energy & fuel users’ journal oct. – dec. 2013 ... -...

1

Energy & Fuel Users’ Journal Oct. – Dec. 2013

The solar capacity in India crossed the2 GW milestone in the third quarter of 2013with the addition of about 900 MW (as ofOctober 2013) driven primarily through thecapacity additions under the second batchof phase 1 of the National Solar Mission. Inaddition to this, a few large scale powerplants were added in states such as MadhyaPradesh and Maharashtra as part of thestates’ drive to fullfil their solar RPO quota.

In terms of policy announcements, 2013was an eventful year for solar. The solarindustry was kept busy with some very bigannouncements including the biddingscheduled to come up under the Tamil Naduand Andhra Pradesh solar policy. The turnout of the policies though was not what theindustry had expected. That being said, thesolar policies in these states did not turn outto be a total bust with significantly largeallocations being made under the TN solarpolicy and successful allocations under theRajasthan and Karnatka solar policies. TheAndhra Pradesh solar policy though left abitter taste in various developers’ mouths. ABreif review of the major announcements/events that took place over the course of theyear have been highlighted below.

FIRST QUARTER - 2013

January 2013

• The bids under the Tamil Nadu solarpolicy were opened resulting in theallocation of 499 MW of capacity across104 projects. This was followed by theopening of the financial bids which

INDIA SOLAR 2013 - A REVIEWresulted in the (then) lowest tariff seenacross the country - a bid of Rs. 5.97per kWh by MBDL.

• Andhra Pradesh releases revised solarRfS.

• KREDL released the rooftop PVtender for projects to be setup inKarnataka. The tender was for about1300 0.5 kW and 650 1 kW projects tobe setup across 5 cities in the state withthe total value of the tender beingestimated at Rs. 35 crores.

• Solar Energy Corporation of India(SECI) released the RfS document forsetting up of rooftop PV projects underPhase 2 of the JNNSM across six citiestotalling 10 MW. This would be the firstof many phases for allocation of rooftopPV projects.

• Rajasthan Renewable EnergyCorporation Limited (RRECL) releasedthe list of bidders who participated in thebid for 100 MW of Solar PV projects. Thelist named a total of 25 participantsincluding Solairdirect, Azure Power,Emami Cement, Alex Green Energy,Refex Energy, Jindal Power and WaareeEnergies.

• The Kerala government through ANERTannounced the l ist of fourteenempanelled instal lers who wereempowered to undertake installationsunder Kerala’s 10,000 Solar PV rooftopprogramme.

2


• The first REC trading session of the newyear proved to be fruitful for the SolarREC segment as there was significantgrowth in demand (as indicated by thenumber of buy bids) as well as anincrease in the solar REC price whichincreased by Rs. 140 per REC.

February 2013

• US init iates complains against theDomestic Content Requirement(DCR) provisions of the JNNSM, India’sflagship solar policy with the WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

• TANGEDCO proposes Rs. 6.48 perkWh (with a 5% escalation every yearfor the first ten years) as the workabletariff under the Tamil Nadu solar policy.

• The tariff for the 100 MW of solarprojects to come up under the Rajasthanallocation was fixed at Rs. 6.45 perkWh after RRECL opened the financialbids. The bidding mechanism adoptedhere was L1 based and the lowest bidstood at Rs. 6.45 per kWh.

• Central Electr ici ty RegulatoryCommission (CERC) extended theval idi ty of Renewable EnergyCertificates (REC) to 2 years (730 days)from the initial level of one year.

• Andhra Pradesh Transmission Company(APTRANSCO) announced the list ofbidders who submitted their RfS forallocation of 1000 MW under the APsolar policy. The l ist included 184bidders who put up 294 bids for acummulative capacity of 1339.5 MW.Some of the big name bidders includedinclude Welspun, Lanco, Waaree, SwissPark Vanijya, GRThangaMaligai group,Alex Green Energy, among others.

• Bihar Government, through Bihar StatePower (Holding) Company Limited(BSPHCL), f loated an RFP for co-development of solar plants and pisci-culture projects. The total solar capacityenvisaged under this allocation was 150MW.

• The Kerala government released thedraft Kerala State Solar Pol icy2013 which was scheduled to come intoeffect from April 1st 2013. The policy hadsolar capacity addition targets of 500MW by 2017 and 1500 MW by 2030.

• Solar REC prices rose to Rs. 13,000 persolar REC at PXIL with the number ofbuy bids dropping significantly.

March 2013

• The Odisha state government, throughOREDA (Odisha Renewable EnergyDevelopment Agency) floated a tenderfor 25 MW of solar capacity to beinstalled in the state. This tender followsthe two previous tenders for 25 MWissued last year.

• The financial bids for project allocationunder the Andhra Pradesh Solar Policywere opened which showed the lowestbid in the state stood at Rs. 6.49 perkWh (proposed by Sunborne Energy)which was comparable to the tariff underthe TN solar policy but without anescalation clause.

• Karnataka issued an RfP for the additionof 130 MW of solar capacity in the statethrough either Solar PV or Solar CSP(thermal). This was the first solar policyof the year that did not adopt an L1based bidding process.

3


• Tamil Nadu Electr ici ty RegulatoryCommission (TNERC) issued an orderrelated to the TN solar policy whichdetai led guidel ines for theimplementation of net-metering fordomestic rooftop solar generators.

• The Punjab Energy DevelopmentAgency (PEDA) released an RfP for theaddition of 300 MW of solar capacity inthe state as part of the ‘New andRenewable Sources of Energy (NRSE)Policy –2012’ being implemented inPunjab. The pol icy targets theinstallation of 1000 MW of solar capacityin the state while the RfP was for thefirst phase which aims to add 300 MW.

• Uttar Pradesh announced its intentionto setup solar PV capacity in the stateby releasing a tender for theprocurement of 200 MW of Solar PV.

• Continuing with its good showing in thenew year, the Solar RECs for the firstt ime reached i ts forbearancevalue (then) indicating a positive outlookfor the segment.

SECOND QUARTER - 2013

April 2013

• SECI announced the list of successfulbidders for four of the six cities underthe first phase of bidding for 10 MW ofrooftop PV to be setup with Sun Edison,Azure Power and Thermax being alloteda cumulative 5.5 MW across the differentcities.

• Rajasthan Renewable EnergyCorporation Limited (RRECL) releasedthe list of 7 solar projects totaling 75MW (of a target of 100 MW) under thecompetitive bidding of the Phase 1 ofthe Rajasthan State Policy at a tariff rate

of Rs. 6.45 per kWh.

• The total installed solar PV capacity inRajasthan crossed 500 MW reaching510.25 MW in the month.

• CERC amended the RECregulations clarifying various pointssuch as issues pertaining to RECs andreverse bidding, definition of APPC tariff,electricity duty, minimum capacity forREC based projects etc.

• MNRE released the draft guidelines forsetting up/alloting 750 MW of solar PVprojects under the second phase of theJNNSM. The draft guidelines providedinformation into the domestic contentrequirement, the different categorieswhich the developers could bid under(DCR vs. non-DCR category) and moreimportantly a lot of insight on the viabilitygap funding (VGF) mechanism whichwas to be adopted.

• Andhra Pradesh fixed the solar tariffpayable to bidders at Rs. 6.49 per kWh.The state opted to go for a statewide L1tariff when it was initially stated that theL1 tari f f would be appl icabledisctrictwise. The caused significantdissent amongst the various developersmany of whom opted to not go aheadwith the allocation.

• Tamil Nadu announced a capital subsidyof Rs. 20,000 per kW for 10,000 smallscale projects on a first come, first servebasis. The subsidy would be over andabove the central subsidy of 30% of thecapital cost.

• The volue of solar RECs traded droppedby about 40% with a discovered price ofRs. 12,206 at IEX and Rs. 12,000 atPXIL per solar REC. This month marked

4


the beginning of the downward spiral ofthe solar REC market.

May 2013

• TANGEDCO issued Letter of Intent(LoI) to several bidders who hadexpressed their interest in setting upsolar PV projects in Tamil Nadu underthe Tamil Nadu state solar policy. It isestimated that the LoI at the time wasissued to projects totalling over 200 MW.

• After allocating 5.5 MW of Solar rooftopprojects in 4 cities, SECI invited RfS forallocation under Phase II. This covers 6cit ies, including Bhubaneswar andRaipur which were part of the Phase I,but did not receive allocation, andGurgaon, which received only a partialallocation of 0.5 MW out of 2 MW. Thenew cities in the list included Jaipur,Hyderabad and Noida.

• SECI clarified the guidelines for thePhase 2, Batch 1 under the JNNSMstating that there would be separatebidding processes in place fordevelopers opting to go for domesticallymanufactured modules vs. those optingto import. At the time it was estimatedthat the domestic content biddingprocess would total 300 MW.

• RESolve published it’s first ranking ofthe solar power plants in Gujarat. Thereport is the first of it’s kind to bepublished in the country and highlightssome of the key performancecharacteristics of the various powerplants currently under operation inGujarat.

• MNRE released revised benchmarktariff for off-grid systems.

• Solar RECs continued its downwardspiral with the volume of solar RECsbeing traded dropping by about30% and the price falling to Rs. 10,990per REC (at PXIL).

June 2013

• Punjab released the details of thewinners who bid for 300 MW of projectsallocation in the state where bids wereinvited under two categories. Theaverage bid price for the Category 1 (1to 4 MW) was Rs. 8.22/kWh and theweighted average was Rs 8.27/kWh. The average bid price in category2 (5 to 30 MW) was Rs. 8.41/kWh andthe weighted average was Rs.8.34/kWh.

• 34 bidders accepted the Rs 6.49/kWh price offer for setting up projectsunder the Andhra Pradesh state solarpol icy. These developers werescheduled to install and commission atotal of 350 MW.

• Project developers in Tamil Nadu comeforward to set up 690 MW under theTamil Nadu Solar Policy.

• The cummulat ive global solar PVinstalled capacity crossed 100 GWending up a shade over at 102 GW.

• Bihar State Power (Holding) CompanyLimited (BSPHCL) issued an RFPinvit ing el igible bidders to submitproposals for procurement of 100 MWof solar PV power. The projects are tobe located in Bihar for which a PPAwould be signed for a period of 25 years.

• The Solar REC market crashes, with thesolar REC price bottoming out andhitting the floor price. The price of thesolar RECs hit the floor price trading at

5


Rs. 9300 on both IEX and PXIL with theprices having fallen by 24% and 18%respectively.

THIRD QUARTER - 2013

July 2013

• MNRE released a notice saying that itis no longer accepting any newapplicat ions to become channelpartners officially stopping the processindefinitely.

• The CERC, vide an order dated July10th 2013 tit led Central ElectricityRegulatory Commission (Terms andConditions for recognition and issuanceof Renewable Energy Certificate for Renewable Energy Generation)(Second Amendment) Regulations,2013 made the amended guidelinesreleased in April 2013 enforcable.

• The total solar installed capacity inRajasthan reached 608.5 MW followingthe commissioning of the first Solar CSPplant under JNNSM Phase 1.

• The demand for solar RECs increasedslightly in the month. There however wasno increase in the price discovered forSolar RECs which continued to languishat the floor price.

August 2013

• Tamil Nadu Electr ici ty RegulatoryCommission (TNERC) released aconsultative paper which proposed to setthe tariff for solar PV based projectsat Rs 5.78 per kWh. It was made clearthat this recommendation had nothingto do with the tariff arrived at during thetender process under the TN solar policyand who have no effect on the tariffarrived at (under the TN solar policy).

• The Gujarat Electricity RegulatoryCommission (GERC) rejected GujaratUrjaVikas Nigam Limited’s (GUVNJ)petition to retroactively cut the solartariff offered in Gujarat which cited thatthe capital costs had fallen considerablyby the time the projects had beencommissioned in the state. GERC statedthat the PPA signed was binding and thatretroactive tariff cuts were not lawful.

• SECI announced the list of successfulbidders under the second phase of therooftop solar PV scheme totalling 11.1MW across six cities in the country.

• The winners under the Karnataka statepolicy were announced with the openingof the financial bids taking place earlierin the month. The lowest bid stood at Rs.5.51 per kWh quoted by Sun PharmaMedication Pvt. Ltd. This bid currentlystands as the lowest bid seen thusfar inthe country.

