energy audit finale
TRANSCRIPT
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy audit for CTF1 is established to determine how energy had been used
by various systems that can be found inside CTF1. Data are collected based on three
major end uses known as lighting, air conditioning and general equipments. Based on
data completion, electricity/energy consumption in kilowatts for lighting system is
41.7kW, air-conditioning system is 83.79kW, and general equipment is 20.66kW. The
percentages of electricity/energy consumption for these three aspects are 30.31%,
59.93% and 15.02% respectively.
In order to assess the energy efficiency for CTF1, Building Energy Index
(BEI) for CTF1 is computed and later compared with targeted BEI for energy
efficient buildings in Malaysia. In short, calculated BEI for CTF1 is 370.5kWh/m2/yr
whereas the targeted BEI for energy efficient building is in range of 200-250
kWh/m2/yr, thus it can be conclude that CTF1 has not yet considered as an energy
efficient building.
Since the BEI for CTF1 is considered high, a goal has to be set to reduce
energy consumption in CTF1. Measures which required non-capital investment is
recommended to become main priority to be implemented first. This is because, there
are still many aspects can be improved in order to reduce energy consumption
especially in terms management, operational and maintenance. Later on this report
several probable measures which associated energy savings are identified and
recommended for implementation.
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
This report presents results of commissioning Energy Audits for Centre of
Teaching Facilities1 (CTF1) situated at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
This Energy Audit is a systematic study or survey to identify how energy is being
used in CTF1. It is also a useful procedure to find out the best options for energy
conservation and saving measure. It also provides an analysis of the amount of energy
consumed by major end uses during a given period in the form of electricity. Using
that information, it is also possible to list how the energy was used according to the
various outlets/room in a building. The next step in this energy audit then is to
identify the potential for energy savings accurately.
2.1 Types of Energy Audit Implemented
Energy audit of CTF1 is a combination of two different types of energy audit
available whereby the Detailed Audit is the continuation of Preliminary Audit. The
preliminary audit alternatively called a walk-through audit is the simplest and
quickest type of audit. It involves minimal interviews with site operating personnel, a
brief review of facility electric bills and other operating data, and a walk-through of
the facility to become familiar with the building operation and identify glaring areas
of energy waste or inefficiency. Typically, only major problem areas will be
uncovered during this type of audit.
The general/detailed audit expands on the preliminary audit described above
by collecting more detailed information about facility operation and performing a
more detailed evaluation of energy conservation measures identified. In-depth
information and data collection which include technical characteristics of energy
consuming equipment/systems, design conditions and parameters, building services
design report with system schematic diagrams and layout drawings showing system
characteristics are gathered from desk and field study. This type of audit will also be
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able to identify all energy conservation measures appropriate for the facility given its
operating parameters. A detailed financial analysis is performed for each measure
based on detailed implementation cost estimates; site-specific operating cost savings,
and the customer's investment criteria. Sufficient detail is provided to justify project
implementation.
3.0 OBJECTIVE
The major objective of conducting an energy audit for CTF1 is to find out how
efficiently energy has been used here, and to identify opportunities for improvement.
This requires measurement of the amount of energy used by various systems and
equipment which classified under 3 major end uses which are lighting, air
conditioning and general equipments. For CTF1, only aggregated energy consumption
data, i.e. from electricity bills has been obtained which cover a large group of
equipment. As a result, the energy efficiency of individual system or equipment
would have to be assessed on the basis of estimated energy consumption.
