Petroleum Conservation Research Association

WELCOMES

P.BalachandranJoint Director

PCRA-SR-Chennai

Energy Scenario Energy Scenario

and and

Conservation Conservation

TechniquesTechniques

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VISION THOUGHTS

The energy scene in the 21st century is going to see a major shift.

Very soon, oil and gas will see its finiteness.

It is high time that we realize this factor and work towards the fuel of the future.

- Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam, Former President of India, Address at Energy Technology Conclave “Technology for Sustainability”

Conservation of Energy

P.E K.E. P.E. K.E. … Is energy lost?

No! Energy is converted!

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

The total energy in a “closed” system is always the same.

The energy may be in different forms, but the amount will be equal.

Solar Energy was Used For Drying And Heating.

The Discovery Of Fire Led To The Possibility Of Burning Wood

For Cooking And Heating Thereby Using Energy.

For Several Thousand Years Energy Demands Were Met by Renewable Energy Sources—sun, Biomass (Wood, Leaves, Twigs), Hydel (Water) And Wind Power.

As Early As 4000–3500 Bc, Sailing Ships And Windmills Were Developed Harnessing Wind Energy.

With The Use Of Hydropower Through Water Mills Or

Irrigation Systems, Things Began To Move Faster.

Fuelwood And Dung Cakes Are A Major Source Of Energy In Rural India.

ENERGY FOOTPRINTS

ENERGY FOOTPRINTS

With the advent of the industrial revolution, the use of energy in the form of fossil fuels began growing as more and more industries were set up.

This occurred in stages, from the exploitation of coal deposits to the exploitation of oil and natural gas fields.

It has been only half a century since nuclear power began

The consumption of non-renewable sources of energy had caused more environmental damage than any other human activity.

Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere.

This has in turn led to problems such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicular pollution is also a grave problem.

Effect of using Non Renewable Energy

Energy

Energy Sources

Limited

1. Coal2. Oil3. Gas

Renewable

1. Solar2. Wind3. Hydroelectricity4. Biomass etc.

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LOSS OF ONE DROP OF OIL EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR”

Energy

Primary Energy

Renewable (Inexhaustible) 1.Solar2.Wind3.Hydroelectricity4.Biomass etc(No Harmful Pollutants environmental Friendly Fuels)

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Non Renewable Crude Oil, Coal, NG ( Last for few decades only)

Extracted from Natural resources Generated From primary energy Like Steam and Electricity

Secondary Energy

Fossil Energy’Life

As per the Availability and the Production rate

Crude oil will last for 42 years

Natural Gas will Last for 60 years

Coal will last for 122 years

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Reserves Status

World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil : 1408.7 Thousand Million Barrels

India’s Proven Reserves of Crude Oil: 5.8 Thousand Million Barrels

4270.9

123.2 125.6 142.2

754.1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Th

ou

san

d M

illi

on

Bar

rel

AsiaPacific

NorthAmerica

S & CentAmerica

Africa Europe &Eurasia

MiddleEast

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Crude oil Reserves/Production StatusWorld Proven R/P of Crude Oil : 42 yrs

India’s Proven R/P of Crude Oil: 20.7yrs

14.5 14.8

50.3

33.4

22.1

78.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

R/P

Rat

io

AsiaPacific

NorthAmerica

S & CentAmerica

Africa Europe &Eurasia

MiddleEast

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Primary Energy Consumption

Country-wise primary energy consumption MMTOE

India:• At 524 MMTOE, 4th largest consumer of primary energy•One of the largest growing market for energy

3.84% of total

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Japanese primary energy consumption per GDP is the lowest in the world due to various energy conservation measures taken for the respective sectors.

Primary Energy Consumption per GDPPrimary Energy Consumption per GDP

Primary Energy Consumption per GDPPrimary Energy Consumption per GDP

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　 Japan EU US Korea Canada Thailand Middle East China India Indonesia Russia

Primary energy consumption (tons in oil equivalent)/GDP(thousand US$) indicated in the ratio when the Japanese figure is set at 1.

India’s Energy Basket

India Energy Consumption: 524 MTOE

Nuclear1%

Crude Oil31%

NG9%

Hydro6%

Coal53%

Nuclear5%

Hydro6%

NG23%

Crude Oil36%

Coal29%

World Energy Consumption: 11,299 MTOE

Primary Energy

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Oil Consumption

India 4th largest consumer of oil : 135 MMT(3.4% of total)

India’s Oil consumption increased at 4% (decade after 1998) against the world of 1.4 %.