• There were no major developments inthe solar REC front as the solar RECmarket maintained its status quo withthe solar REC prices stagnating at thefloor price levels and the demanddipping.

September 2013

• With the lacklusture adoption rate underthe AP solar policy, the APTRANSCOissued an open offer to prospectiveproject developers for development ofsolar projects in the state. Any developeropting to setup projects under the policycan choose to do so at thepredetermined tariff set at Rs. 6.49 perkWh.

• RESolve released it’s updated Gujaratsolar power plant rankings where

6


Konark, Welspun and Palace Solar tooktop honours among 50 plants. Theupdated rankings also providedadditional details on the EPCs employedfor project development, thecomponents used in the power plantsetc.

• SECI issued an RfS for the addition of10 MW of rooftop solar PVcapacity across nine states under thethird phase of the rooftop scheme beingadopted as part of the JNNSM.

• Rajasthan Renewable EnergyCorporation Limited (RRECL) releasedan RfP for the selection of 50 Solar PVplants of 1 MW(AC) to be connected on11 kV level at 33/11 kV Discom’ssubstation in the state. This followed theallocation of 100 MW of projects inFebruary 2013.

• The solar REC market showed marginalimprovement in the month with thevolume trading increasing by 64%compared to the previous month. Theprice of the solar RECs howevercontinued to stay at the floor price.

FOURTH QUARTER - 2013

October 2013

• MNRE/SECI released revisedguidelines for projects scheduled tocome up under Phase 2, Batch 1 of theJNNSM. The major changes were on theVGF disbursal guidelines and clarity onthe domestic content requirements.

• The Government of India announced itsapproval for the implementation of thescheme for setting up 750 MW of solarcapacity under the first batch of Phase

2 of the National Solar Mission. Anestimated Rs. 1875 crores @ Rs. 2.5crores per MW (earmarked from theNCEF) was announced to have been setaside to fund projects under the VGFmechanism. The draft guidelines werefinalized and released later in the month.Various other details including the lastdate for submission of bids (28/12/2013) etc. were also announced.

• The installed solar PV capacity in thecountry crossed the 2 GW milestone.

• As the non-solar REC market postedsignificant growth where the volume ofnon-solar RECs being traded tripled, thesolar REC market showed modestgrowth with the traded volumeincreasing by 28.4% over the previousmonth.

November 2013

• The Solar Energy Corporation of Indian(SECI) released the standard PPA andVGF securitization agreement.

• Solar REC market continues to dip witha drop in traded volume and the priceremaining at the floor price levels.

December 2013

• The Solar Energy Corporation of Indian(SECI) had earlier released the standardPPA and VGF securitization agreementfollowing which a pre-bid meeting wasscheduled to clarify the details under theRfS as wel l as the PPA and VGFagreements. SECI has now releasedthe clarifications to the queries raised inthe pre-bid meeting.

7


The calendar year 2013 has been atough year for the Indian Wind industry. Itadded only 1573 MW of generation capacityduring January- October 2013(Source:MNRE), and is likely to register a negativegrowth compared to the previous calendaryear 2012 when a total of 2336 MW wasinstalled. (Source: GWEC). It may berecalled that the growth of wind declined in2012 compared to 2011 as a result ofwithdrawal of Accelerated Depreciation(AD)Benefi ts and Generation BasedIncentives(GBI) with effect from April 2012.

While the GBI was restored in 2013, thelack of AD benefits, the lack of RenewablePurchase Obligat ions (RPO) and thesubsequent stalling of the Renewable EnergyCertificates (REC) market resulted in thenegative growth of the sector. This situationforced many companies to rethink theirrenewables strategy, and some of the majorbusiness groups like DLF and TVS exited thesector through asset sales. On the otherhand, quite a few companies backed by firmslike IFC, IDFC and Goldman Sachs amongothers, increased their exposure to the Indianwind sector. To sum up, the year was one ofconsolidation of the industry.

In Tamil Nadu, the leader of Wind inIndia, the lack of sufficient infrastructure wasa recurring theme with thousands of MW ofcapacity idling during peak season due tolack of transmission infrastructure. -

On the equipment front, the competitionfrom China intensified with at least twocompanies – Sinovel and Ming Yang – gettingapprovals from Centre for Wind Energy

INDIA WIND 2013 – A REVIEWTechnology(CWET) to sell some models oftheir turbines in India.

Here is a summary of some of the majorhappenings from the Indian wind market andpolicy/regulatory fronts.

QUARTER 1 - 2013

January 2013

• Sinovel, one of the largest Chinese windturbine manufacturers, receivedapproval from Centre for Wind EnergyTechnology to sell its machines in India.

• Mahindra group indicated its intention toenter the wind energy sector. 2 monthsearlier in November 2011, Larsen andToubro(L&), a major player in Solar, alsoannounced its interest in the wind sectorand in October 2013, L&T announcesthat it received an order for turnkey EPCof a 25 MW wind farm.

• Darby Overseas Investments, theprivate equity (PE) arm of FranklinTempleton Investments, announced itsplan to exit from Bhoruka Power, acompany engaged in renewable energy.

• IFC announced its plan to lend for Rs.41 Crore for a 20 MW wind project byBhilwara Energy Limited.

February 2013

• Rajasthan announced a competitivebidding process for allocation of 300 MWof wind energy projects.The “competitivebidding” process was opposed by thewind industry and July 2013, RajasthanGovernment withdrew the tender for

8


allocation following petitions against theprocess by the Indian Wind EnergyAssociation and Mytrah Energy Ltd.

• Restorat ion of Generation BasedIncentives(GBI) for the wind sectorannounced in the union budget. After 6months, the Cabinet clears the GBI inAugust 2013.

March 2013

• Mytrah Energy announces plans toacquire 59.75 MW wind assets, butscrapped the deal in August 2013 citinguncertainty in regulatory clearances andunresolved due diligence findings.

QUARTER 2 - 2013

April 2013

• As part of its exit from the wind business,DLF announces sale of 2 wind powerassets in Tamil Nadu(34.5 MW) andRajasthan(33 MW) for Rs. 241 Crore.

• In another exit, VRL Logistics sold its42.5 MW Wind assets to AmplusInfrastructure Developers.

May 2013

• For the first time in about a decade,Suzlon lost its leadership position in theIndian wind market installations for thefinancial year 2012-13.

• According to the World Wind EnergyReport, India retained its position in thetop 5 wind energy markets in 2012.

• MNRE releases a draft offshore windpolicy.

• The lack of sufficient transmission linesin Tamil Nadu was clearly felt during thepeak wind season, with about 800 MW

of wind power lost due to evacuationissues.

• In another exit, Lanco divested a 10 MWwind farm in Tamil Nadu.

June 2013

• Goldman Sachs invested $135 million inthe Indian wind energy firm ReNewPower Pvt. Ltd., making it one of thelargest renewable energy investors inIndia.

• IDFC Ltd., India’s biggest financier ofclean-energy projects, said that willinvest about Rs250 crore in Green InfraLtd. a renewable energy developer,joining Goldman Sachs Group Inc. inadding to holdings in the nation.

QUARTER 3 - 2013

July 2013

• After selling its wind assets in Rajasthanand Tamil Nadu, DLF sold its wind assetsin Gujarat(150 MW) for Rs. 325 Croresto BLP Vayu and Karnataka (11.2 MW)for Rs. 30 Crore to Goyal MG Gases.

• The Central Electricity RegulatoryCommision(CERC) directs wind farms toforecast power generation or face fines.The wind generators promptly takeCERC to court over the directive.

• The lack of transmission infrastructurein Tamil Nadu was once again exposed,with the textile industry reporting thatabout 30% of the wind power generationcapacity were backed down and powernot evacuated during peak wind season.

• Gujarat government announced anew wind energy policy, fixing newprocurement tariff and exempting windenergy from electricity duty.

9


August 2013

• In another high profit exit from the windsector, the TVS Group announces itsplans to sell its wind assets.

• Reliance Capital announces that it isinvesting Rs. 100 Crore in Wind PowerJoint venture with China’s Ming YangWind Power Group.

• Morgan Stanley-backed ContinuumWind Energy acquires 180 MW windfarms.

September 2013

• In September 2013, the Indian currencyfell drastically to close to Rs. 70 againstthe US Dollar. The current dropthreatens the recovery of the Windindustry.

QUARTER 4 - 2013

October 2013

• DLF completes the sale process of33MW wind turbines project inRajasthan to Violet Green Power for Rs67.44 crore.

• Simran Wind Project Pvt., an Indian windfarm developer backed by theInternational Finance Corp., halted plansto expand this financial year, sayinggovernment subsidies arrived too late.

• NagarjunaAgrichem, an Indianagrochemicals maker, sold off its entirewind power business to an undisclosedinvestor for Rs30 crore (~$5 million) aspart of its strategy to consolidate on corebusiness.

• Siva’s wind turbine maker, WinWinD,files for bankruptcy.

• The Karnataka Electricity RegulatoryCommission (KERC) raises the rate of

wind power generation to 4.20 per unitfrom Rs. 3.70 per unit earlier in a tarifforder.

• Morgan Stanley-backed ContinuumWind Energy aims to bui ld 1,360megawatts of wind farms by 2017,almost all of that on its own, abandoningan industry practice of hiring turbinemakers to execute projects on a turnkeybasis.

November 2013

• China Ming Yang wind turbines clearedfor sale in India. Subsequently, theChinese turbine manufacturerannounces its first order in India – a 150MW in Maharashtra.

• Bharat Light and Power and IBMCollaborate to boost wind farm outputby better managing wind-farm data.

December 2013

• As the calendar year comes to a close,TATA Power highlights the big story ofthe year for the sector – sale of windassets due to financial stress in thesector and/or rationalization of assets.

• India Wind Power Association movesTribunal challenging Tamil Nadu’s moveto buy thermal power.

Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) hasextended the deadline for submission of bidsfor solar PV (photovoltaic) projects underJawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission(JNNSM) Batch 2 Phase 1 to January 20,2014 from the earlier fixed date of December28. This decision was taken fol lowingrequests from stakeholders.

(Source: The Hindu)

10


The Indian off-grid PV segment is

reaching a point of inflection. On the one

hand, there is an ever increasing demand

for energy. About 400 million people in India

have no access to electricity. Of these, a

majority lives in remote, unelectrified villages.

Even in areas which are electr i f ied,

scheduled and unscheduled power outages

are rampant. To top it all, the national grid

collapsed for 2 days in July 2012. This

blackout, known now as the “world’s largest

blackout” affected the lives of more than 600

million people.

On the other hand, there is a perfect

source of energy, Solar, that can meet the

hitherto unsatisfied demand for electricity.

India is blessed with abundant sunlight and

most parts of India receive 4-7 kWh/m2/day

of solar energy. Solar PV, due to i ts

scalability, can be deployed anywhere in the

country economically, irrespective of its size.

The major hurdle in the adoption of PV – the

high upfront cost – is being overcome with

the help of falling PV prices, which has

reduced from $4/Wp in 2009 to $1.8/Wp in

mid-2012.

While grid-connected solar, which

crossed 1 GW of cumulative installations

recently, has been in the limelight during the

last few years, off-grid PV has the started to

real ise i ts potential to fundamental ly

transform the lives of people who have never

had access to electricity.

SOLAR AND RURAL INDIA

The Ministry of New and RenewableEnergy (MNRE), through the flagship Solarprogramme – the Jawaharlal Nehru NationalSolar Mission(JNNSM), has set a target ofadding 2 GW of off-grid systems and 20million solar street lights by 2022. Thedeployment of these systems is encouragedby a mix of capital subsidies and soft loansand also appointed channel partners whocould implement these systems.

However, it is the private sector- a mixof social entrepreneurs, NGOs, non-profitorganisations and corporates- that is playinga major role in deployment of these systems.With the fal l ing cost of PV systems,increasing awareness and advances intechnology, adaption of off-grid PV is set toincrease at a fast pace. From product basedapproach, off-grid PV market is evolving intoa system based approach.