4.0 BUILDING DESCRIPTION
Centre of Teaching Facility 1 (CTF 1) is a place for teaching and learning
centre for Engineering Faculty, Computer Science and Information Technology
Faculty, and Resource Science and Technology Faculty. Completely build around
year 2002 with an area of approximately 12300m2. The building is operating 13 hours
a day from 8 in the morning until 9 in the night, and 5 days a week of operating,
excluding the usage of weekend, and occupies almost 1000 people every day. There
are six seminar room, one lecture hall, 6 toilets, a management office, VIP room and
technician room at the CTF 1. The shape of the building is an oval shape and a
rectangular. The building consists of lower ground floor, ground floor, first floor and
second floor but only ground floor and second floor is occupied for teaching and
learning purposes of which also consisted of two toilets for each level (ground and
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second floor) and overall six toilets on the building. Each of the seminar room and
lecture theatre (combination of ground and first floor) are air conditioned, special
lighting (excluding toilet, AHU room (lower ground level), and control room, around
the building) and other electrical devices such as computer, microphone, speaker and
etc.
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5.0 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Work Phases Chart
5
InceptionClarify scope of study
for Energy Audit
Building SelectionConducting Energy Audit for a Building
Preliminary Energy Audit Data
(Walk Through Building)Major Energy ConsumptionMajor end uses Identified as
follow:
General EquipmentsLightingAir conditioning
Data CollectionThree main data available as
follow:
Desktop Data Collection
Field Data Collection Cross checking of load demand data
Completing Missing DataUncompleted data is obtain from Field Measurement
Load Data Logger
Complete Data
Data PresentationEnd-uses load apportioning
using graph/chart
RecommendationIndentified Energy
Saving Measure
Comparison Before and After Energy Savings Measure
Using BEII, LEII, ACEII
Conclusion-Cost Saving Achieved
-Payback period strategy
[Figure] 5.1 Audit Methodology
i. Inception
The study is started with identifying the scope of study for the energy audit.
To understand the requirements for conducting an effective energy audit,
various information related to it are gathered. Most of the information for an
energy audit is obtains from the “Guidelines for Conducting Energy Audit in
Commercial Buildings” and also from the internet.
ii. Building Selection
The building selection for the energy audit is Central Teaching Facilities 1
(CTF 1) of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. CTF 1 is selected since energy audit
for this building has not yet been developed. For this selection, gross total area
of CTF 1 is 12300m2.
iii. Preliminary Energy Audit
Preliminary Energy Audit is conducted mainly to get know the energy
consumption of CTF 1 based on the historical billing data. Since the electricity
supply of UNIMAS is a centralised system which distributed from the Main
Intake Station (MIS), therefore only electric bills from MIS for the whole
energy consumption of buildings inside UNIMAS is available. To acquire
energy consumption by CTF 1, estimation of cost for various systems and
equipments inside CTF1 is done.
iv. Major Energy Consumption
Most of the buildings in Malaysia consume energy from three major end uses
which identified as air conditioning, lighting and general
equipments/appliances. Similarly, for the energy audit of CTF 1, the major
energy consumption is comprised of these three major end uses.
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v. Data Collection
Data for the major end uses namely air conditioning, lighting and general
equipments is gathered from the desktop data collection, field data collection,
and cross checking of load demand data. Desktop data collection comprise of
the data obtain from schematic diagrams and layout drawings such as
Electrical, Mechanical and Architectural plan. The field data collection
involved counting and measuring the end uses at CTF 1. Measuring is done
using suitable apparatus such as clamp meter. The field measurement is also
conducted to get missing data which cannot be acquired from desktop data
collection. Cross checking of load data is then prepared to check accuracy of
the data from desktop and field data collection with the load data logger.
vi. Data presentation
Data presentation is considered as the result and analysis for the energy audit
of CTF 1. The whole completed data is concluded in a simple manner in form
of pie & bar chart and graphs. From the charts and graphs, results of data
collection are analysed in order to come out with suitable recommendation.
vii. Recommendation
Recommendation is made to identify few probable energy saving measures
that can be implemented at CTF 1 based on the result and analysis.
viii. Comparison Before and After Energy Savings Measure
Comparison is done between before and after implementing energy saving
measures using computation of Building Energy Index. From here cost
savings for the energy saving measures are determined. If the energy saving
measure required extra financial resources for purchasing new technologies,
the payback period for implementing such measure will also be determined.
