engineering geology. nrm issues (current, emerging, urgent) carbon management co 2 reduction,...
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Engineering Geology
NRM issues (current, emerging, urgent)
Carbon management• CO2 reduction, sequestration• Carbon tax, carbon market • Biofuels, plantations• Sustaining biodiversity
Socio-geographic management• Urbanisation, peri-urban growth• Coastal development• Changing agricultural communities• Threats to biodiversity
Geohazard management• Soil erosion & landslides• Salinity, waterlogging• Floods, sediment movement• Coastal erosion & deposition
Water management • Surface water, groundwater• Quantity, quality• Environmental allocations, water re-use• land-use vs. water use
Geohazards
Earthquakes
Reactive soils
Volcanic eruptions
TsunamisFloods
Landslides and rockfalls
Karst and soluble rocks
Salinity and sodicity
Soil erosion
Coastal erosion
Sinkholes and collapsing soils
Acid sulfate soils
Contaminated soils
Permafrost
Geohazards – Volcanic hazards
Hawaii
Pyroclastic flowsLaharsGas emissionsDustClimate changesEnvironmental devastation
Geohazards – Volcanic hazards
Washington
Geohazards - Earthquakes
Measured by magnitude & intensity
Earthquake wave components – P, S, L, R
Greatest loss of life for geohazards e.g.
• Aleppo, Syria 1138, 230,000 dead
• Shaanxi, China 1556, 830,000 dead
• Lisbon, Portugal 1755, 100,000 dead
• Gansu, China 1920, 200,000 dead
• Tokyo, Japan 1923, 140,000 dead
• Tangshan, China 1976, 242,000 dead
• Sumatra, Indonesia 2004, 230,000 dead
Knock-on effects = Tsunamis, landslides, fires, diseases, famine, etc.
Japan11th March 2011
ML 9.020,448 dead
Canterbury, N.Z.2010 & 2011
Geohazards - Earthquakes
Likelihood
Historic data collection and collation Seismic record Geology mapping Fault mapping Soil mapping Microsiesmic surveys
Consequence
Historic data collection and collation Building susceptibility (homes, hospitals, public offices…) Infrastructure susceptibility (road, bridges, sewerage…) Utility conduits (gas, power, water, telecommunications…) Industry (refineries, biohazards, nuclear hazards…) Emergency services (police, ambulance, fire…)
Geohazards - Landslides
Wild Dog Road, 1979
Landslide mechanicsGeohazards - Landslides
Destabilising forces
Gravity
Water
Undercutting
Loads
Landslide mechanicsGeohazards - Landslides
Stabilising forces
Drain the slope
Retain the slope
Unload the slope
Anchor the slope
Landslide mechanics
Wild Dog Road, 1979
Barham Valley, 1986 Wongarra, 2000
Wild Dog Road, 1952
Geohazards - Landslides
48 Ha of mature forest slid into the 48 Ha of mature forest slid into the East Branch of the Barwon River inEast Branch of the Barwon River inLate June 1952, following heavy rain.Late June 1952, following heavy rain.
Forming a dam 400 metres wide and Forming a dam 400 metres wide and 30 metres high. 30 metres high.
Lake Elizabeth filledLake Elizabeth filled The top 26 metres of the dam was The top 26 metres of the dam was breached in August 1953 sending a breached in August 1953 sending a
7 metre wall of mud downstream.7 metre wall of mud downstream.
Geohazards - Landslides
Material removed to widen theMaterial removed to widen theGreat Ocean Road, 1968Great Ocean Road, 1968
Rock slide beginsRock slide begins
By 1971, 3000 tonnes of rock areBy 1971, 3000 tonnes of rock areSliding at 2cm per day. Sliding at 2cm per day. A further 150000 tonnes threaten A further 150000 tonnes threaten Movement.Movement.
