ESCUELA SUPERIOR

POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HOMEWORK 1

GROUP 11:

MOROCHO MANUEL 33%

PALOMINO JUAN 33%

PAREDES JUAN JOSÉ 33%

Image 1:Cover.

Font: Energy bills. The Telegraphap. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02166/green-energy-

set_2166495c.jpg

EnergyConversionSystems

1. Find out how much energy per capita per sector Ecuador uses.

For answer this question, first is important look the energy consumed per sector in our

country. In the Chart 1 is possible see this information.

Chart 1: Balance Energético Nacional 2014.

Font: Ministerio Coordinador de Sectores Estratégicos.

According to the INEC (Ecuadorian Institute of Statistics and Censuses), Ecuador has

14'483.499 habitants (Font: INEC http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/resultados/). In

Figure 1, we see that the total energy consumption of Ecuador is 99 million barrels of oil.

So to calculate the consumption per sector per habitant, the total energy value will be

divided for the number of habitants and this result will be multiplied by the percentage of

the sector. Taking the trasport sector as an example:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 99′000.000 𝐵𝑂𝐸

14′483.499 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠∗ 49%

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 (𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡) = 3,35𝐵𝑂𝐸

ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

In Table 1 are the values of energy consumption per capita for all sectors.

49%

18%

12%

4%

1%

1%3%

12%

Ventas

Transport

Industry

Residential

Commercial

Agriculture, mining and fishing

Other sectors

Non energy

Own consumption

99 millions BOE

Sector Energy Per capita

[BOE/habitant]

Transport 3,35

Industry 1,23

Residential 0,82

Commercial 0,27

Agriculture, mining

and fishing 0,07

Other sectors 0,07

Non energy 0,21

Own consumption 0,82

Table 1: Energy per capita per sector in Ecuador

The Chart 1 is a summary of Table 1.

Chart 2: Energy consumption per capita per sector in Ecuador

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22,5

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Sectors

Energy consumption per capita per sector in Ecuador

Transport Industry Residential

Commercial Agriculture, mining and fishing Other sectors

Non energy Own Consumption

2. Compare this with at least 3 industrialized countries and 3 developing

countries.

Industrialized countries

Country: Germany Population:80’716.000 habitants

Total Energy: 1’’510’273.973 BOE Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]

Transport 364 24 4,49

Industry 382 25 4,68

Residential 392 26 4,86

Commercial 223 15 2,81

Others 147 10 1,87

Table 2: Energy per capita per sector in Germany Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Germany&s=Final consumption

www.wikipedia.org/Germany

Country: Australia Population:22’870.000habitants Total Energy:491’723.666,2 BOE

Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]

Transport 162 33 7,08

Industry 162 33 7,08

Residential 72 14 3,13

Commercial 63 13 2,76

Others 33 7 1,44

Table 3: Energy per capita per sector in Australia Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Australia&s=Final consumption

www.wikipedia.org/Australia

Country: Argentina Population: 41’090.000 habitants

Total Energy: 514’158.686 BOE

Sector Energy [MBOE] Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]

Transport 122 2,98

Industry 110 2,69

Residential 91 2,21

Commercial 26 0,65

Table 4: Energy per capita per sector in Australia

Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Argentina&s=Final consumption

www.wikipedia.org/Argentina

Developing countries

Country: Honduras Population:8’725.000 habitants Total Energy: 29’698.630 BOE

Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]

Transport 8 25 0,85

Industry 7 23 0,78

Residential 13 43 1,46

Commercial 1 5 0,17

Others 1 4 0,14

Table 5: Energy per capita per sector in Honduras Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Honduras&s=Final consumption

www.wikipedia.org/Honduras

Country: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)

Population:25’200.000habitants

Total Energy:75’545.539,92 BOE Sector Energy [MBOE] % per Sector Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]

Transport 3 4 0,12

Industry 49 64 2,12

Residential 0,3 0.99 0,01

Commercial 24 31 1,05

Others 0,01 0.01 0,0001

Table 6: Energy per capita per sector in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Democratic People’s Republic of Korea &s=Finalconsumption

www.wikipedia.org/North_Korea

Country: Angola Population: 20’082.000 habitants

Total Energy: 664’500.683 BOE

Sector Energy [MBOE] Energy per capita [BOE/habitant]