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6.0 ENERGY AUDIT DATA & ANALYSIS
6.1 Building Structure Data
6.1.1 Roof Data
Roof Data- Building Material Sound proof – Special Roof- Colour Light Green- Skylight (YES/NO) No- Skylight Dimension (m x m) -- Insulation (YES/NO) Yes- Total Area (m2) 2087.5- Insulated Area (m2) 2087.5
[Table 6.1] Roof Data
6.1.2 Floor Data
[Table 6.2] Floor Data
SR- Seminar RoomLT- Lecture Theatre
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Floor Gross Area (m2) Occupied Area (m2) Air Conditioned Area
Ground Floor – Lecture Theatre 683.50 520.53 520.53 – Toilet (LT) 76.22 76.22 - – SR1 270.00 192.00 192.00 – SR2 270.00 192.00 192.00 – SR3 288.00 192.00 192.00 – Toilet (SR) 96.00 96.00 - – Management Office
48.00 48.00 48.00
– Outside 323.00 - -Sub-Total 2054.72 1316.75 1144.53
1st Floor – SR4 270.00 192.00 192.00 – SR5 270.00 192.00 192.00 – SR6 288.00 192.00 192.00 – Toilet (SR) 96.00 96.00 - – Technician Office 48.00 48.00 48.00 – Outside 288.00 - -
Sub-Total 1260.00 720.00 624.00Total 3314.72 2036.75 1768.53
6.1.3 Wall Data
[Table 6.3] Wall data
6.1.4 Room Data[Table 6.4] Room Data
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Wall DataFacing HEP Facing FK Facing Lake(LT)
Orientation Orientation Orientation
-Material Concrete -Material Concrete -Material Concrete -Colour White -Colour White -Colour White
-Area 1531.2m2 -Area 1178.4 m2 -Area 778.8 m2
-Thickness 115mm -Thickness 115mm -Thickness 115mm -Comments -Comments -Comments
Windows Windows Windows
-Material Glass -Material Glass -Material Glass -Shading Yes -Shading Yes -Shading Yes
-Area 120m2 -Area 65m2 -Area --Shading
coefficient (2)Reflective film
-Shading coefficient (2)
Reflective film
-Shading coefficient (2)
Reflective film
-Overhang (3) No -Overhang (3) No -Overhang (3)
No
-Blinds (3) No -Blinds (3) No -Blinds (3) No-Side reveals(3) No -Side reveals(3) No -Side
reveals(3)No
-Curtains (3) No -Curtains (3) No -Curtains (3) No-Comments on
windows air infiltration
-Comments on windows air
infiltration
-Comments on windows
air infiltrationOutside Door
(Structure)Outside Door
(Structure)Outside Door
(Structure) -Open/Close(4
)Close -Open/Close(4) Close -Open/Close(
4)Close
-Comments on door air infiltration
No infiltration
-Comments on door air infiltration
No infiltration
-Comments on door air infiltration
No infiltration
7.0 SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS DATA
7.1 Lighting Equipment Data
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Level Room No./DescriptionNo. of people
Temp [oC] Wall Colour Remarks
G Lecture Theatre 510 24 White/Brown Wall-Absorb Sound
SR1 150 23 White SR2 150 23 White SR3 150 23 WhiteManagement Office 5 21 White
1st SR4 150 23 White SR5 150 23 White SR6 150 23 WhiteTechnician Office 3 21 White
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[Figure 7.1] Lighting System and Their Power Consumption (kW)
From the graph, Open Cone Downlight has the highest power consumption
followed by Aluminium Up/Down Lighter, and then Recessed Fluorescent Fitting.
From the table, individual Open Cone Downlight also has the highest power
consumption which is 150 watts. Second and third largest for individual power
consumption are Aluminium Up/Down Lighter and Halogen Downlight with 80 watts
and 50 watts respectively. In terms of amount of lamps that being used, Recessed
Fluorescent Fitting has the highest amount being used which is148, followed by
Mounted Downlight, Aluminium Up/Down Lighter and Open Cone Downlight with
136, 114, and 111 respectively.