World oil consumption 3,928 MMT

Country-wise oil consumption MMTOE 17

Energy outlook

For India, sourcing of Energy remains a challenge…..

with 16% of Global Population;

0.5% of world’s Petroleum Reserve;

10% of world’s coal reserves;

8-10% GDP growth target;

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19

0.4483.473

6.822 8.448

10.507

30.61833.021

35.34932.426 32.19 33.506

05

10152025303540

1960

-61

1965

-66

1970

-71

1975

-76

1980

-81

1985

-86

1990

-91

1995

-96

2000

-01

2005

-06

2008

-09

MM

T

Domestic Crude Oil Production Trend

Source: Planning Commission & TERI Data Book

Indigenous crude

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Source: Planning Commission & TERI Data Book

Domestic Natural Gas Production Trend

1.4 2.4 2.4

8.110.64

22.642

29.47732.202 32.849

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1970-71

1975-76

1980-81

1985-86

1990-91

1995-96

2000-01

2005-06

2008-09

BC

MIndigenous NG

Energy Efficiency: The Fifth fuel

• Energy efficiency is generally the cleanest, least expensive, most quickly deployable, least understood, and most neglected way to manage energy.

• Reducing energy intensity is the fastest growing source of energy

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Comprises of environment friendly industrial programmes, giving competitive advantage to enterprises, through:

Savings in energy consumption, Substitution of materials with no loss of quality or

performance, but less specific energy consumption Avoidance of waste or emissions leading to less handling of

materials. And Optimisation of operating plant processes leading to lower

costs and higher productivity

Country facing power shortages

Peak Shortage – 13% Average Shortage – 8%

Additional power required by 2012, 1 lakh MW Approximately 8,00,000 crores investment

India’s energy Intensity is higher by 3.7 times of Japan, 1.48 times of Asia & 1.5 times of USA

Higher wastage of energy. Very high energy saving potential.

WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY?

Why energy efficiency? II

India is also highly dependent on imported oil to meet the energy demand, which raises the question of energy security of the nation.

Immense potential exists in this aspect of energy efficiency, particularly in the use of pumps, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting areas

• ENERGY RESOURCES ARE LIMITED

• ENERGY DEMAND KEEP INCREASING

• ENERGY PRICES ARE GOING UP

• DUE TO GLOBAL COMPETITION WITH FALLING PRICES, THE INDUSTRY COMPELLED TO CUT COSTS

• REDUCES GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

• INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY CONSERVATION PROVIDE MOST ATTACTIVE RETURNS

• IMPROVES OVERALL BUSINESS PROFITABILITY

SAVE ENERGY!!

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EMERGENCE OF PCRA

1973 : OIL CRISIS WORLD OVER

STUDY TEAM

: ENGINEERS FROM IOC, NPC, DGTD ESTIMATED HUGE OIL CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN INDUSTRIES & STUs

STUDY RESULTS

: CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF 20 - 30%

6th JAN ’76 : PETROLEUM CONSERVATION ACTION GROUP (PCAG) FORMED

10th AUG’78

: PCAG RECONSTITUTED AS“PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION” (PCRA) AND REGISTERED AS A SOCIETY UNDER MOP&NG

PCRA

INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE

TRANSPORT DOMESTIC

COMMERCIAL

                                                  

OIL TO GAS

TO SOLAR/WIND

>GAS>TO CNG/H2

SECTROAL APPROACH

PCRA – An integrated Energy Solution Provider

LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR”

PCRA ACTIVITIES

• ENERGY AUDIT OF INSTALLATIONS• DRIVER TRAINING PROGRAM• TRANSPORT WORKSHOPS• FUEL OIL DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES• INSTITUTIONAL/INDUSTRY TRG PROGRAM• SEMINAR/TECH MEET/CONSUMER MEET• YOUTH/DOMESTIC PROGRAMS

LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR”

BEE (Website: http://www.bee-india.nic.in)

• The Government of India set up Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)) on 1st March 2002

• under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

A)to assist in developing policies and strategies --the Energy Conservation Act, 2001

B)objective of reducing energy intensityC)This active participation of all stakeholders, D) sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all

sectors. LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR”

With the enactment of the Indian Energy Conservation With the enactment of the Indian Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Act, 2001,

an institutional framework is now available for an institutional framework is now available for promoting energy efficiency in all sectors of the promoting energy efficiency in all sectors of the economyeconomy

Efficient use of energy and its conservationEfficient use of energy and its conservation

leaders and captains of industry are taking lead leaders and captains of industry are taking lead in implementing the best practices supporting the in implementing the best practices supporting the conservation programmeconservation programme

LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR”

What is Energy Audit ?

