english 121 october 13, 2005. the renaissance (1485-1660) 1. the ‘rebirth’ of language and...

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English 121 English 121 October 13, 2005 October 13, 2005

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Page 1: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

English 121English 121

October 13, 2005October 13, 2005

Page 2: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

The Renaissance (1485-The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1660)

1.1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and dramaand drama

2.2. Reformation (under Henry VIII)Reformation (under Henry VIII)3.3. European explorations in Africa and European explorations in Africa and

AmericaAmerica4.4. Scientific discoveries (Copernicus, Galileo)Scientific discoveries (Copernicus, Galileo)5.5. First English colonies in America (Virginia First English colonies in America (Virginia

and Pennsylvania)and Pennsylvania)6.6. ShakespeareShakespeare7.7. Translations of the BibleTranslations of the Bible

Page 3: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

The Reformation The Reformation

Breaking away, in many parts of Breaking away, in many parts of northern Europe, from the Roman northern Europe, from the Roman Catholic faith/Church.Catholic faith/Church.

Originally a matter of religious Originally a matter of religious doctrine, but also a matter of doctrine, but also a matter of ambition of some European leaders ambition of some European leaders who wanted to set up states who wanted to set up states independent of the Pope’s authorityindependent of the Pope’s authority

Page 4: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Henry VIII of Tudor (1509-Henry VIII of Tudor (1509-1547)1547)

Page 5: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Henry VIII (1509-1547)Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Greatest of Tudor’s monarchsGreatest of Tudor’s monarchs Very concerned with succession Very concerned with succession

wanted to have a male heir at all wanted to have a male heir at all costscosts

Married 6 timesMarried 6 times ...but only had one son (King ...but only had one son (King

Edwards VI), and two daughters Edwards VI), and two daughters (Queen Mary I and Elizabeth I)(Queen Mary I and Elizabeth I)

Page 6: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Henry’s six wivesHenry’s six wives

1.1. Catherine of Catherine of AragonAragon

2.2. Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

3.3. Ann of ClevesAnn of Cleves

4.4. Jane SeymourJane Seymour

5.5. Catherine HowardCatherine Howard

6.6. Catherine ParrCatherine Parr

Page 7: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Henry VIII (1509-1547)Henry VIII (1509-1547)

First wife was Catherine of AragonFirst wife was Catherine of Aragon They had Mary (Mary I)They had Mary (Mary I) Henry decided to annul his marriage Henry decided to annul his marriage

to Catherineto Catherine No permission from Pope Clement VIINo permission from Pope Clement VII 1534, Henry broke with the Catholic 1534, Henry broke with the Catholic

Church and established himself both Church and established himself both the head of the church and head of the head of the church and head of state state Reformation Reformation

Page 8: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

The ReformationThe Reformation

Henry closed and largely destroyed the Henry closed and largely destroyed the monasteries (for centuries the repository monasteries (for centuries the repository of learning, history, and culture).of learning, history, and culture).

The country became Protestant The country became Protestant Protestantism became the official Protestantism became the official religion.religion.

The most radical revolution in beliefs to The most radical revolution in beliefs to ever affect the nation.ever affect the nation.

England began to develop a separate England began to develop a separate identity from Europe.identity from Europe.

Page 9: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

After Henry VIII...After Henry VIII...

1.1. Edward VI Edward VI

2.2. Mary IMary I

3.3. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Daughter of Anne BoleynDaughter of Anne Boleyn

Page 10: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

Page 11: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and
Page 12: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Elizabeth’s ReignElizabeth’s Reign

Long (45 years) but politically unsettled Long (45 years) but politically unsettled Catholic dissent (Counter-Catholic dissent (Counter-Reformation; conflicts with Scotland, Reformation; conflicts with Scotland, etc.)etc.)

But at the same time gave the nation But at the same time gave the nation stability and sense of national and stability and sense of national and religious triumphreligious triumph 1588: The Spanish Armada (fleet of 1588: The Spanish Armada (fleet of King Philip of Spain (Catholic)) was King Philip of Spain (Catholic)) was defeateddefeated

Page 13: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

The Theatre in Elizabethan’s The Theatre in Elizabethan’s EnglandEngland

The vast majority of the population The vast majority of the population was illiterate (could not read nor was illiterate (could not read nor write) but did go to the theatre.write) but did go to the theatre.