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Mounted Downlig
ht
Aluminium Up/Down Li
ghter
Bare Chan
nel Flu
oresce
nt Fitti
ng Colour 8
4 Tube
Recess
ed Fl
uoresce
nt Fitti
ng
Self C
ontained
Keluar
Sign
PLC La
mp Surfa
ce M
ounted Li
ght F
itting
Surfa
ce M
ounted Li
ght F
itting
Recess
ed M
ounted Downlig
ht
Haloge
n Downlight
PLC Rec
essed
Type D
ownlight
Recess
ed Ty
pe Downlig
ht
PLC Ceil
ing Mounted
Ligh
ting
Open Cone D
ownlight
Haloge
n Downlight
Bare Chan
nel Flu
oresce
nt Fitti
ng Colour 8
4 Tube
PLC Rec
essed
Type D
ownlight
Recess
ed Ty
pe Downlig
ht
Self C
ontained
Essen
tial Lig
ht 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Kilo
watt
s, kW
7.2 Air conditioning Data
In the analysis of energy consumption for air conditioning system, data
collection for the system itself has been further divided into 5 subsystems which
identified as Air Handling Unit, Split Unit, Chilled Water Supply Fan Coil Unit,
Exhaust Fan Coil Unit and Chillers Water Pump system. Note that, chillers are not
included in this analysis since the chillers system is a centralised system which is
controlled from MEP.
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7.2.1 Split Unit Data
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7.2.2 Air Handling Unit Data
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15
7.2.2 Air Handling Unit Data
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Ground AHU/CTF
1/G/1
Ground AHU/CTF
1/G/2
Ground AHU/CTF
1/G/3
Ground AHU/CTF
1/G/4
First AHU/CTF 1/2F/1
First AHU/CTF 1/2F/2
First AHU/CTF 1/2F/3
Sup-ply Sug-gested
10.92 10.92 10.92 11.73 11.33 11.33 11.33
Sup-ply Actual
18.5 19 17.6 19.9 19.2 20 18.4
Re-turn Sug-gested
25.75 25.75 25.75 27.15 26.05 26.05 26.05
Re-turn Actual
21.8 30.5 23.2 24.7 23.3 23.4 22.9
2.57.5
12.517.522.527.532.5
Tem
pera
ture
, oC
[Figure 7.2] AHU Suggested and Actual Temperature
From the AHU data of CTF1, actual temperature for every AHU differs from
the suggested temperature provided from the M&E drawing. From the graph above,
for suggested temperature, supply air with average temperature of 110C has
significant rise in temperature (approx. 150C) as the air returned back to AHU. On the
other hand, for the actual temperature, supply air with average temperature between
18-200C shows slight changes in temperature increase which is approximately 4-50C.
The main idea for the huge difference between suggested and actual air
temperature handle by AHU is based on the number of occupants accommodated for
every seminar room and the lecture theatre. This is because, the suggested air
temperature is supplied in order to accommodate a seminar room with 150 people and
also assuming that at all time all rooms are occupied, but in actual situation number of
people occupying the room is less than 150 and also there are certain time the rooms
are totally empty.
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Thus, in actual situation, air temperature only has slight increase when it
return back to AHU since the heat transfer from the people to the air inside the rooms
are much lesser compared with when the room meet it capacity (150 people). Similar
situation also happens in the lecture theatre. In order to deal with actual situation, staff
from MEP has increase the temperature of air into AHU so that the temperature inside
the rooms are in the ideal state and the returned air can be as closed as the suggested
return air.
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7.2.3 Chilled Water Supply Fan coil Unit
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[Figure 7.3] Chilled Water Supply Fan Coil Unit
In CTF1 there are three supply chilled water fan coil unit whereby each has a
power consumption of 72 watts. Total power consumptions for these three units of
chilled water fan coil are 216 watts. Temperature of chilled water in and out for each
room is mostly governed by the number of occupants inside it. For instance in the VIP
room temperature of in and out are nearly the same since the room has no occupants
and it is always closed.