One area- where solar has madesignificant inroads is the replacement ofdiesel used in telecom towers. In India, thereare about 450,000 telecom towers thatconsume about 3.4 billion litres of dieselevery year. Of these, at least 200,000 towerscan be solarised and several telecomcompanies have actively started to install off-grid PV systems to power these towers.

Till recently, the penetration of off-gridPV was limited to standalone PV productslike lanterns, fans and water pumps, amongothers. Tata BP Solar, which is now Tata

INDIAN OFF-GRID MARKET – WHERESOLAR MAKES THE REAL DIFFERENCE!!

11


Power Solar, had been one of the pioneersin the sector since 1989. It has a developeda huge dealer network across India that hasenabled its success in selling these products.The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI),also started by the Tata Group, launched thefamous Lighting A Billion Lives (LABL) in2007. This programmefocussed on aninnovative business model of “energy servicedelivery’’ wherein solar lamps are rented outto the people in unelectrified areas by a localentrepreneur who is trained by TERI tooperate and manage the system. Theprogramme, initially supported by grants andby the daily usage fee from the people, nowinvolves NGOs, Micro-finance institutions(MFI) and Technology partners.

d.light, a US based social enterprisefounded by the Stanford University graduateSam Goldman, has been focussingexclusively on standardised solar lanterns.At present, a majority of the rural populationuse mostly Kerosene for home lighting andcooking purposes. Kerosene lamps areharmful in many ways. First, kerosene lampsare safety and health hazards, causingrespiratory disorders, impairment of eyes andin many cases, severe burns. These hazardslead to drastic drop in the productivity of theusers of these lamps. Second, these lampsare an environmental hazard, leading toemission of Co2. Third, they are a drain onthe exchequer – Kerosene is highlysubsidised and the under-recovery ofKerosene in 2011 was Rs. 27,532 Crore(~$5Billion). Recognising the importance of cleanenergy source in the lives of these ruralpeople, d.light has positioned it’s productsas alternatives to Kerosene lamps. In India,the company has partnered with the oilcompanies like BPCL and HPCL and also

with micro-f inance inst i tut ions. Theinteresting point is that even Oil Companiesthat sell Kerosene are keen on replacing itwith alternatives because these companiesincur huge losses by selling the subsidisedkerosene.

SELCO Solar, a social enterprise startedin 1995 in Bangalore, India, took a differentapproach. SELCO’s founder, Dr. HarishHande, who was working on in PhD on solarenergy systems at the University ofMassachusetts, realised that solar cantransform the lives of economically backwardpeople but the sustainability of an off-gridsolar business model wi l l depend onproviding customised products and servicessupported by doorstep financing. Since itsinception, SELCO has been enormouslysuccessful having reached more than half-a-million people. Dr. Hande was awardedthe prestigious “Ramon Magsaysay Award”for his efforts to put solar in the hands of thepoor. The award citation had this to say aboutSELCO – “SELCO has since demonstratedthat indeed the poor can affordsustainable technologies and maintainthem, and that social ventures can be runas successful commercial entities.SELCO is more than just a technologyprovider. By treating the poor as partnersinstead of mere consumers, SELCObuilds their confidence as it assists themin accessing and using technology tobetter their lives. Poverty reduction iscentral to its goal”.

The future of off-grid PV is taking theshape of micro-grids that can power entirevillage communities. Other renewable energysources can also be integrated into micro-grids. Delhi based MindaNexGenTech, anautomotive component suppl ier, has

12


commissioned micro-grids in more than 15villages/hamlets during the past 2 years indifferent parts of the country. Minda startedoff the programme with AC(AlternatingCurrent) systems, but is now shifting to DCmicro grids. One of the chal lengesassociated with micro-grids in villages is therisk of default by the users, who usually arevery poor and whose income is veryunpredictable on a daily basis. Minda Groupis addressing this challenge by installing pre-paid metering systems.

The rapid adaption of mobile telephonesin villages has given birth to new businessmodels. Simpa Networks, a Bangalore basedfirm, has developed a mobile phone basedPay-As-You Go PV system. Under this modelcalled ‘’Progressive Purchase’’, a customercan lease out a PV system for a small downpayment and prepay for the solar energyusing the mobile phones. After a specificpayment, the system unlocks and thecustomer will get the ownership of the

system. Simpa Networks works inpartnership with SELCO.

The Indian off-grid story is not completewithout mention of the new kid in the block,‘’Gram Power’’. Started in 2011 by 24 yearold YashKhaitan when he was pursuing hisMaster’s degree in University of Berkeley, thecompany has developed a mobile phonebased Pay-As-You-Go or pre-paidmicrogrids. Gram Power has been quitesuccessful in gett ing grants fromAlibaba.com, Intel, UC Berkley and a fewAngel investors in developing and deployingtheir in-house power managementtechnology as well as the innovative businessmodel.

CONCLUSION

There are many more examples likethese, and each of these examples show thatthe Indian off-grid PV market is looking veryvibrant and ready to scale up. To sum up,we are really witnessing the beginning of anew energy revolution.

The India Wind Power Association (IWPA) has challenged the decisionof TN Generation and Distribution Corporation (Tangedco) to purchase 2,122MW thermal power on long-term basis overlooking abundant wind poweravailable during monsoon period.

According to IWPA chairman K. Kasthurirangaian, the association hasappealed to the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL) against the TamilNadu Electricity Regulatory Commission’s order allowing power purchase.

“We are not against Tangedco purchasing thermal power on longterm basis to meet the power shortage faced by it. But we are opposedto purchasing the power during the wind power season from May toSeptember by backing down windmills. We want the availability of windpower to be factored in while buying power,”

(Source: Deccan Chronicle)

13


COMING TO YOUR HOME:A BATTERY THE SIZE OF A FRIDGEFor now, the type of batteries we

commonly use can easily fit in one hand. Willthere come a day when we will rely on onethat is the size of a fridge?

That’s the pitch that California batterydeveloper, Imergy Power Systems, will bepushing as the startup begins to roll outwhat’s called flow battery next year. Thecompany announced its new name andexecutive team on Monday, after it spentnearly 10 years as Deeya Energy.

The new executive team includes CEOBill Watkins, who headed LED chip developerBridgelux and before that was the chiefexecutive of hard drive maker SeagateTechnology.

Flow battery, which is rechargeable,uses two tanks to contain the electrolyte andenergy-storing materials, which flow into atwo-part cell where they react with theelectrodes to produce electricity. In contrast,in conventional batteries for our gadgets, theenergy storage materials and electrolyte areenclosed in a cell.

Because the tanks are separate from thecell and require pipes to connect to oneanother, a flow battery system is bulky andnot so portable. Flow battery proponents saythe use of separate tanks makes it easier tosize up and down the battery system — youuse larger tanks if you want a more powerfulbattery.

A flow battery could use different types

of energy-storing material in each tank.Some use iron in one and chromium inanother, a combination that Deeya pursuedbefore its research team began to explorethe use of vanadium, which is a popularmaterial for flow battery designs. Vanadiumflow batteries, in general, are considered amore mature technology than zinc- or iron-based flow batteries, according to the ElectricPower Research Institute, a nonprofit thatserves the North American utility industry.

Armed with $10 million from existinginvestors earlier this year, Imergy executivessay their researchers have figured out a wayto produce powerful vanadium batteries byimproving the electrolyte. The new electrolyteis increasing the amount of energy storedby 30% while using a low-grade vanadiumthat reduces the cost of electrolyte by 40%,said Tim Hennessy, executive vice presidentof marketing and sales at Fremont-basedImergy. The key is the use of a single acidrather than a mix of acids for the electrolyte,

14


and that’s about as much as Hennessy iswilling to divulge about the technology.

With the new chemical concoction,Imergy is setting out to cut the price of itsbatteries by around half to reach $300 perkilowatt hour by 2015.

“What the team has achieved isremarkable. There is simplicity to thedesigns,” said Ira Ehrenpreis, general partnerat Technology Partners, one of Imergy’sinvestors.

When the company was still DeeyaEnergy, it was selling its iron-chromium flowbatteries for off-gr id uses by telecomcompanies in India, its sole target market.The company has since replaced them withthe vanadium version. In all, it has sold 50battery systems in India in the past two years.The company has a factory in India toassemble the battery systems and plans todeliver 20 units before the end of the year,Hennessy said.

Imergy is targeting more than just Indiaand the off-grid market. It’s co-designingsystems with Flextronics to introduce a 5-kilowatt (30 kilowatt-hour) system for theindustrial and residential market in thesecond quarter of 2014. The 5-kilowattsystem would be the size of a fridge.

The two companies also are working ona 250-kilowatt system that they will launchnext October.

The use of large battery systems,whether as backup power during blackoutsor as a way to store solar electricity for useat night, is uncommon. Battery developersand their investors are banking on theirgrowing use, however, as solar panelsbecome more widely installed and naturaldisasters prompt people to want their own

power generation equipment. The key formass adoption lies in driving down the pricesof battery systems, no matter what types,because right now they are simply tooexpensive.

Because energy storage complementssolar and wind energy production, solar andwind farm owners, as well as utilities, arelooking at using storage to better managerenewable energy supply anddemand. California is launching a programto require utilities to use energy storage.Germany and Japan offer incentives for theirresidents to pair energy storage with solarpanels.

Imgery will be competing with manybattery makers of all stripes for a share ofthis emerging energy storage market, fromstartups to large battery makers who aredeveloping products to serve beyond theirusual market of consumer electronics.

(Source: Forbes.com)

Gujarat’s first roof-top solar energyproject in Gandhinagar that startedoperating this year has so far generateda total of 1.2 million units of solarpower.In the f irst six months ofoperations, nearly 260 small residentialhouseholds participated in the first phaseof the project in Gandhinagar with a totalgeneration potential of onemegawatt,stated an official release fromGujarat Power Corporation Limited(GPCL) which is in-charge of developingand implementing the rooftop solarconcept in Gujarat.

(Source:Indian Express)

15


ABSTRACT:

Energy in building is predominantly usedfor cooling applications especially in hot &dry and composite climate. In compositeclimatic zones like Nagpur, India severalelectro-mechanical cooling techniques areused. These include conventionalevaporative coolers and air conditioningsystems. The conventional cooling techniqueuses a non renewable source of energy i.e.electricity. Geothermal coolers are veryappropriate option for saving energy andwater when compared to conventionalcooling techniques. Geothermal coolingsystem uses temperature gradient betweenair and earth to cool the air inside tubes laidin earth pit and supply it to the buildingenvelope. Present paper briefs the designof air based geothermal cooling system forcomposite climate for an educational buildingof volume 63 m3. To analyze the techno-economic feasibility of geothermal coolingsystem cost and energy consumption ofconventional and geothermal cooling systemis compared. Life cycle costs have beencomputed for the 30 years. The geothermalcooling system (GT) is found to have thelowest life-cycle cost at Rs 3,17,05.00followed by evaporative cooler (EC) Rs3,27,622.00 and then by air-conditioner (AC)at Rs 1,498,422.00.

Application of Geothermal Cooling Systemin composite climate: A case study

V. A. DAKWALEResearch Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur and Assistant Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, RCOEM, Nagpur, India, [email protected]

R. V. RALEGAONKARAssociate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur, India, [email protected]

KEY WORDS:

Composite climate, Geothermal cooling,Air based cooling, Life cycle cost

INTRODUCTION

Composite climatic zone experiences apredominant excess heating problem duringsummer (March-June) which thrustsexcessive pressure on cooling load of thebuildings. Lighting and cooling of the buildingis predominantly dependent on conventionalenergy. Lighting requires 20-30% and coolingrequires 70-80% of total electricity usage ofa typical building. Conventional coolingsystems such as air condit ioners andevaporative coolers are a major source ofelectr ici ty consumption in summer incomposite climatic zones like Nagpur, India.It is thus essential to shift the focus onrenewable sources of energy for cooling andlighting purposes. Ground temperature belowa certain depth remains relatively constantthroughout the year. This is due to the factthat the temperature fluctuations at thesurface of the ground are diminished as thedepth of the ground increases because ofthe high thermal inertia of the soil. Also, thereis a time lag between the temperaturefluctuations at the surface and in the ground.