1576 1576 First public theatre was built First public theatre was built The theatre is a forum for debate, The theatre is a forum for debate,

spectacle, entertainment.spectacle, entertainment. Writers take their work to an Writers take their work to an

audience that may include the queen audience that may include the queen and aristocrats, as well as subjects.and aristocrats, as well as subjects.

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The Theatre in Elizabethan’s The Theatre in Elizabethan’s England (cont’d)England (cont’d)

Several ‘fixed’ theatres are built at Several ‘fixed’ theatres are built at this time in Londonthis time in London

Most open to the sky (e.g., Globe) Most open to the sky (e.g., Globe) but some completely enclosed (e.g., but some completely enclosed (e.g., Blackfriars)Blackfriars)

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The GlobeThe Globe

Page 16: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

The StageThe Stage

Page 17: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

The Globe StageThe Globe Stage

Page 18: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Shakespeare (1564-1616)Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Born in Stratford-upon-Avon, moves to Born in Stratford-upon-Avon, moves to London in 1591 to become actor (works for London in 1591 to become actor (works for Lord Chamberlain’s company, later the Lord Chamberlain’s company, later the ‘King’s men’)‘King’s men’)

Writer of plays and of poetry (sonnets)Writer of plays and of poetry (sonnets) Wrote 37 plays (tragedies and comedies)Wrote 37 plays (tragedies and comedies) Though not highly educated, he was a Though not highly educated, he was a

‘visionary’, had a wider range of reference ‘visionary’, had a wider range of reference and allusion, theme and content, than any of and allusion, theme and content, than any of his contemporaries (e.g., Marlowe, Kid, etc.)his contemporaries (e.g., Marlowe, Kid, etc.)

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Shakespeare (1564-1616)Shakespeare (1564-1616)

His theatre is universal His theatre is universal he writes he writes about men of all social classes, and of about men of all social classes, and of universal human qualitiesuniversal human qualities

Themes are often great, abstract Themes are often great, abstract universal themes, seen both at the universal themes, seen both at the social and individual level social and individual level ambition, ambition, jealousy, death, power, love, envy, etc.jealousy, death, power, love, envy, etc.

All of his characters speak modern All of his characters speak modern EnglishEnglish

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Shakespeare and languageShakespeare and language

Had an extremely large ‘vocabulary’ Had an extremely large ‘vocabulary’ for the time (~ 30,000 words)for the time (~ 30,000 words)

Liked experimenting with language – Liked experimenting with language – used many ‘brand’ new words in his used many ‘brand’ new words in his plays, words that entered the English plays, words that entered the English language during the Renaissance language during the Renaissance (mostly Latin-based words)(mostly Latin-based words)

Page 21: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Translations of the Bible Translations of the Bible

1520s-1530s (under Henry VIII): 1520s-1530s (under Henry VIII): William Tyndale used Greek and William Tyndale used Greek and Hebrew texts for the translation of the Hebrew texts for the translation of the New and Old testament respectively.New and Old testament respectively.

1534: Henry VIII breaks with Roman 1534: Henry VIII breaks with Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

1535: Coverdale (Tyndale’s disciple) 1535: Coverdale (Tyndale’s disciple) publishes his vernacular (English) publishes his vernacular (English) version of the Bible.version of the Bible.

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Geneva Bible & Bishop’s Geneva Bible & Bishop’s BibleBible

Geneva Bible:Geneva Bible: English version commissioned in 1539 by Anglican English version commissioned in 1539 by Anglican

Church Church published in 1560, when it was presented to Queen published in 1560, when it was presented to Queen

Elizabeth by CoverdaleElizabeth by Coverdale This is the version that was familiar to most readers This is the version that was familiar to most readers

– including Shakespeare – until well into the 17– including Shakespeare – until well into the 17thth century century

Bishop’s Bible:Bishop’s Bible: Published in 1568 (shortly after Geneva)Published in 1568 (shortly after Geneva) Based on the Latin Vulgata versionBased on the Latin Vulgata version Rival version of Geneva; published as a Rival version of Geneva; published as a