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FUC/CTF 1/G/1 FUC/CTF 1/G/2 FUC/CTF 1/2F/10
5
10
15
20
25
30
InOut
Tem
pera
ture
, ºC
7.2.4 Exhaust Fan Coil Unit
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21
[Figure 7.4] Exhaust Fan Coil Unit
From graph above, power consumption for every fan coil unit are different
with one and another even most of them are from the same brand. This is may be
depend on the amount of the discharge air into the room and may also depend on the
size room along with number of occupants inside the room. The highest power for a
fan coil unit is 740 watts whereas the lowest is 70 watts. Most of the exhaust fan coil
units consume average power ranging between 180 watts and 340 watts. Total power
use by the exhaust fan coil unit is 5480 watts.
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EF/C
TF 1/G
/1
EF/C
TF 1/G
/2
EF/C
TF 1/G
/3
EF/C
TF 1/G
/4
EF/C
TF 1/G
/5
EF/C
TF 1/G
/6
EF/C
TF 1/G
/7
EF/C
TF 1/G
/8
EF/C
TF 1/1
F/1
EF/C
TF 1/1
F/2
EF/C
TF 1/1
F/3
EF/C
TF 1/2
F/1
EF/C
TF 1/2
F/2
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/1
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/2
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/3
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/4
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/5
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/6
EF/C
TF 1/3
F/70.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80Ki
low
atts,
kW
7.2.5 Chilled Water Pump
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23
TCHWP/CTF 1/1 TCHWP/CTF 1/2 TCHWP/CTF 1/30
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pow
er, k
W
[Figure 7.5] Chilled Water Pump
Three tertiary pumps are used to drive chilled water from the Mechanical and
Electrical Plant (MEP) into the air-conditioning system inside CTF1. Total power
consumptions by these pumps are 27500 watts.
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7.3 General Equipments Data
Xperlu print
25
Computer
Printer
Sound Sy
stem Lift
Projec
tor
Vending M
achine
Wate
r Disp
enser
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Power, kW
General Equipment
Tota
l Pow
er, k
W
[Figure 7.6] General Equipment
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8.0 RESULT
8.1 Percentage of Energy Consumption
End Uses Description
Total Energy (kW)
Percentage (%)
Total Unit kWH
Lighting Lighting 41.70 30.31 542.10
Air Conditioning
Split Unit 2.52 1.83 32.76AHU 39.50 28.71 513.50
Fan Coil Unit 5.70 4.14 74.10Chilled Water
Pump27.50 19.98 357.50
General Equipments
General Equipments
20.66 15.02 268.58
Total 137.58 100.00 1788.54[Table 8.1] Total of Energy Consumption
Lighting 30.31%
Split Unit 1.83%
AHU 28.71%
Fan coil Unit 4.14%
Chilled Water Pumps 19.98%
General Equipments
15.02%
[Figure 8.1] Percentage of Power/Energy (Electricity) Consumption
Pie chart above shows the overall power/energy (electricity) consumption in
kilowatts for major end uses in CTF1. The Air Conditioning system taken up the
highest percentage with 54.67%, followed by lighting which has 30.31% and lastly
General Equipments with 15.02% of energy consumption. This result also shows that
the CTF1 has almost similar proportion of major end uses energy consumption in
most of unresidential buildings in Malaysia of which having proportion of 60% for air
conditioning, 30 for lighting and 10% for general equipment.
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8.2 Cost Estimation for Energy Consumption
Cost estimation for a period of a year of CTF1 is established since the
historical billing data cannot be used. This is because historical billing data comprise
the overall electricity consumption for the whole New Campus, UNIMAS whereby
the total electric consumption of CTF1 alone cannot be identified.