Therefore, at a sufficient depth, theground temperature is always higher than

16


that of the outside air in winter and is lowerin summer. Geothermal cooling utilizesconventional, thin wall plastic sewer/drain/vent pipe (earth tubes) to cool the fresh airintake. Filtered fresh air enters a series ofnon-porous pipes embedded in undergroundpits, dissipating energy to the surroundingsoil, moderating the temperature of fresh airintake. This cool and fresh air is thencirculated in building envelope through theduct. Energy utilized in this system is onlyfor axial fan for supplying air from earth tubesthrough the duct to the envelope. In thepresent study a geothermal cooling systemis designed for composite climate. Techno-economical feasibility study was carried outto compare geothermal cooling system to theconventional system.

Geothermal cooling uses two differentmethods to implement the cooling process;water as a coolant and air as a coolant inthe system. Water or air is used as a coolantto transfer the energy into the air that is blownthroughout a fabricated structure. Ageothermal system reduces the requirementand dependence on mechanical systemssuch as evaporative coolers and heating,ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Thisreduces conventional energy consumptionand long term maintenance costs. Ventilationis required in buildings when the outdoors iswarmer than the building interior. To avoidthe heating of interior space it is essential totreat the air before it enters the building. Inancient times there were several methods tocool the air entering the building. The air wasmade pass through a tall tower with thickwalls and sometimes even through anunderground tunnel where it would cool downdue to contact with the cool walls of the duct.Further air cooling was achieved by passingit over wet charcoal or a fountain.

A heat exchanger serves same purpose.Studies show that at a sufficient depth, theground temperature is always higher thanthat of the outside air in winter and is lowerin summer. This difference in temperature isutilized as a preheating means in winter andpre-cooling in summer by operating a groundheat exchanger. Usually the recommendeddepth for horizontal ground heat exchangersis from 1.5 to 2m. There are two generaltypes of ground heat exchangers: open andclosed. In an open system, the ground isused directly to heat or cool a medium thatitself is used for space heating or cooling.Also, the ground may be used indirectly withthe aid of a heat carrier medium that iscirculated in a closed system .

A number of analytical and experimentalresearch works were carried out globally. Theheating and cooling potential of the systemunder real climatic conditions depends ondifferent design parameters like pipe’s depth,diameter and material. The Earth Air HeatExchanger (EAHE) systems are categorizedinto two groups, viz. open loop and closedloop for space heating/cooling systems. Thesystem coefficient of performance (COP)depends on the amount of cooling producedby the air tunnel and the amount of powerrequired to move the air through the tunnel.Study of the exergetic efficiency of the airtunnel shows that the exergetic efficiency ofEAHE lies in a range of 57.8–63.2%. Theoverall exergy efficiency value for the systemon a product/fuel basis is found to be 60.7%.In a research carried out in Turkey it wasfound that total thermal resistance changeswith direct soi l wetness. The systemcoefficient of performance (COP) changeswith the soil wetness if the contributions ofsoil contents such as clay, sand, small rocks,organic matters, and mineral particles etc.

17


are neglected. The total average thermalresistance of the heat exchanger was foundto be 0.021 K-m/W a constant value understeady state condit ions. Further anexperimental study on a photovoltaic (PV)assisted closed-loop EAHE system showedthat 2.84 kWh and 31% of energy saving wasobtained from 0.9 kW solar PV cell systems.An average exergetic efficiency of air blowerwas found to be 63.1% and overall exergeticefficiency of the system was calculated tobe 23.6%. In order to evaluate the energyperformance, two different performancefactors were defined as, heat pump dailyperformance factor (DPF1) and outdoor loopdaily performance factor (DPF2). The groundsource heat pump remains efficient forseveral years. The study shows that theefficiency of the system remains over a studyperiod and does not degrade.

In the study of geothermal pipe networkpower plant by Power Pipe Simulation Codecomparison between the experimental andcalculated data, it was found that the errorbetween the calculated and experimentaldata for the typical study was a maximum of6% and that the error of the experimentalmeasurements was about 3±4%, thesimulation code results have been veryhelpful for pipe network designers and usersof such pipes. Average ground temperaturetrends in the long period were studied withTRNSYS 16 for different variations of a basecase Ground source heat pump (GSHP)scheme. If the design of the undergroundheat exchangers and the type of soil,number, total length and distance betweenthe boreholes are varied ground temperaturecan be predicted and used for further design.Geothermal cooling system was found to bean energy saving option in comparison to theconventional HVAC system. In the

experimental study carried out in Valencia,Spain it was concluded that the averagesaving obtained by the geothermal systemwas 55% of the energy consumed by theconventional one.

The application and efficiency of ageothermal cooling system depend onseveral parameters including climatic and soilconditions. In the present paper a geothermalcooling system was designed for compositeclimatic zone. The design was done for aneducation building and its techno economicfeasibility was studied.

DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENTCOOLING SYSTEM

METHODOLOGY

In the present paper geothermal coolingsystem was designed for the compositeclimate. The design methodology adopted foropen loop geothermal cooling system usingair as coolant is as follows.

• The volume of the built space undercooling consideration over the studyarea is estimated.

• The air change rate for educationalbui ldings is taken from avai lablestandard (SP 41-1987).

• Commercially available earth tubematerial and diameter were selected fordetailed design.

• Length of earth tube and size of earthpit is calculated from the set of equations(1-7).

• Size and number of axial fans weredecided based on the designed diameterand number of bends in earth tuberespectively.

• Size of duct is calculated from the set

18


of equations (8-9).

L Qh d T

=× × × ∆π

............(1)

Q = m×Cp×∆T ............(2)

hk Nud

d=×

............(3)

Nud = 0.53(Gr

d)0.25 ............(4)

Grg Tw T d

vd =− ∞( )β 3

2 ............(5)

m = ρ × V1

............(6)

T Tw Tf =

+ ∞

2 ............(7)

D A=π

............(8)

A n Vv

= × ............(9)

Where;

L= Length of earth tube (m.)

Q = Cooling load (Watt)

h = Coefficient of heat transfer (W/m2.0C)

d=diameter of earth loop (m.)

∆T = Difference in ambient andtemperature in soil pit (0C)

m = mass of air in a closed volume ofthe loop (Kg/s)

Cp= Specific heat of air (joules / kg 0k)(J.P. Holman, 2002)

k= Thermal conductivi ty of air attemperature T

f (W/m.0K)

Tf= Film temperature (0C)

Tw= Ambient air temperature (0C)

T∞ = Temperature of air in earth tube (0C)

g = acceleration of gravity=9.81 m/sec2

β = Volume coefficient of expansion =1/ Tf (k

-1)

v = viscosity of air (m2/s)

Pr = Prandtle’s number (J.P. Holman,2002)

V1 = Volume of air in room (m3/s)

ρ = Density of air (Kg/m3)

D = Diameter of circular duct (m.)

A = area of duct (m2)

v = velocity of air (m/s)

n = air change hourly rate foreducational and office building (SP: 41,1987)

V= Volume of building model (m3)

CASE STUDY

The study area was located at VNIT,Nagpur which lies in compositeclimate whichexperiences heat for most of the year. Abuilding model with 3m × 7m area and 3 mheight dimension was considered. For themodel three different cooling systems werestudied; Evaporative cooler, air conditionerand geothermal cooling system. A coolingperiod of three months (April-June) wasconsidered. The building was assumed to befunctional in day time only with total operatinghours of eight hours (10 am–6 pm). Forcomfortable conditions inside the roomventilation rate ‘n’ was taken between 3-6 airchanges per hour for building according toSP-41. A duct was designed to maintain airchange rate as 6 air changes per hour. At asufficient depth air temperature on the

19


ground is less as compared to ambient airtemperature. In the present study to observetemperature of air and temperature of soli inpit temperature sensors were installed andobservations were recorded on daily basis.Average maximum temperature of air indesign cooling period was observed as 40Úcwhere as the average temperature of soil inthe pit was observed as 200c. Commerciallyavailable high density polyethylene (HDPE)pipes were used as earth tubes. To facilitatemovement of air from earth tubes to ducteight axial fans of 40 watts were proposedat the bends of earth loops. Fig. 1 givesschematic of the geothermal cooling system.Total number of evaporative coolers and Airconditioners required for case study buildingwas calculated form available standardsusing square-foot-per-ton criteria and cubic–feet-per-minute of air (CFMs) respectively.The quanti ty of air condit ioner andevaporative cooler was calculated. Thedesign capacity of air conditioner for theconsidered volume of building model wasestimated as equivalent of two tons and thatof evaporative cooler was two units of 315CFM.

Costs of all cooling systems have beencalculated for a period of 30 years and lifecycle costing was done. Capital cost, annualcost and periodic cost for conventionalsystem was estimated from market survey.Cost of geothermal cooling system wascalculated by a detai led est imate ofcomponents including instal lat ion.Conclusions have been drawn on the basisof life cycle costing analysis. Geothermalcooling system was designed using standardmethods for the building volume of 63 m3 foreducational building. The optimum length ofpipe required for temperature reduction isdesigned as follows:

D =0. 1016 m (4" circular HDPE pipe)

TW = 400C

T∞ = 200C

T C Kf = + =40 202

30 303 150 0.

Ref. eq. (7)

m = 0.08 Kg/Sec Ref. eq. (6)

Cp= 1005 Joules / Kg0 K [11]

Fig. 1 : Schematic of geothermal cooling system

20


Pr=0. 713 [11]

v = 15.63 x 106 m2/s [11]

Q= 0.08 × 1005× (400c -200c) = 1631 WRef. eq. (2)

Grd = 2.339 x 105 Ref. eq. (5)

Nud= 11.65 Ref. eq. (4)

h= 3.008 W/ m20 K Ref. eq. (3)

L =× × ×1631

3 008 0 1016 20. .π Ref. eq.(1)

Results and discussion

To evaluate geothermal cooling for itstechno economical feasibility life cycleapproach was used. Life cycle costing givesa clear idea about the overall performanceof the system throughout its technical life.Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is defined as the totaldiscounted rupee cost of owning, operating,maintaining, and disposing of a building or abuilding system over a period of time. Thefirst component in a LCC analysis is cost.There are two major cost categories by whichprojects are to be evaluated in a LCCanalysis. They are Initial Expenses or capitalcost (initial equipment costs, installation andcommissioning cost), and Future Expensessuch as annual costs (which includeoperating and maintenance costs), andperiodic costs (such as component or fullreplacement costs).

The second component of the LCCequation is time. The study period is theperiod of time over which ownership andoperations expenses are to be evaluated.The third component in the LCC equation isthe discount rate. In the present study periodis considered as 30 years and the discountrate is taken as 8%. To compare thealternatives present worth of all alternatives

is calculated. The present value calculationuses the discount rate and the time toestablish the present value of the cost in thebase year of the study period. The capitalcost of the system includes the cost ofprocurement and installation of the completeassembly. The capital costs for theconventional air conditioner of two tonscapacity and two conventional Evaporativecooler have been taken from market surveyas Rs. 40,000.00 and Rs. 16,000.00respectively. The capital cost of a geothermalCooling system was calculated as Rs.50,250.00 including cost of HDPE earth tube,duct erection, fabrication and installation costcomplete. Annual costs of the coolingsystems included electricity consumptioncost and regular annual maintenance costs.For an air conditioner of 2 tons coolingcapacity, operating energy required is 3074W/hr. and for two evaporative coolers it is240 W/hr. One evaporative cooler consumesabout 400 liter of water per day for thedesigned time period of 8 hrs. Annual energyconsumption for air conditioner is calculatedas 1982 kWh for a period of operation 3months in a year for eight hours per dayoperation. The air conditioner has typicalexpected lifetime of 10 to 15 years. Similarlyfor evaporative cooler annual energyconsumption was found to be 57.6 kWh fora 3 months operating period for eight hourscontinuous operation. Evaporative cooler hastypical expected lifetimes of 4 to 5 years. Theenergy cost per unit is taken from currentutility bills as Rs. 7.2 per unit for the studyarea an escalation of 5% is taken on thebasis of past 10 years’ electricity bills. Waterconsumption of two units of coolers wascalculated as 72000 liters for the typicaloperating period per year. Water cost per unitwas taken from municipal bills as Rs. 7 for1000 liter per unit for study area. The

21


geothermal cooling unit consumes electricityin running axial fans to circulate air throughearth loops to duct. For designed systemenergy consumption was found to be 230.4kWh per year. Geothermal unit has designedlife of 30 years. Maintenance cost was takenas 5% of initial cost air conditioner andevaporative cooler and for geothermal it wastaken as 5%. The periodic costs of thecooling systems included cost of majorrepairs, component replacement or systemreplacement after exhaustion of its life time.The air condit ioner wi l l need 100 %replacements after 15 years at a cost of Rs.4000.00. Evaporative cooler would need100% replacement after 5 years of operationat an estimated cost of Rs. 16,000.00.