Energy Audit involves• Systematic Acquisition• Analysis of Energy Data• Implementing Energy Conservation

Measures

Need for Energy Audit:• Energy Crisis that the world face.• Depletion of Conventional Fuels• Minimize Energy Consumption• Maximize productivity• Achieve Energy efficiency

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

Walk-Through Audit

Utility Cost Analysis

Standard Energy Audit

Detailed Energy Audit

Walk-Through Audit

Short onsite visits for inspection. Inexpensive and simple actions. Immediate energy savings considered.Operating & Maintenance procedure.

• E.g. Repairing broken windows• E.g. Boiler A\F ratios Adjustment.• E.g. Lowering Cooling Preset Temp

Utility Cost Analysis

Establish Relation between cost & Utility.Analyze Operating cost of the Utility.Obtain data from:

• Energy Bills• Peak Demands.• Weather effects identified

Steps Include:• Verify Energy Bills & Ensure no mistakes made• Determine dominant charges• Peak demand shaving measures• Will Alternative cost effective fuels help

Standard Energy Audit

Comprehensive Analysis of Energy Systems

Development of Baseline• Identification of Energy Uses• Evaluation of Energy Savings• Cost Effectiveness of Selected ECM.

Various Mathematical Tools are used • Degree day methods• Linear regression Methods• Simple Pay Back Analysis

Detailed Energy Audit

Most Comprehensive & Time ConsumingUse of hand held \ stationary instrumentsSophisticated Computer SimulationsFor:

• Evaluating Energy use.• Identifying Potential savings.• Recommending Energy Retrofits• Cost Effectiveness of Energy Retrofits

Energy Auditing Instruments.Electrical Instruments

• Measures Electrical Parameters like kva, kW, PF, Amps and Volts.

• Instant measurements can be taken.

• Hand held devices.

Combustion Analyzer.• Has Built in Chemical

Cells• Measures gases like

O2,CO,Nox,Sox.

Fuel Efficiency Monitor.• Amount of O2 in exhaust• Measures temperature of flue gases• Calorific value of fuel fed• Combustion Efficiency Obtained

Contact Thermometer• These are Thermocouples• Temp: of flue gases, hot water taken.• Just insert the probe into the stream

I.R. Thermometer• Non Contact Type• Directed to heat source.• Direct Temperature Read outs.• Eg: For finding hot spots in boilers.

Speed Measuring Instruments

Tachometer• Contact Type ones• Direct Access Necessary.

Stroboscope• Sophisticated.• Direct Access Not Necessary.• Safer Ones.

Electrical Instruments• Measures Electrical

Parameters like kva, kW, PF, Amps and Volts.

• Instant measurements can be taken.

• Hand held devices.

Combustion Analyzer.• Has Built in Chemical

Cells• Measures gases like

O2,CO,Nox,Sox.

Leak Detectors• Ultrasonic Instruments• Detects leaks In compressor• Leaks beyond human abilities

Lux Meters• Measures Illumination Levels• Contains a Photocells.• Converts light to Electric

Signal• Calibrated as Lux.

ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT,2001LIST OF ENERGY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES(schedule)

1. Aluminium 6. Chlor Alkali2. Fertilisers 7. Sugar3. Cement 8. Textile 4. Pulp & Paper 9. Chemicals5. Iron & Steel 10.Railways

11. Port Trust12. Transport Sector(Industries and Services)13. Petrochemical, Gas Crackers and Naptha Crackers & Petroleum Refineries14. Thermal Power Stations, Electricity transmission and distribution companies

and commercial buildings or establishments specified as designated consumer

15. Commercial Buildings of establishments

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ENERGY LABEL,FROST FREE REFRIGERATOR

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Enjoy the interest on the principal principal of nature’s bounty.of nature’s bounty. Do not treat it Do not treat it as booty.as booty. Mankind should not be Mankind should not be the worst NPA amongst the life the worst NPA amongst the life forms.forms.

Concepts for Future

THANK YOU.