Description Total Energy (kW)
Total Unit kWH
TariffTotal
Charge Per Day (RM)
Total Charge Per
Month (RM)
Lighting 41.70 542.10
C2- RM16 for each
kilowatts of maximum
demand per month
667.2 15345.6
Split Unit 2.52 32.76 40.32 927.36
AHU 39.50 513.50 632 14536
Fan Coil Unit 5.70 74.10 91.2 2097.6
Chilled Water Pump
27.50 357.50 440 10120
General Equipments
20.66 268.58 330.56 7602.88
Total 137.58 1788.54 2201.28 50629.44[Table 8.2] Tariff of Electricity
Source: SESCO
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Estimated proportion of monthly charge for CTF1 from overall charge of New Campus:
[Table 8.3]
Monthly Charge for New Campus Based On 2009
RM50629.44 (5.82%)
RM818652.56 (94.18%)
CTF1Other than CTF 1
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Month
Monthly Cost in 2009
(RM)
New Campus Average
Jan 814247.75Feb 829370.50
869282
Mac 916059.00Apr 916150.75May 848372.25Jun 794684.25July 930477.75Aug 920568.25Sept 847268.00Oct 947518.00Nov 871395.13
Dec 795272.25
[Figure 8.2] Proportion of Monthly Charge for CTF1 compared to New Campus
8.3 Building Energy Index (BEI)
The degree of energy efficiency of a building is normally measured and
compared in Building Energy Index (BEI). The BEI is expressed in total energy used,
which is normally the total kWH of electricity per square metre per annum
(kWh/m2/year) of the building's net area. An energy efficient building should aim for
a lower BEI. In Malaysia, the recommended BEI of an energy efficient building is
from 200-250 kWh/m2/year.BEI for CTF1 is determined as follow:
DescriptionTotal Unit,
kWH Area of CTF1, m2Energy consumption,
kW/m2/yr PercentageLighting 542.10 12300 112.30 30.31
Split Unit 32.76 12300 6.79 1.83
AHU 513.50 12300 106.36 28.71
Fan Coil Unit 74.10 12300 15.35 4.14
Water Pump 357.50 12300 74.06 19.98
General Equipment 268.58 12300 55.64 15.02
Total 1788.54 370.50 100.00[Table 8.4] Building Energy Index of CTF1 (BEI)
BEI = 1788.54kWh÷12300m2 ÷( 1196 ×13 )yr
= 370.50kWh/m2/yr.
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8.4 Estimated Emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from CTF1
Estimated emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from CTF1 is done as part of
assessing amount of CO2 released from energy/electricity usage from the various
systems in CTF1. Beside this estimation is done to address nowadays issue such as
global warming. Global warming, as we know has become a matter of great concern
worldwide. One of the major contributors to the problem is uncontrolled release of
global warming agent, carbon dioxide (CO2).The harmful CO2 which is also a
greenhouse gas which released into the atmosphere each time the power plant
generate electricity.
One of the ways to address this issue is by building innovative sustainable
buildings or buildings that use energy efficiently. Efficient use of energy will reduce
the rate of harmful CO2 emission and contribute towards a better environment.
Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the greenhouse gas emission into
the environment due to the embodied energy used during its construction and
operation. The longer its lifespan, the higher accumulated energy is used and more
CO2 is released into the atmosphere.