For life cycle costing analysis followingdata was assumed;

• Project life= 30 years

• Annual energy cost escalation rate=5%

• Annual maintenance cost escalation rate= 5%

• Discount rate = 8%

The results of the life-cycle cost analysisare shown in Table 1.

Fig. 2 shows trade off in Life cycle costof conventional and the geothermal coolingsystem. Even i f the ini t ial cost of airconditioner (AC) was less 20% as comparedto geothermal cool ing system (GT),

Table 1- Cost comparison for the various cooling system

Cooling systemCapital cost

(Rs.)

Annual cost (Rs.)

Energy Maintenance

Periodic cost(Rs.)

Life cycleanalysis for 30

years (Rs.)

Geothermalcooling 50,250.00 1,659.00 2,513.00 20,000.00 317,050.00

Air conditioner 40,000.00 17,356.00 4,000.00 40,000.00 1,498,422.00

Evaporativecooler 16,000.00 1,659.00 800.00 16,000.00 327,622.00

Fig. 2 : Trade off in Life cycle cost of conventional and geothermal cooling system

Life cycle cost for cooling systems

AC GT EC1400.0

1200.0

1000.0

800.0

600.0

400.0

200.0

0.0

Rup

ees

(in th

ousa

nd)

Year

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

22


maintenance cost of air conditioner was veryhigh and air-conditioners are responsible foremitting carbon dioxide in the atmospherein the process of cooling. Even though initialcost of geothermal cooling system was high(68% more) as compared to evaporativecoolers (EC) its total cost over the life cyclewas equivalent to the later in a 30 yearsdesigned life period. Geothermal coolers useair as coolant and thus save water in hugequantity 100% as compared to conventionalcoolers. Water is a scarce source in theconsidered case study location in thesummer season so geothermal coolingsystem was more beneficial as compared toconventional coolers.

CONCLUSION

Step wise methodology was developedfor the design of geothermal cooling systemcomponents (i.e. piping and ducting details)over the composite climate. Geographicalclimatic parameters along with soil conditionare well taken into consideration for thedesign of the system.

• The geothermal cooling system is themost expensive to install (25% morecostly as compared to air conditioner),but the least expensive to operate andmaintain.

• Conventional evaporative cooler are theleast expensive to install, but moreexpensive to operate and maintain.Moreover life span of this cooling unit isvery less so frequent change of the unitadds in periodic cost.

• Air conditioners have higher installationcosts than coolers and energy andmaintenance cost is very high.

• A life cycle costing approach was usedto compare alternatives. Life cycle costs

were computed for the 30 year life ofthe system. The geothermal system wasfound to have the lowest life-cycle costat Rs 317,050.00 fol lowed byevaporative coolers Rs 327,622.00 andthen by air-condit ioner atRs1,498,422.00.

• The latter two systems are quite similarin life-cycle cost, and the geothermalcooling system has a life-cycle costabout 18% lower than conventionalsystems. Geothermal cooling systemdoes not utilize water as compared toconventional one as thus more efficientin water scarce areas.

• Geothermal cooling system was foundto be energy as well as water efficientover the conventional cooling systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to Department ofScience and Technology, New Delhi forencouraging and extending the facilities forthe on-going research project (DST SERCFAST TRACK ROJECT SR/FTP/ETA-067/2009).

REFERENCES

1. G. Florides, and S. Kalogirou, Groundheat exchangers—A review of systems,models and applications, Journal ofRenewable Energy, 32 (2007) 2461–2478.

2. V. Gupta, Natural cooling systems ofJaisalmer, Journal of ArchitecturalScience Review, (1985) 58-65.

3. V. Badescu, Simple and accurate modelfor the ground heat exchanger of apassive house, Journal of RenewableEnergy, 32 (2007) 845–855.

23


4. L. Ozgener, A review on theexperimental and analytical analysis ofearth to air heat exchanger (EAHE)systems in Turkey, Journal ofRenewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 15 (2011) 4483– 4490.

5. O. Ozgener, L. Ozgener, D. Goswami,Experimental prediction of total thermalresistance of a closed loop EAHE forgreenhouse cooling system, Journal ofInternational Communications in Heatand Mass Transfer, 38 (2011) 711-716.

6. A. Yildiz, O. Ozgener, L. Ozgener,Exergetic performance assessment ofsolar photovoltaic cell (PV) assistedearth to air heat exchanger (EAHE)system for solar greenhouse cooling,Journal of Energy and Buildings, 43(2011) 3154–3160.

7. C. Montagud, J. M. Corberan, A.Montero, J. F. Urchuegui, Analysis of theenergy performance of a ground sourceheat pump system after five years ofoperat ion, Journal of Energy andBuildings, 43 (2011) 3618-3626.

8. F. Maria, Design and off design pipenetwork geothermal power plantanalysis with power pipe simulator,Journal of Energy Conversion &Management, 41 (2000) 1223-1235.

9. U. Desideri, N. Sorbi, L. Arcioni, D.Leonardi, Feasibi l i ty study andnumerical simulation of a ground sourceheat pump plant, applied to a residentialbuilding, Journal of Applied ThermalEngineering, 31 (2011) 3500-3511.

10. J. F. Urchueguía, M. Zacarés, J. M.Corberán, A. Montero, J. Martos, H.Witte, Comparison between the energyperformance of a ground coupled waterto water heat pump system and an airto water heat pump system for heatingand cooling in typical conditions of theEuropean Mediterranean coast, Journalof Energy Conversion and Management,49 (2008) 2917–2923.

11. J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, Eighthedition, Tata McGraw-Hill publication,New Delhi, 2002.

“India plans an agency to oversee the development of offshore wind farms

as the country’s best sites on land fill up, prompting it to promote projects at

sea.The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy will seek cabinet approval soon

to set up the agency, the government said today in a statement, citing Renewable

Energy Minister Farooq Abdullah.

The ministry issued a draft offshore wind policy in May, which proposed

incentives such as a 10-year tax holiday and concessions on duties for equipment

purchases. Abdullah has also urged the Finance Ministry to restore a tax break

for wind farms in its interim budget next month, according to the statement. The

measure expired in March 2012, contributing to a 47 percent slump in installations

the following financial year.”

(Source: Bloomberg)

24


Abstract:

The present photovoltaic solar cell (PV)converts solar energy into electricity withefficiency, of less than 20%. Photovoltaicthermal (PV/T) system consists of PV modulea long a heat removing passage to removethe heat below the PV. Also PV/T systemscan provide simultaneously electricity andheat, and hence can serve dual purpose. Inthis paper comparative study of three roofmodels are discussed-1).

Conventional Roof:

Conventional roof is taken as a basecase which is made up of concrete. 2) roofwith photovoltaic, 3) roof with photovoltaicthermal (PV/T). The electricity consumptionfor each system is computed using EQUESTsoftware. Also estimation of carbon di-oxideemission is compared in each case done foreach system.

KEYWORDS:

Photovoltaic solar cell, PVT system,EQUEST, electrical consumption.

1. INTRODUCTION

The photovoltaic (PV) modules havebeen deployed to provide electricity invarious types of buildings across the worldand the recent development on photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) concept offered anopportunity to increase overall efficiency by

COMPARISON OF A BUILDING INTEGRATEDSOLAR PV/T-ROOF WITH A CONVENTIONAL ROOF

POONAMS PARDESHIAssistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Rajkot, India

Dr.Mrs. HYACINTHJ KENNADYProfessor of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan University, Chennai,India.

making use of waste heat generated in thePV module (1).

It is a well-known fact that the risingdemand in electricity and with the depletionof conventional fuels, there searchtechnologies are focusing towards asustainable solutions utilizing solar energy.The rationale for the development of PVTsystems is that in recent years the cost ofsilicon solar cells has fallen rapidly andimprovements in efficiencies have also beenrealized, during the same time period thecost of solar thermal systems has remainedrelat ively stat ic an deff iciencies haveremained steady (2).

It is thus the aim of the present study tosimulate the performance study of three roofmodels: System I: Conventional roof madeof concrete is taken as a base case; SystemII: Roof with photovoltaic; System III : Roofwith photovoltaic thermal (PV/T). Thesimulation is done using EQUEST software.The estimation of carbon-di-oxide emissionfor each system is computed.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM

A room of 800 sq. ft. area is consideredas the system with flat roof is considered forthe present study. The specification of theroom is as follows:

External Wall : 0.121 W/sqm K

25


Roof : 0.061 W/sqm K

Floor : 0.350 W/sqm K

Glass (Single pane) : 1.22 W/sqm K

2.1. System-I Conventional Roof

The base case is made up concrete roofand is designed according to ASHRAE 9.0.

2.2. System-II Roof with photovoltaicpanel

The simulated model of the dining hallfor the System-II is done using EQUESTsoftware in which the. PV panel is placed onthe building integrated roof system. Thebui lding integrated rooftop systemconsidered to be the dining hall is shown inFig.1.

The Parameter of PV panels consideredunder this analysis are as follows: Total noof arrays–7

Total no. of panels – 350

Wattage of each panel - 80Wp

Panel efficiency - 14%

Total no of cells in each panel - 36

Total Installed Capacity - 24 kWp

2.3 System-III Roof with photovoltaicthermal roof

In system-III, the water is heated bysending it below the passage of PV paneland the roof. The electricity produced isutilized in lighting the hall and the hot waterformed is used in low temperatureapplications such as cooking, bathing, etc.

3. COMPUTATION

Computation of the performance is doneusing EQUEST software. EQUEST consistsof DOE-2 derived engine. DOE-2 is the mostwidely recognized building energy analysisprogram in use today. EQUEST provides veryaccurate simulation of such building featuresas shading, fenestration, interior buildingmass, envelope building mass and thedynamic response of differing heating andairconditioning system types and controls.EQUEST also contains a dynamic daylighting model to assess the effect of naturallighting on thermal and lighting demands.

4. RESULT

The electricity consumed and the Co2

emissions for the three models werecompared and the analysis was made.

26


4.1. Electricity consumption

Figure 2. shows the comparativeelectrical consumption in kWh per year forthe three systems considered. From theresult arrived it is seen that the total electricalconsumption in dining hall using PV/T systemis less (around 8,535 k Wh less) whencompared to the base case (conventionalroof) system. The graph shows that theelectrical consumption for cooling, and inheating hot water is more than inconventionalroof top systems. Also it shows the decreasein electrical consumption used for heating thewater which otherwise is met by the hot watersent in cooling the PV panel in case of PVT.Hence, the total electrical consumption indining hall using PV/T system is less (around6,680 k Wh less) when compared to the PVsystem.

4.2. Co2 emission

The Stern Report (3) has high lightedthe rationale for the deployment of lowcarbon technologies to stabilize global greenhouse gas emissions at 550 ppm CO2 eq(4). Fig. 3. shows the % carbon emission intons per year in three cases. Figure 3. shows

the Co2 emission for the three casesconsidered.

The CO2 emission in percentage for ayear shows that around 2% of CO2 emissioncan be reduced by using PV and 9% of CO2emission can be reduced using PV/T system.

Figure 3: % emission of Co2

5. CONCLUSION

Simulated result shows that using PV/Tsystem we can cut down the load of theelectricity bill and hence can be practiced asa sustainable solution towards conservingelectricity especially in all rural house holds

Figure 2. Electrical consumption in kWh for the above three cases

27


where grid connectivity is not cost effectivesolution.

Also this PV/T roof-top system will be aboon in the place where huge power cutsoccur during day time. Also implementing thissystem will reduce the carbon emissionsconsiderably.