Great Ocean Road closed July 1971Great Ocean Road closed July 1971Great Ocean Road opened December 1971Great Ocean Road opened December 1971
Cable anchorsCable anchorsinstalledinstalled
Geohazards - Landslides
Wongarra
Birregurra
Elliminyt
MoonlightHead
Geohazards - Landslides
Wye RiverWye RiverBoulevardeBoulevarde
Riverside DrRiverside Dr
Morley AvMorley Av Dunoon AvDunoon Av
Moorabool River 2001
Element at risk = urban water supply for Bannockburn & Geelong. Remediation costs ~ $500,000
Grampians National Park
2011
Grampians 2011
Geohazards - Rockfalls
Barwon Heads October 2000
Geohazards – Soil erosion by water & wind
Elaine
Wind erosion - Chinkapook
Sheet erosion - Morrisons
Tunnel erosion – Separation Creek
Gully erosion - Moreep
Erosion mechanics
Sheet erosion
Universal Soil Loss EquationAnnual soil loss (t/ha/yr)= Rainfall erosivity x soil erodibility x slope length x slope gradient x support practice factorx cover and crop management
Rill erosion
Channels < 0.3m depth
Gully erosion
Sediment transportWater flowHeadward erosion
Channels > 0.3m depth
Tunnel erosion
Soil aggregate stability(slaking and dispersion)
Geohazards – Soil erosion by water
Regional cost
Infrastructure: roads, pipelines, buildings, cables, reservoirs
Agricultural: dairy pasture, farm dams, farm infrastructure, horticultural land, grazing land, cropping land
Environmental: environmental stream flows, lakes and wetlands, native forests, coastal cliffs, public access to tourist sites, and river gorges.
Water quality: turbidity, sediment load
Cultural and Heritage: public access (particularly coastal), historic buildings
Estimated at ~ $2 million/yr since 1950
Erosion impacts on waterways and wetlands
Illabarook
near Geelong
020406080
100120140160180200
Gullies
Landsl
ides
Sheet e
rosi
on
Stream
ero
sion
Erosion threat to roads. Number of erosion sites within 50 metre buffer.
Sealed Rd Unsealed Rd
St Paul, South Africa - donga
Ground subsidenceSinkholes, collapsing ground caused by: Groundwater extraction from confined aquifers (see week 7) Dissolution of aquifer materials (e.g. karst processes) Dispersive or slaking soils Man made cavities (e.g. Mines)
Karst processes
Example: Lake Peigneur, Louisiana1980 drilling causes a lake to drain into a salt mine(Google it and watch the video)
Dissolution of the aquifer
Limestone cavities result from dissolution of the aquifer by groundwater. The cavities grow larger over time and then collapse to form dolines.
Tropical storm “Agatha”
(May 29th – 30th 2010)
Sinkhole in Guatemala CitySunday May 30th 2010
Death toll 179 and rising
Landslides in El Salvador, Sinkhole in
Guatemala
20m diameter, 30m deep
Similar event February 2007
Geohazards - Subsidence
• Subsidence over old mine workings
(Ballarat, Bendigo, Wonthaggi)
abandoned quarries (Yarraville), • Karst solution cavities (Port
Campbell, Peterborough), • Dispersive soils (Kennet River,
Melton, Parwan Valley)
Mexico City
Subsidence due to groundwater extraction threatens historic buildings such as the cathedral (1573 – 1813).
About 1m recent subsidencePlumb-bob to check restoration success
Old Basilica of Guadalupe (1531 – 1709)
Mexico City
Up to 8.5m of subsidence has been recorded in Mexico City
Earth fractures on the outskirts of Mexico City show the extents of the subsidence (tensile cracks around the rim of the subsidence crater)
Geohazards – Acid sulfate soils
Acid sulfate soils (ASS)
Coastal ASS (CASS) Inland ASS (IASS)Potential ASS (PASS)Actual ASS (AASS)
Contain iron sulfides (e.g. pyrite) Produce sulfuric acid when disturbed Irreversible process Severe damage to built and natural environment Often contaminate soils with other toxins AASS has pH <4
Breamlea
Geohazards – Acid sulfate soils
Tyrell Crk
Geohazards – Reactive soils
• Soils which swell when wetted and
shrink when dried.
• Victoria’s most prevalent geohazard
• Costs $millions per year in damage to
houses, roads, utility services, etc.
• Whole industry dedicated to soil tests
for building.
• Australian Standard AS2870
• Soils which contain certain clay
minerals usually montmorillonite, but
may be others. • Easily identified by soil classification
tests.• Managed by building codes and
specialist engineering solutions.• Can be stabilised by the use of soil
additives.
Summary
Landscapes are dynamic. Geohazards are natural processes
Identify the processes that occur in different landscapes, and the main factors (natural or man-made) that are acting on those processes
Assess the risk to assets (life, property, environment, social, etc.)
Where risk is unacceptable, reduce the risk by changing the likelihood of an event or its consequence
Geohazards can also be man-made (anthropogenic)
Port Campbell