‘counterbalance’ to the Calvinist Generva Bible‘counterbalance’ to the Calvinist Generva Bible

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King James BibleKing James Bible Known as ‘Authorized Version of the Bible’Known as ‘Authorized Version of the Bible’ Published in 1611, under James I (1603-1625), Published in 1611, under James I (1603-1625),

who commissioned it in 1604 who commissioned it in 1604 he wanted to he wanted to have a standardized version for use in all have a standardized version for use in all churches and throughout the country;churches and throughout the country;

Product of 44 scholars; overall influenced by Product of 44 scholars; overall influenced by several existing versions, largely based on several existing versions, largely based on Geneva & Bishop’s BiblesGeneva & Bishop’s Bibles

Considered the most influential work of the Considered the most influential work of the English language because it was used in every English language because it was used in every church in the land over the next 3 centuries, church in the land over the next 3 centuries, and thus reached a large number of people.and thus reached a large number of people.

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Language of James’BibleLanguage of James’Bible Translators opted for a formal rather than Translators opted for a formal rather than

vernacular style and were largely inspired vernacular style and were largely inspired by previous versionsby previous versions

Maintains an older word order (Maintains an older word order (‘they knew ‘they knew him not’, ‘things eternal’)him not’, ‘things eternal’)

The use of prepositions is ‘marked’ The use of prepositions is ‘marked’ ((‘tempted of ‘tempted of (by) (by) Satan’Satan’))

Many phrases and proverbial expressions Many phrases and proverbial expressions that appear in J’s B are now part of that appear in J’s B are now part of everyday language (everyday language (‘money is the root to ‘money is the root to all evil’ , ‘all things to all men’,’ all evil’ , ‘all things to all men’,’ etc.)etc.)

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America and the AmericansAmerica and the Americans

--Coming to America for fun --Coming to America for fun adventure, and profitadventure, and profit

--Jamestown and Tangiers Island--Jamestown and Tangiers Island

Page 26: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Page 27: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

JamestownJamestown

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Tangiers IslandTangiers Island

Page 29: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Tangiers Island EnglishTangiers Island English

Carried accents from England (Devon and Cornwall) Carried accents from England (Devon and Cornwall) that are still alive today.that are still alive today.--hoi toiders vs. high tiders--hoi toiders vs. high tiders----PaulPaul sounds like sounds like pullpull; ; ballball sounds like sounds like bullbull----CreekCreek sounds like sounds like crickcrick

Lexical items:Lexical items:skillet: spiderskillet: spider

Page 30: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Why has their language Why has their language maintained its identity over the maintained its identity over the years?years?

Dense social networksDense social networks– Not much contact with the rest of Not much contact with the rest of

Virginia or the United StatesVirginia or the United States– No reason to speak differently.No reason to speak differently.

Page 31: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

American EnglishAmerican English

Settlers from Britain came to the U.S.Settlers from Britain came to the U.S.

Page 32: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Dialects of BritainDialects of Britain

Page 33: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

American UsageAmerican Usage

Examples of English becoming Examples of English becoming “American”“American”– Settlers meets with Indian groups and Settlers meets with Indian groups and

slaves from Africa leads to a… Pidginslaves from Africa leads to a… Pidgin– The settlers came from different parts of The settlers came from different parts of

England, although they likely spoke England, although they likely spoke differently, their children did not—differently, their children did not—ACCENT LEVELINGACCENT LEVELING

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Page 35: English 121 October 13, 2005. The Renaissance (1485-1660) 1. The ‘rebirth’ of language and culture; renaissance of the arts – particularly poetry and

Spanish, French, Dutch influence on Spanish, French, Dutch influence on EnglishEnglish– Spanish (plaza, stampede); French Spanish (plaza, stampede); French

(bayou, levee); Dutch (Brooklyn, (bayou, levee); Dutch (Brooklyn, Harlem)Harlem)

New words coming into the English New words coming into the English languagelanguage– Hickory, chipmunk, mooseHickory, chipmunk, moose