6. REFERENCES

1. Tonui J.K. Tripanagnostopoulos .Y,“Improved PV/T solar collectors withheat extraction by forced or natural aircirculation”, J.Renewable Energy,Vol.32, pp.623-637, 2007.

2. David A.G, Redpath, Harj i t Singh,Christopher Tierney, Philip Dalzell, “An

Experimental Comparison of two SolarPhotovoltaic- Thermal (PVT) EnergyConversion Systems for Production ofHeat and Power”, J. Energy and Power2012, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 46-50, 2012.

3. N.Stern, The Economics of ClimateChange: The Stern Review (CambridgeUniversity Press) Cambridge, 2006

4. IPCC.2007.: Climate Change 2007:Synthesis Report. Contr ibut ion ofWorking Groups I, II and III to the FourthAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.

“Solar power plants of Reliance Power, Lanco and others, areseeking higher tariffs saying that the data on solar radiation providedby the government was faulty which has led to lowergeneration.Several companies have filed petitions before the centralregulator, seeking higher tariffs jut as a panel chaired by DeepakParekh recommended compensation for Tata and Adani’s highercosts of generation.

Several companies have filed petitions before the centralregulator, seeking higher tariffs jut as a panel chaired by DeepakParekh recommended compensation for Tata and Adani’s highercosts of generation. “At the time of bidding under the Centre’s SolarMission, we banked on ministry of new and renewable energy’s dataon ‘direct normal irradiance’ for Rajasthan. However, it turned out15%-20% less than ministry’s projections for solar radiation, whichis the only fuel for our kind of projects.”

(Source: Economic Times)

28


PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND:

The extent of the increase in energyrequirement over the Twelfth Five Year Plandepends on the elasticity of energy demandwith respect to GDP, which has been fallingover time and is currently around 0.80.Allowing for some further decline in theelasticity, a GDP growth rate of 9.0 per centper year over the Twelfth Plan will requireenergy supply to grow at around 6.5 per centper year. The ability to meet this energydemand depends on our ability to expanddomestic production in critical energy subsectors, notably petroleum, gas and coal,

FASTER, SUSTAINABLE AND MOREINCLUSIVE GROWTH

AN APPROACH TO 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2012 – 17)By Planning Commission’s Approach to Energy in 12th Five Year Plan

EXTRACTS

and meeting the balance requirementthrough imports.

The pattern of energy demand that maybe needed to support 9.0 per cent GDPgrowth is shown in Table 1. The total energyrequirement (in terms of million tonnes of oilequivalent) is projected to grow at 6.5 percent per year between 2010-11 and 2016-17. This is based on the assumption thatthe energy elasticity will decline over time.

The import requirement associated withthe above energy projections are also shownin Table 1 It is worth noting that import

Note: * Provisional data; @ On the assumption that annual demand / growth would be 6.5 per cent up to 2016 –17. The figures include use of oil and gas feed stock for fertilizer and other non-energy usage.

Table 1: Projected Primary Commercial Energy Requirement(Million tonnes of oil equivalent)

2010 – 11* 2016 – 18@

Oil 164.32 204.80 Of which imports 125.5 (76.4%) 164.8 (80.5%)

Natural Gas & LNG 57.99 87.22 Of which imports 10.99 (19%) 24.8 (28.4%)

Coal 272.86 406.78 Of which imports 54 (19.8%) 90 (22.1%)

Lignite 9.52 14.00Hydro 10.31 14.85

Of which imports 0.48 (4.6%) 0.52 (3.5%)Nuclear 6.86 9.14

Renewables 0.95 1.29 Total Energy 522.81 738.07 Total Imports 190.97 280.12 % of Total Energy 36.53 37.95

29


dependence on oil is expected to increasefrom 76.0 per cent in 2010-11 to 80.0 percent by the end of the Twelfth Plan. Importdependence on natural gas is projected toincrease from 19.0 per cent in 2010 – 11 to28.4 per cent in 2016 0 17. In the case ofcoal, it will increase from 19.8 per cent in2010 – 11 to about 22.1 per cent in 2016 –17.

If energy were plentifully available inglobal markets at affordable prices, largeenergy imports may not present seriousproblems, although even in thosecircumstances problems of energy securitywould remain. In fact of course, energyprices are rising globally and imports will beexpensive. This underscores the need formoderating the growth of energy demand byachieving higher levels of energy efficiencywhile also increasing domestic supplies ofenergy as much as possible. Energy priceshave a crucial role to play in achieving bothobjectives.

POWER:

Power generation (utilities + captive) hasgrown at 5.8 per cent per annum during theperiod 1990 – 91 to 2010 -11 and the implicitelasticity with respect to GDP is 0.87. Thisis much lower than 1.09 per cent recordedin the period 1993 – 94 to 2003 – 04. It isestimated that, in order to sustain GDPgrowth at 9.0 per cent, the demand for gridpower will grow by 6.0 per cent per annumto 1,200 billion units (Bu) by the end of theTwelfth Plan. If diesel / FO based captivegeneration is to be curtailed, as it should befor energy efficiency, we have to plan for gridsupply of at least 1,350 Bu.

CAPACITY CREATION:

The Eleventh Plan had targeted creationof 78.7 GW of additional capacity for grid

power. Actual realization may not exceed 50GW, largely on account of slippages in publicsector projects. The shortfall in achievingthe targets has been primarily due to poorproject implementation, inadequate domesticmanufacturing capacity, shortage of powerequipment, and slow-down due to lack offuel, particularly coal. More than 80,000 MWof new power capacity is already underconstruction. Hence it may be reasonableto target 1,00,000 MW of new power capacityduring the next plan. This will, however, needan effective resolution of issues holding updomestic production of coal and effectivemeasures for improving financial health ofpower utilities. The Twelfth Plan should,therefore, aim at capacity creation of about100 GW, which wil l include 28 GW ofcapacity from projects which were supposedto be completed in the Eleventh Plan, butare now expected to be completed In the firsttwo years of the Twelfth Plan.

We must ensure that not only the spill-over projects from the Eleventh Plan arecompleted at the earliest, but that slippagesin the capacity addition programme for theTwelfth Plan are minimized. In addition, weshould examine whether it is possible to backadditional gas-based power capacity forinitiation/completion during the Twelfth Plan,given the competing demand from thefertilizer sector.

The share of the private sector incapacity expansion has gone up substantiallyin the Eleventh Plan and it is expected that33.0 per cent of the total incremental capacitywill come from the private sector.

In the Twelfth Plan, this share isexpected to increase further to about 50.0per cent. Since most of the new powercapacity will consist of thermal plants. It isessential to ensure that coal availability does

30


not become a constraint. This is a seriousproblem as discussed below.

India has a substantial potential forcreating hydropower capacity, especially inthe North Eastern region. The pace ofcapacity creation in this area has been slowand it is vital that special emphasis be givento expedite environmental and otherclearances, so that the pace of work on thesehydro-electric power projects can be steppedup. Early completion of these projects willalso generate an income stream for the NorthEastern States which will enable them toaccelerate the pace of development.

It is also necessary to take measures toincrease the share of gas based power andalso of nuclear power. Safeguards in respectof the latter will be further reviewed andadditional measures taken as required. Boththese are areas with great potential and willneed investments.

RENEWABLE ENERGY:

Continued emphasis has to be placedon other renewable resources, especially onexpanding wind power generationand inthe emerging area of solar thermal and solarphotovoltaic. While a National Solar Missionplants for a capacity of 22,000 MW by 2022.C-WET estimated a technically feasible windpotential of 49,000 MW. A fresh assessmentof wind power, a potential by some agencieshas mentioned a higher figure which needsrealistic review by the Ministry of New andRenewable Energy (MNRE) based onscientific norms. These areas will needfurther study. The potential for suchgeneration is clearly higher than currentestimates of about 50GW.

It is also necessary that scientific andtechnological (S&T) developments,especially in the solar energy field, are

sufficiently internalized to keep the countryabreast of international developments.

In order to make solar power a successin the coming decades, it is vital that wedevelop the necessary domestic S&Tcapacity such that we can collaborate aspeers with the rest of the global community.

A basic problem with most renewableenergy sources is that they are significantlymore expensive than conventional power.However, technological developments arereducing the cost of renewable generationand it is widely predicted that by 2019 thecost of solar electricity generation, which iscurrently six times higher than coal basedelectricity will come down to be approximatelyequal to the latter. However, this equalizationis expected to occur partly because the costof conventional fuels is expected to risesignificantly. In other words, technologicaldevelopments in the field of renewableenergy wil l help overcome energyconstraints, but only at significantly higherenergy prices. This underscores the fact thatin the medium term, energy prices in Indiamust rise to correspond more closely withworld energy prices.

The overview of energy related issuespresented in this chapter shows that aworkable energy strategy for the Twelfth Planrequires a large number of actions bydifferent Ministr ies in the CentralGovernment plus act ion by StateGovernments in several areas. The successof the Twelfth Plan depends critically on ourbeing able to ensure that all or most of theseactions are taken within a reasonable periodof time. Unless this can be done, energyconstraints will limit the ability of the economyto reach 9.0 per cent growth.

Courtesy: Planning Commission, Government of India

31


JEDDAH — A mechanical device thateliminates the need for water and humanlabor when cleaning solar panels in theKingdom has moved a step closer to fullcom-mercial production.

The No water, Mechanical, AutomatedDusting Device (NO-MADD) for photovoltaicinstallations is the brainchild of a startupteam led by Australian engineer GeorgEitelhuber.

Eitelhuber and his team are supportedby the Seed Fund product developmentprogram at King Abdullah University ofScience and Technology (KAUST), whichhelps move promising ideas forward towardcommercialization and ultimately, formationinto new businesses.

NOMADD is a ful ly automatedmechanical cleaning solution that pushesdust and dirt away from solar panel surfacesonce a day using a “dry sweep” mechanism.

According to Eitelhuber, a pi lotcommercial prototype is complete and hasbeen tested in outdoor desert conditions forthe last two months.

Eitelhuber said: “So far, un-der intensedusty conditions, no scratching or paneldegradation has been observed, and thepanels are always clean to 99.4 percent”.

WATERLESS, LABORLESS SOLAR PANELCLEANING BECOMING A REALITY

By AMJAD PARKARSaudi Gazette

“We are now in the process of identifyingand communicating with likely investors”.

“Ideally these investments will allow thecommencement of local manufacturingbuildup and high volume commercial modelsto be completed”.

“We are currently in final negotiationswith several customers who would like topurchase the current version for trials andtesting in desert conditions, as a precursorto larger scale rollouts.”

The Seed Fund team devel-opedNOMADD to eliminate the need for water andhuman labor in the operation andmaintenance of solar arrays, especially giventhe extremely dusty and harsh weatherconditions in Saudi Arabia.

Eitelhuber said: “The Saudi solarchallenge is poorly under-stood in countrieslike Europe, where water is plentiful andconditions mild”.

“As the solar industry in the Middle Eastand North Africa region develops enormouslyover the next few years, the many challengesthat need to be solved will become fullyunderstood by everyone”.

“The benefits of adopting a solution,such as NOMADD, which avoids reliance onhuman labor and water resources while atthe same time addresses the challenging

32


working conditions due to the heat and dustwill be obvious to all.

“NOMADD could be a game changer forthe solar industry in the Middle East.”

According to Eitelhuber, there has beeninterest in the device from leading solar panelsuppl iers and large operat ions andmaintenance companies.

The NOMADD team has also beeninvited to attend an indus-try conference inAbu Dhabi next month to showcase theNOMADD device, and recently demonstratedthe device to a large delegation from theSmart Grid conference in Jeddah.

If efforts to attract investment aresuccessful, full commercial roll-out could

possibly start as early as mid-2014, in timefor the first large scale solar arrays to bedeployed in the Kingdom.

Eitelhuber said: “Ideally, we are lookingto partner with local investors who have apassion for the development of the Saudieconomy and see the value in supportinglocal ly developed solut ions for localchallenges.

“It is an exciting time, and we 4p,okforward to serving the Saudi desert solarchallenge in the years ahead.”

The Saudi government recentlyannounced that $109 bil l ion had beenearmarked to install 41 giga-watts of solarand nine gigawatts of wind capacity by 2032,according to an Ernst & Young report.