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CO2 emission of CTF1 is determined as follow:
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Electricity Audit CalculatorColumn A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G Column H Column I Column J Column K Column L Column M
EquipmentNumber of
itemsAverage
Wattage (w)
Hours in use per
day
Number of days in use per
year
kWh used per day
kWh used per year
Average Wattage on stand-
by (w)
Hours on stand-by per day
Number of days on stand-by during a
year
kWh left on stand-
by per day
kWh left on stand-
by per year
Total kg CO2 per
year for this item
Mounted Downlight 136 13 13 196 23 4505 0 0 4811Aluminium Up/Down Lighter 114 80 13 196 119 23238 0 0 24818Bare Channel Fluorescent
Fitting Colour 84 Tube 62 18 13 196 15 2844 0 0 3037Recessed Fluorescent Fitting 148 36 13 196 69 13576 0 0 14499
Self Contained Keluar Sign 32 13 13 196 5 1060 0 0 1132PLC Lamp Surface Mounted Light Fitting 68 13 13 196 11 2252 0 0 2406
Surface Mounted Light Fitting 6 18 13 196 1 275 0 0 294Recessed Mounted Downlight 96 18 13 196 22 4403 0 0 4702
Halogen Downlight 15 50 13 196 10 1911 0 0 2041PLC Recessed Type Downlight 57 18 13 196 13 2614 0 0 2792
Recessed Type Downlight 12 26 13 196 4 795 0 0 849PLC Ceiling Mounted Lighting 4 13 13 196 1 132 0 0 142
Open Cone Downlight 111 150 13 196 216 42424 0 0 45309Halogen Downlight 15 50 13 196 10 1911 0 0 2041Bare Channel Fluorescent
Fitting Colour 84 Tube 19 18 13 196 4 871 0 0 931PLC Recessed Type Downlight 57 18 13 196 13 2614 0 0 2792
Recessed Type Downlight 12 26 13 196 4 795 0 0 849Self Contained Essential Light 1 13 13 196 0 33 0 0 35
AHU/CTF 1/G/1 1 4000 13 196 52 10192 0 0 10885AHU/CTF 1/G/2 1 4000 13 196 52 10192 0 0 10885AHU/CTF 1/G/3 1 4000 13 196 52 10192 0 0 10885AHU/CTF 1/G/4 1 11000 13 196 143 28028 0 0 29934AHU/CTF 1/2F/1 1 5500 13 196 72 14014 0 0 14967AHU/CTF 1/2F/2 1 5500 13 196 72 14014 0 0 14967AHU/CTF 1/2F/3 1 5500 13 196 72 14014 0 0 14967XFU/CTF 1/G/1 1 1260 13 196 16 3210 0 0 3429
XCU/CTF 1/G/1 1 1260 13 196 16 3210 0 0 3429FUC/CTF 1/G/1 1 72 13 196 1 183 0 0 196FUC/CTF 1/G/2 1 72 13 196 1 183 0 0 196FUC/CTF 1/2F/1 1 72 13 196 1 183 0 0 196EF/CTF 1/G/1 1 340 13 196 4 866 0 0 925
EF/CTF 1/G/2 1 340 13 196 4 866 0 0 925
EF/CTF 1/G/3 1 340 13 196 4 866 0 0 925
EF/CTF 1/G/4 1 340 13 196 4 866 0 0 925
EF/CTF 1/G/5 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/G/6 1 70 13 196 1 178 0 0 190
EF/CTF 1/G/7 1 360 13 196 5 917 0 0 980
EF/CTF 1/G/8 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/1F/1 1 740 13 196 10 1886 0 0 2014
EF/CTF 1/1F/2 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/1F/3 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/2F/1 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/2F/2 1 250 13 196 3 637 0 0 680
EF/CTF 1/3F/1 1 370 13 196 5 943 0 0 1007
EF/CTF 1/3F/2 1 370 13 196 5 943 0 0 1007
EF/CTF 1/3F/3 1 370 13 196 5 943 0 0 1007
EF/CTF 1/3F/4 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/3F/5 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/3F/6 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490
EF/CTF 1/3F/7 1 180 13 196 2 459 0 0 490TCHWP/CTF 1/1 1 11000 13 196 143 28028 0 0 29934TCHWP/CTF 1/2 1 11000 13 196 143 28028 0 0 29934TCHWP/CTF 1/3 1 5500 13 196 72 14014 0 0 14967
Computer 12 102 13 196 15.912 3118.752 35 3 46 1 58 3393Printer 3 70 13 196 2.73 535.08 15 3 46 0 6 578
Sound System 7 115 13 196 10.465 2051.14 17 3 46 0 16 2208Lift 1 15000 13 196 195 38220 500 11 166 6 913 41794
Projector 7 300 13 196 27.3 5350.8 35 3 46 1 34 5751Vending Machine 1 420 13 196 5.46 1070.16 42 11 166 0 77 1225Water Dispenser 1 900 13 196 11.7 2293.2 70 11 166 1 128 2586
Total 1789 350620 9 1232 375778
[Table 8.5] CO2 Emission of CTF1
9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Energy saving measure can be performed without additional cost should be
implemented immediately. Items such as filter schedule changes and lighting control
scenarios lead the list of non-capital items that will improve building performance.
