) have promoted English because of economic and political reasons.

19

NUMBER OF USERS AND OFFICIAL RECOGNITION The estimate of the number of speakers

of English: native or native-like----670 million; Reasonable competence 1800 million; NNES1200-1500 million.

INCENTIVES FOR LEARNING ENGLISH1. Economic Incentives (e.g. outsourcing,

international corporations)2. Educational Incentives (e.g. dominated

by NS model and SE)3. Mass media Incentives (e.g. US controls

75 percent of the world film market)

21

YOUR VOICES What are your views on English as an

international language? Do you agree that the spread of English creates social and cultural inequalities in the world and in the ELT profession?

How do you think English Language Teaching (ELT) profession can help eradicate/fight linguicism?

22

ASSIGNMENTS Read and blog about the assessment

article Collect your observation reports and

draft your teaching philosophy. Email me as a group to arrange an

individual group meeting right after the thanksgiving break!

Contribute to our class article on Waiting for Superman (optional)

Enjoy the break, TESOLers!