“The government will launch its first wind energy mission this year to givea boost to the renewable source and putting it in the same league as thehigh-profile solar mission. The ‘National Wind Energy Mission (NWEM), whichwould be launched around the middle of the year, would give incentives toinvest, east land clearances and regulate tariffs. But unlike the flagship‘National Solar Mission’ it would not involve projects for bidding. It would actas a “facilitator”, officials said.

“We wish to coordinate separate lines of action in the wind sector andinvolve all the stakeholders. Wind energy led to the establishment of renewablebased power in the country but lately it has been marred by several issues,”said Alok Srivastava, joint secretary (wind) in the ministry for new andrenewable sources of energy.

Under the proposed action plan, MNRE would strengthen grid infrastructurefor wind power, identify high wind power potential zones, ease land clearancesfor the projects, regulate wind power tariff and incentivise investment in thewind sector.”

(Source: Economic Times)

33


ENERGY & FUEL USERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIAOFFICE-BEARERS’ ADDRESSES - 2012 - 2013

1. Mr.S.Ramalingam, CMD, CPCL (Retd.), National President 96770 11766Anand Apartments, 262/11 Poonamallee High Road,Kilpauk, CHENNAI-600 010.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

2. Mr. K.Sadasiva Chetty, Vice President-HQ 98410 46289G-4, Ground Floor, Kala Flats,New No.15, Old No.18/19, Kamatchipuram 2nd Street,West mambalam, CHENNAI - 600 033.Email : [email protected] / [email protected]

3. Mr.R.Sundar, Director of Boilers, Vice President – 94430 01763North Wing, PWD Office Compound,1st Floor, Southern RegionChepauk, CHENNAI-600 005. Email:[email protected]

4. Mr. Ramnath S. Mani, Chairman Vice-President – 98400 62118Emergys Software Pvt. Ltd. Eastern RegionAuras Corporate Centre, 4th Floor,98-A Dr Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore,CHENNAI-600 004. Email: [email protected]

5. Capt. Dinesh .T.S.R, Director, Secretary 98842 03213Praddin Energy Pvt. Ltd., No.4, N.S.K. Street,Eswaran Nagar, Pammal, CHENNAI-600 075.Email: [email protected]

6. Mr. S.Sakthivel, Deputy Director of Boilers, Treasurer 94431 49993A5/1, BHEL Quarters, Kailasapuram, TRICHY-620 014.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

7. Mr. Pradeep Chand KRD Joint Secretary 94455 76307Senior Manager (Shift Operations),Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd.Manali, CHENNAI - 600 068.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

8. Mr. S.Jeyaram, CEO, Joint Secretary 97910 20132Six Elements Environmental ConsultingSuite No.49, 3rd Floor, Real Regency Complex,Old No.102, New No.234, Bharathi Road, Royapettah,CHENNAI-600 014. Email: [email protected]

9. Mr. Madhavan Nampoothiri, Founder & Director Chairman - 98848 29214RESolve Energy Consultants, New No.7, New Renewable EnergyMalleeswarar Koil Street,. Mylapore, Chennai-600 004.Email: [email protected]

10. Mr.P.Mukundan, Chief Executive, Chairman-Rural Energy 98403 56578Servals Automation Pvt. Ltd.5/1 Balaji Nagar, Ekkattuthangal, CHENNAI-600 097.Email: [email protected], [email protected]

11. Mr. R.Raju Pandi Chairman-Power 93827 40069Flat No.9, 3rd Floor, Hemamanor, Generation Sector23 Branson Garden Street, Kelly’s, CHENNAI-600 010.Email: [email protected]

34


12. Mr.S.Baskara Sethupathy, Assistant Professor, Chairman – 94456 33381Vellammal Engineering College, Vellammal Nagar, Academic interfaceAmbattur, Redhills Road, Chennai-600 066.Fax: 91-44-26591771, Email:[email protected]

13. Dr. A.Rajakumar, 3/25 A-II Mahalakshmi Flats, Editor/Member 99412 51640Abdul Razaak Street, Saidapet, CHENNAI-600 015.Email: [email protected]

14. Mr. K.R.Govindan, New No.22 Janakiram Street, Task Group Member 94443 82649West Mambalam, CHENNAI-600 033.Email: [email protected]

15. Mr. B.Sreerama Sreenivasu, Coordinator - Pune 099701 94339Flat No.603, Block D-2,Mahalaxmi Vihar, Vishrantwadi, Pune-411 015,MAHARASHTRA, Email: [email protected]

16. Mr.G.L. Srinivasan, Member / 94449 07738New No.6/2, Old No.17/2, Immediate Past PresidentRaghu Veda Apartments, Jagdeeswaran Street,T.Nagar, CHENNAI-600 017. Email:[email protected]

17. Mr.Govindasamy Thangaraj, Member / 98402 6197881, South West Boag Road, T.Nagar, CHENNAI-600 017. Past PresidentEmail: [email protected]

18. Mr.T. Ambalavanan, Member 98407 39858No.24, Block MIG 13, 3rd Loop Street,Kottur Gardens, Kotturpuram, CHENNAI-600 085.Email: [email protected]

19. Mr. T. Doraivel, No.5 First Street, Member 94441 85424East Abhiramapuram, CHENNAI-600 004.Email: [email protected]

20. Dr. K.S. Dhathathreyan Member 94442 91041T-1, Ragam Apartments, New No.2, First Avenue,Sastry Nagar, Adyar, CHENNAI-600 020.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

21. Dr. Mrs. Hyacinth j . Kennady, HOD & Professor, Member 94448 98258Dept of Mech Engg, Hindustan University, P B No.1,Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, CHENNAI-603103Email: [email protected]

22. Mr. Krishna Pillai, Managing DirectorCape Institute of Technology, 4-D, 4th Floor, Member 94431 26329Century Plaza, No.560-562, Anna Salai, Teynampet,CHENNAI-600 018. Email: [email protected]

23. Mr.C.E.Karunakaran, Member 93810 41615Flot No.2A, Madeleine CourtNew No.26, Old No.72 Spur Tank Road, Chetput,CHENNAI-600 031. Email: [email protected]

24. Mr. V.Kanniappan, President, Aban Offshore Ltd., Member 99403 40009Janpriya Crest, 113, Pantheon Road, Egmore,CHENNAI-600 008. Email: [email protected]

35


25. Dr. B.V.S.Lakshmi, Member 098481 99200G-2, 5-10-197/2, Hill Fort Road, Adarsh NagarHYDERABAD-500 004. Email: sreeramvasu@vsnl,net

26. Mr. S.Pandarinathan, G M (Dev), C P C L (Retd), Member 94443 90012#7, Nathamuni 2nd Cross Street, Naduvankarai, Anna Nagar,CHENNAI-600 040. Email: [email protected]

27. Mr. Pashupathy Gopalan, Managing Director Member 99406 70562Sunedison Energy India Pvt Ltd, Menon Etemity,10th Floor, New No.165, Old No.110 St Mary's Road,Alwarpet, CHENNAI-600 028. Email:[email protected]

28. Dr. A.Peer Fathima, Professor, School of Electrical Member 94440 22777Engineering (SELECT), VIT, ChennaiVandalur-Kelambakkam Road, CHENNAI-600 127..Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

29. Mr. S.R.Pradhish Kumaar, Director, Member 99401 50530Praddin Energy Pvt. Ltd., 0 I -A, Bakthani Building,First Street, Cenotaph Road, CHENNAI 600 018.Email: [email protected]

30. Mr. C. Rajesh Srinivasan, Project Manager, Member 92837 01460Cape Energy Pvt. Ltd., 4-D, 4th Floor, Century Plaza,No.560-562, Anna Salai, Teynampet, CHENNAI-600 018Email: [email protected]

31. Mr. R. Ravikumar, Director Technical ES MemberElectronics (India) Pvt. Ltd., 098441 36209Plot No.82, Kiadb Industrial Area, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Jigani Hobli, Anekaltaluk,BANGALORE-560 105. Email:[email protected]

32. Capt. M.Singaraja, Ratnabala Designs & Consultants Member 94441 27704New No.90, Rama Naicken St., Nungambakkam,CHENNAI-600 034. Email: [email protected]

33. Mr. V.Siva Kumar, General Manager - Safety Member 098847 23766Health and Environment Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 94440 62884Indian Oil Bhavan, 139, Nungambakkam High Road,CHENNAI-600 034.Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

34. Dr.A. Venkatraman, A19, Anna Nagar Main Road, Member 99427 62255ANNA NAGAR, TENNUR, TRICHY-620 017. 89399 92755Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

35. Mr. Vineeth Vijayaraghavan Member & AdvisorFounder-Editor, Panchabuta-Cleantech & RenewableEnergy in India, No.30 Sapthagiri Colony 1st Street,Jafferkhanpet, CHENNAI-600 083, Email:[email protected]

36. Mr. Vishwanathan (Vish) Iyer Member & Adviser 73030 94212Deputy General Manager - Solar BusinessWest & South India Sterling and Wilson Ltd.Associates of Shapoorji, Pallonji & Co. Ltd.Universal Majestic Building, 10th Floor, P.L.Lokhande MargChembur (W), MUMBAI-400 043.Email:[email protected]

36


ENERGY & FUEL USERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIACHENNAI - 600 034.

APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION

From

................................................................................

................................................................................

................................................................................

To

The Honerary SecretaryEnergy & Fuel User’s Association of India4, B-1, J.P. Tower, 7/2 Nungambakkam High Road,Chennai - 600 034.

Dear Sir,

I/We requested that I/We may be admitted as a (Please tick in appropriate box)

Life Member Member Individual Member Student

Our organisation falls under the following category (please tick whichever is applicable)

Manufacturer/Energy and Fuel Consumer/Academic Institution / Consultancy Services/ Individual.

Our annual turn over in Rs......................... (Rupees............................................ only)

I/We send herewith a D.D. / Cheque for Rs.......................... being subscription for theyear together with the Entrance Fee of Rs.100/-

I/We agree to abide by all the rules and regulations of the Association as per itsconstitution, in force on the date on which our membership is accepted and any changes andamendments / alterations that may be made in the constitution by-laws thereafter.

Yours faithfully,

Signature

Name in Capital Letters

Designation

37


THE NATIONAL PRESIDENT&

THE MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

WWWWWish the membersish the membersish the membersish the membersish the membersofofofofof

ENERGY & FUEL USERS’ ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

AAAAAProsperousProsperousProsperousProsperousProsperous

&&&&&Happy 2014Happy 2014Happy 2014Happy 2014Happy 2014

Season’s GreetingsSeason’s GreetingsSeason’s GreetingsSeason’s GreetingsSeason’s Greetings

&&&&&

Best WishesBest WishesBest WishesBest WishesBest Wishes

S. RamalingamS. RamalingamS. RamalingamS. RamalingamS. RamalingamNational President

38


ENFUSEENFUSEENFUSEENFUSEENFUSEVolume - LXIII Book - 3

October - December 2013

EDITORIAL BOARD

Associate Editor :

Dr. A. Rajakumar

Guest Editor :

Madhavan Nampoothiri

Advisors :

Dr. R. Natarajan

Mr. G. Thangaraj(Past President)

Dr. Sulaiman A. Alyahya

Members Ex-Officio:

Mr. S. Ramalingam, President

Capt. Dinesh .T.S.R, Secretary

Mr. S. Sakthivel, Treasurer

Mr. K.R.D.Pradeep Chand, Joint Secretary

Mr. S. Jeyaram, Joint Secretary

Members :

Mr. S. Baskara SethupathyChairman Academic Interface

Mr. R. Sundar, Vice President, Southern Region

Mr. G.L. Srinivasan, Imm. Past President

Mr. P. Mukundan, Chairman - Rural Energy

Publisher :

Mr. S. RamalingamHonorary PresidentEnergy & Fuel Users’ Association of India

Editorial-cum-Admn. Office :

No. 4, B-1, J.P. Tower7/2, Nungambakkam High Road,Chennai - 600 034. INDIAPhone : (091 - 044) 2827 8604e-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

Printer :

EDITORIAL

The year 2013 was a tough year for the country. The GDPgrowth of the country fell, the rupee crashed against the dollar,and there were policy and regulatory uncertainties in severalsectors, including the energy sector. The impending electionsalso contributed to some amount of uncertainty.