Transport 16 0,40

Industry 8 0,80

Residential 46 2,22

Commercial 6 0,29

Table 7: Energy per capita per sector in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Fonts: www.iea.org/sankey/#?c=Angola &s=Finalconsumption

www.wikipedia.org/Angola

3. Analyze the differences in amount and sectorial distribution.

Chart 3: Energy per capita in Ecuador and Industrialized Countries

Differences with Germany:

The consumption per capita in Ecuador is focused in the transport sector but in Germany

the principal sector where the energy is consumed is in the Residential, our country has 14

millions of habitants meanwhile Germany has 80 millions of habitants, that means in

Germany there are more houses, buildings, urbanizations where the citizens lives. For

satisfy the demand of those people like refrigeration, light, hot water or others; that country

uses more energy in residential sector.

The second important sector en Germany is the Industry, actually Germany has a great

economy impulsed by its industry, it has companies global recognized like Siemens,

Volkswagen, Alianz, SAP o BASF and other thousands of small and medium companies

with 25 millions of workers. All of that, represent for the country a big consumption of

energy for satisfy all the industry process.

Germany shown us that the energy consumption is linked with the number of habitants, the

developed of its industry and with its area, while more industrialized is the country, the

people has a better life style and that means more uses for the energy. This country hopes

to use the 20 percent of its demand like renewable energy.

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ECUADOR GERMANY AUSTRALIA ARGENTINA

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Energy per capita Ecuador and Industrialized Countries

Transport Industry Residential Commercial Others

Differences with Australia:

At first, we must say that Australia has two very good things over Ecuador: They have a

great energy availability, a lot of energy sources and the technology to transform this

sources into common energy supplies. This allows Australia supplying all domestic energy

demand and having high Energy per capita values for all its domestic sectors.

Meanwhile, Ecuador doesn’t have the technology to transform some of its energy sources

into common energy supplies, for what the country import these supplies. But, as the

Ecuador’s regulation laws for exploring and obtaining oil from its Amazon are so strict, the

oil’s production has been stagnant, exportations have had decreased and the money to

import energy supplies has been limited: This is why Ecuador’s Energy per capita values for

its domestic sectors are low.

In the amounts per sector, we can see Australia’s Energy per capita values exceeds

Ecuador’s ones for a lot: Some reasons for this could be that Australia’s number of habitants

is near the double of Ecuador’s one and the fact that Australia has much more industries and

technology with respect to Ecuador. We can see also that transport and industries sectors in

Australia have the same highest level of energy domestic demand, while in Ecuador only

one sector has the highest level of demand and this is transport sector. A reason for this is

the inefficient transport system in Ecuador, both for industrial applications and for

residential uses: In Ecuador, people travels generally one person per car and the export and

imported machinery is transported a big element per vehicle.

Differences with Argentina:

How we can see in the table 2 Argentina has a value of 2.69 BOE per capita in the industry

sector that is more than twice that in Ecuador. That is because in the last years in the first

country, being both Latin-American, there have been new policies that favor the production

and importation of oil, which has helped improve their industrialization, placing it among

the four largest Latin American powers. And actually Ecuador is in a development stage

where its economy is recently on rise, after a sharp economic crisis.

Other sectors that are influenced by the production of oil fuels are the residential and

commercial, the reason is the country has grown and its economic too, generating

employment and give to the people the capacity to improve their status and comfort, for

example, buying air conditioners, computers, etc. and the demand of energy consume

increase. At the same way the commercial sector has grown, the business owners expand

their market contributing to the development of the country. This is reflected in the

indicators of BOE per capita of the residential and commercial sector, to Argentina has

values well above those of Ecuador. Comparing the transport sector indicator, Ecuador has

the highest value. Both countries are in process of progressive development, but how to

transport Ecuador, is inefficient.

Chart 4: Energy per capita in Ecuador and Developing Countries

Differences with Honduras:

All the levels of energy consumption of Honduras are many less than the levels of Ecuador.