The renewable energy sector was also affected by severalfactors, including delays in policy making, and lack ofenforcement of regulations in some other cases. The currencydepreciation also had an adverse impact on both the solarand wind sector, both of which rely a lot on importedcomponents. The net result was that wind and solar installationsreduced further from the previous calendar year and the activitylevels were lower.

2014 looks different. The year will see a new governmentin the centre, and if there is stable government, lot of newpositive policy decisions will be made. On the other hand, ifthere is political instability, then 2014 could be pretty rocky,with a lot of policy paralysis. Let us hope that a stablegovernment is formed after the elections.

In the final edition of the ENFUSE journal in 2013, wereview the year 2013 for both Solar and Wind. In both thereviews, some of the key events are highlighted, and theimplications of some of them specified. About 400 millionpeople in India do not have access to electricity. We look athome off-grid solar can bring light to the lives of these 400million people and make a difference to their lives.

Some of the technological advances in energy storage(batteries) is shared. It is then followed by a case-study ongeothermal cooling system and research findings of a BuildingIntegrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system. Interesting research inthe area of solar Panel cleaning is also highlighted in theJournal.

Apart from these, we have the regular sections on theENFUSE news, activities conducted by ENFUSE and others.

I hope you find this edition of the Journal useful.On behalf of the ENFUSE Journal team, I wish you all a

very Successful 2014.

MADHAVAN NAMPOOTHIRI

1234567890123456789012345678901212123456789012345678901234567890121212345678901234567890123456789012121234567890123456789012345678901212

123456789012345678901234567890121212345678901234567890123456789012121234567890123456789012345678901212

39


FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK

This journal is in your hands with the festiveseason coming to an end almost and with the dawnof the New year 2014. My hearty New Year Greetingsto all the readers and their families

In this new year it is but appropriate to ponderover about Energy Efficiency, the core objective ofour body and restate certain National objectiveswhich has been developed for implementation.

It has been estimated by National ProductivityCouncil in a recent report that energy efficiency canresult in energy savings to the tune of 75.36 billionunits out of the total consumption of 501 billion unitsconsumed cumulatively by the Agricultural sector,Domestic sector, Commercial sector and Industrialsector in the country. This does not include thermalenergy saving potential in industries. It can thereforebe said that 15% of the electrical energy consumedin the country can be saved through energy efficiencyefforts.

Again it is to be noted that every unit that issaved on the demand side is equal to around twounits being generated and this indicates that morethan double of these numbers need not be generatedon the supply side, once energy efficiency measuresare undertaken, due to plant load factor andaggregate technical and commercial losses (AT&C).Thus, out of our current total generation capacity ofaround 210,000 MW, approximately 31,000 MWcapacity addition can be avoided if we can harnessthe energy efficiency potential. 1 MW generationcapacity based on coal requires between Rs. 5 –6crores of investment whereas avoided generationcapacity addition through energy efficiency measuresrequires less than Rs. one crore investments . Simplyput, Energy efficiency is a source of energy available

at around 25% of the cost of a thermal power plantand is waiting to be harnessed.

Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) hasbeen set up with the express mandate of harnessingthis potential by Bureau of Energy Efficiency. EESLis also involved in development of energy efficiencyprojects through advisory and consultancy servicesto electricity utilities, urban local bodies, buildingowners, State Designated Agencies and stategovernments. In addition, EESL is taking upimplementation of some of the existing schemes ofthe Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

It is to be reiterated Energy efficiency projectspay for themselves. Any investment in energyefficiency results in savings of energy and thereforesavings by consumers and the utility and in somecases, some other stakeholders also. With welldesigned financial engineering, energy efficiencyprojects will be able to recover investments withreasonable profits in a time span of 4 – 5 years. Thismakes energy efficiency projects an attractiveinvestment for banks and financial institutions. Sincein India, we have not had implementation of a largenumber of energy efficiency projects therefore thereis ample scope of plucking the so called low hangingfruits. The challenge is to show case some suchprojects through investment by banks and financialinstitutions on the strength of a balanced performancecontract.

Energy Efficiency Services Limited has set itselfa challenge of investing and implementing energyefficiency projects in partnership with private sector.EESL’s energetic team of energy efficiency engineersis confident of taking up this challenge and ENFUSEwill be rededicating itself in the New Year to spreadthe Message of Energy Conservation and Efficiencyimprovements in the country.

Activities of ENFUSE during the Oil and GasConservation Fortnight ( OGCF ) celebrations isbasically for taking the message of EnergyConservation and Efficiency Improvements to theStudents community, the future citizens. As usualENFUSE has fully geared up for the forthcomingOGCF events staring from 17 th Jan onwards to theend of the month and I seek large scale participationfrom the members. With Seasons Greetings and BestWishes !

S. RAMALINGAM

II

40


ENFUSE NEWS

Hindustan University Student Chapter10.10.2013

A workshop on ENERGY’ wasconducted by the ENFUSE STUDENTCHAPTER OF Hindustan Institute ofTechnology and Science (HITS), on 10/10/2013 from 1.30pm to 3.00pm. About 50students members of NEFUSEparticipated in the workshop conductedat the Founders block of the Institution.

Mrs. Hyacinth J Kennady, Professor/Department of Mechanical who is also anExecutive council member of ‘ENFUSE –INDIA, presided over the workshop andexplained the student members on the roleof - Jawaharlal National solar Mission’ ofGovernment of India and the Importance ofSolar Energy for our country in the presentscenario of Energy shortage. Also thestudents were given the information on theopportunities available for them to becomeEntrepreneurs through Solar Missionsupported Govt. by of India.

Dr. T. Micha Prem Kumar, Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, HITS,enlightened the student members about thesuper cri t ical Technology and also onAdvanced Ultra-Super critical Technology ofThermal power plant operations. Studentswere given a detailed overview on presentscenario of Indian Thermal Power Plants andthe current Technology being used bringingout the scope for adopting newertechnologies. The emerging opportunities forEmployment in the Energy sector as a powerengineer, Energy Auditor, Energy Manager,Energy Consultant or as an EnergyEntrepreneur were highlighted for the benefitof students.

III

The Workshop was organized byENFUSE STUDENTS CHAPTERCoordinator L. Joseph Francis, Asso. Prof.,Department of Mechanical Engineering,HITS.

VIT University Student Chapter 30.10.2013

ENFUSE –VIT Student chapterinauguration was held on 30/10/13 at VITUniversity, Chennai campus. The welcomeaddress was delivered by Dr. A. PeerFathima, Professor, School of ElectricalEngineering, VIT, Chennai campus and thefaculty co-ordinator of ENFUSE students’chapter. The chapter was inaugurated by Mr.S. Ramalingam, President- ENFUSE. Hedelivered a special lecture on “Overview ofEnergy Scenario in India” for the benefit ofVIT students and faculty members. Around76 students of VITCC were registered for themembership and took part in the discussionsession on energy related issues with thePresident-ENFUSE. The program was endedwith the vote of thanks proposed by thestudent President Mr. G. Komal Charan.

A successful Commissioning of 3.2 mwsolar facilities in Tamil Nadu :

Commissioning of Solar Power Plant.-Function organized on 21st November 2013

ENFUSE was invited to participate acolourful funct ion organized tocommemorate the successful commissioningof 3.2 mw captive consumption facilities inTamil Nadu. These installations werecommissioned under the Solar REC Schemeand for captive use, making this a one-of-a-kind project in the state – and proving theeconomic viability of renewable energy forour industrial use. Five firms –MM Forgings,Super Auto Forge Pt Ltd., IM Gars, RaneGroup and Autotech Industries Pvt Ltd –came together and realized (1) the economic

41


sense for solar power generation and (2) thescale benefits that we could be derived bycollaborative efforts. This milestone marksa key victory for the booming solar PVindustry in India.

The meeting was organized by M/s.Mahindra EPC, MM Forgings Ltd & SuperAuto Forge. It is to be mentioned that CapeInfrastructure Pvt. Ltd is the LPA (LandPermits and Approvals) service provided forall the projects. Mr. S Ramalingam, NationalPresident participated in the function andcongratulated in the organizations for theiroutstanding initiatives marking a key victoryfor the beaming solar industry in India.

Meeting with British Maritime Mission toIndia on 4th December 2013

Under invitation from National MaritimeFoundation (Chennai Chapter) Mr. SRamalingam, National President attendedthe meeting organized to have closeinteractions with the British Defence MaritimeDelegation on 4 th December 2013 atChennai. The meeting has been organizedby the National Maritime Foundation toacquaint Indian participants of the possiblescope of business associat ions withindividual British companies, for furthernecessary follow up.

The mission was headed by RealAdmiral Antony Graham RCNC DirectorShips and Head of the Royal Corps of NavalConstructors, and the fol lowing 10organizations participated.

1. Atlas Elektronik UK 6. MBDA

2. BAE Systems 7. Selex

3. Chess Dynamics 8. Strongfield Technologies

4. C Truk 9. Tata Steel

5. Kelvin Hughes 10. Thales

4th December being Indian Navy Day,traditional “At Home’ was hosted by the NavalOfficer in Charge (Tamil Nadu & Puducheri)at Navy House. His Excellency Dr. KRosaiah

Honble Governor of Tamil Nadu wasthe Guest of honour during the occasion .Shri S Ramalingam National President hadthe opportunity to meet the Governor inperson and appraise him about the activitiesof Energy & Fuel Users’ Association of India.

Great British Festival on 11th December2013:

Under Invitation from FIICI ChennaiChapter, National President participated theBritish Festival Event Organised by FICCI. Anumber of Indian organizations havingcollaboration with UK outfits participated.

Energy Conservation Day 14th December2013

ENFUSE organized the EnergyConservation Day commemoration Event incol laborat ion with Chennai PetroleumCorporation Ltd (CPCL),Petroleumconservation Association ( PCRA) & NationalProductivity council (NPC) on 14th Dec atCPCL RESOT Hall.

Mr. S Venkatramana, Director -Operations, CPCL, Mr. S Ramalingam,National President , ENFUSE, Mr. AJankiram, Additional Director & CRC, PCRAaddressed. Mr. S Visveswaran, GeneralManager (Tech), CPCL proposed the of voteof thanks.

IV

42


Energy Conservation Day - Mr. S Ramalingam delivering Presidential Address

Energy Conservation Day - Mr. S Venkataramana delivering Keynote Address

V

43


VI

Audience for HITS Students' Chapter Inauguration - A view of audience

Energy Conservation Day - A view of audience

44


CONTENTSPage No.

1. INDIA SOLAR 2013 - A REVIEW 1

2. INDIA WIND 2013 – A REVIEW 7

3. INDIAN OFF-GRID MARKET – WHERE SOLAR MAKES THE REAL DIFFERENCE!! 10

4. COMING TO YOUR HOME: A BATTERY THE SIZE OF A FRIDGE 13

5. APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL COOLING SYSTEM INCOMPOSITE CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY 15

6. COMPARISON OF A BUILDING INTEGRATED SOLAR PVT-ROOF WITHA CONVENTIONAL ROOF 24

7. FASTER, SUSTAINABLE AND MORE INCLUSIVE GROWTH 28

8. WATERLESS, LABORLESS SOLAR PANEL CLEANING BECOMING A REALITY 31

AN APPEALAs you are aware our advertisement tariff had been kept at very low levels for a long

time. However due to run away cost in all activities, the production cost of the journalalso has increased tremendously. This has necessitated a reworking of the advertisementtariffs us given hereunder. This Tariff comes into force with effect from 1.4.2011.

All members are requested to cooperate:

BACK WRAPPER - Rs.10,000/- per insertFRONT INNER PAGE - Rs. 5,000/- per insertBACK INNER PAGE - Rs. 5,000/- per insertFULL PAGE (ART PAPER) - Rs. 2,500/- per insertFULL PAGE - Rs. 2,000/- per insertHALF PAGE - Rs. 1,000/- per insert

For Details Please contact:

Hon. Secretary, ENFUSE4, B-1, J.P.Towers, 7/2 Nungambakkam High Road,

Chennai - 600 034. Phone: 044-2827 8604

VII

energy & fuel users’ journal oct. – dec. 2013 ... -...

Documents