Honduras is a country in Central America, it has a population of 8’725.000 of habitants and

its area is of 112.492 Km2. It’s a developing country, its principal sector of energy

consumption is the residential sector. The lack of public and private sources of renewable

energy investment has caused energy demand has emerged in recent years was covered with

thermal plants using fossil fuels. Currently, 65% of the energy consumed comes from these

plants. The 36% of hydrocarbons are used in the production of electricity, the rest is mostly

consumed in transport. Honduras does not produce oil, so this dependence greatly affects its

trade balance. The country spends approximately $ 1,250 million in purchase of oil (13% of

revenues).

Differences with Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK):

In DPRK’s case, its relationships with China, Republic of Korea and Rusia have been

influenced by DPRK’s nuclear weapons manufacturing and an excessive military activity in

the country: This has reduced exportations and importations from this countries to South

Korea and vice versa and this has caused that Energy supplying per capita reaches low

values with respect of Ecuador.

Although DPRK has a good Energy resources availability, its old technology and its “ball”

relationships have influenced its Energy supplying per sectors: Only in its domestic

Industry sector, DPRK exceeds Ecuador with respect of their Energy supplying values: This

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ECUADOR HONDURAS DPRK ANGOLA

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Sectors

Energy per capita Ecuador and Devoloping Countries

Transport Industry Residential Commercial Others

could be because the military control that DPRK has. Only in this sector, the DPRK’s

military force affects its domestic Energy distribution.

Differences with Angola:

Angola is the second largest oil producer of Africa, but that does not mean it is an

industrialized country, on the contrary it is an underdeveloped country. This is because over

90% of fossil fuel it produces is exported, and the domestic energy consumption is

minimal. Only 30% of the population has electricity. And for everything mentioned we can

see in the table 2 that the values of industry, transport and commercial sector indicators of

Angola are below those of Ecuador. The factor that surprise is the consumption of the

residential sector of Angola that is the triple of the value of Ecuador. It is because the

people of Africa use the solid biomass and waste to get energy, in high quantities, to cook,

get warm, and obtain energy.

4. Answer the question: why is transport the biggest energy consumption

sector in Ecuador?

Graphic 1: Energy consumption by sector and by energy resource in Ecuador

How we can see in the graphic 1, in our country the sector that has more participation in the

energy consumption is the transport. With the 50%, it is almost triple in comparison with

the industrial sector that is second with 17.5%. Showing that the economic conditions of

Ecuador are based on service and production resources, and has had a great growth in what

is the fleet.

In the same graphic we can see that exist more intervention of petroleum, and its derivates,

like gasoline and diesel, referred to energy consumption of the country, it contribute to the

high participation of the automotive sector. The second energy resource more used is the

electricity but it should be noted that in Ecuador that the unique way of transport that use

that resource is the TroleBus in Quito, and it is almost a minimal participation in compared

with fossil fuel.

Graphic 2: Types of transport and its respective consumption of energy

In Ecuador we have more amounts of vehicles and jeeps, but we can see that who consume

more energy are the heavy and light load cars, with more than the 80%. That means the

industrialized sector have big relationship and participation in the transport energy demand

in the country.

We can conclude that the reason for why the transport is the biggest energy consumption

sector in Ecuador, is because it have had a big development in the industry in the last years,

and the quantity of raw material, primary products raised, and the way to transport them is

by road. In Ecuador doesn`t exist modern ways to transport large amount of merchandise,

like for example trains, and the come to use heavy or light load cars, and that is what make

increase the consumption of energy.

Another reason to be named is the not energy awareness, that means the bad habit that have

the Ecuadorian people using one vehicle for one person. That increases considerably the

consumption of the energy resources.

5. References

1. http://www.iea.org/sankey - 22/05/2015

2. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4604.0main+features42011-12 - 22/05/2015

3. http://www.originenergy.com.au/blog/about-energy/energy-in-australia.html -24/05/2015

4. http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/an-updated-summary-of-energy-

supply-and-demand-in-the-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-dprk/ - 24/05/2015