9.1 Lighting
Lighting must be providing a suitable visual environment within a particular
space, for example; sufficient and suitable lighting for the performance of a range of
tasks and provision of a desired appearance. Based on our study for CTF 1 building,
the total of electricity/energy consumption for lighting system is 41.7kW. Therefore,
our team strongly recommends using of more efficient lamp/ballast systems and
luminaires. The fluorescent ballast loss shall not exceed 6.0 W. The maximum of
lighting power must be 15W/m2, for each of seminar room (SR 1 – 6) and lecture hall.
Luminaires shall be selected for efficient distribution of light without producing
discomfort glare. Therefore, we recommend that for each seminar room, lecture hall
must use 300 – 500 illuminance (LUX), for office is 300 – 400 illuminance (LUX),
toilet and lift, 100 illuminace (LUX).
Manual switch control lighting should be provided for each room to minimize
the usage of indoor electrical power on lighting. If a room was not occupied, the room
light, computer, projector and all electrical devices must be switch off by the
technician in charge, so that, the power consumption of lighting and other electrical
devices can be reduced and can extend the bulb and other electrical devices lifetime.
Besides that, install more reflective mirrors as it can reduce the amount of bulb usage.
By combining the bulb and the reflective mirror, more lighting areas can be cover and
more efficient compare to a bulb only/change each bulb with low power.
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For exterior lighting, it is suggestible to install an automatic switch. This is to
prevent any wasted power by switch on the light during days as there is no need to
switch on the light because there is a day light at outside CTF 1. The light will be
automatically switched on when it is dark/night.
9.2 Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system
Room comfort condition is dependent on various factors including air
temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity, clothing, metabolic rate and air
movement preference of the occupant. From the AHU data of CTF1, the actual
temperature, supply air with average temperature between 18-200C shows slight
changes in temperature increase which is approximately 4-50C.
Therefore, for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system we
recommend to install at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature in each
room. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of
sensors over a minimum range of between 22 °C to 27 °C, to control the temperature
in the room. Multi-stage thermostat should be provided for equipment exceeding
35/65 kWh.
Besides that, we also recommend for each system should be equipped with a
readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the energy used during periods of
non-use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system such as
manually adjustable automatic timing devices. Not all seminar room was occupied at
the same time, therefore it is really important to install the manually adjustable
automatic timing devices. Just on the system when the room is occupy only.
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It is recommended that consideration be given to the use of recovery systems
which will conserve energy (provided the amount expended is less than the amount
recovered) when the energy transfer potential and the operating hours are considered.
Recovered energy in excess of the new source of energy expended in the recovery
process may be used for control of temperature and humidity. Examples include the
use of condenser water for reheat, desuperheater heat reclaim, heat recovery wheel,
heat pipe or any other energy recovery technology.
For the mechanical ventilation system, each mechanical ventilation system
(supply and/or exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other
means for shut-off or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Examples of
such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle
programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.
Installation of an automatic door at the main entrance and shut permanently
back door of the room will reduced the air leakage of the room as at certain time, the
door always open even though it is supposedly close. Use the back door only if got
any emergency happen.
9.3 Other
For other electrical devices such as microphone, computer, projector, speaker,
and etc, it is advisable to turn off when the device is not used. The technician must
make sure that this equipment is properly used. It is better if this entire device was
control by a switch so that the device use according to its need.
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10.0 CONCLUSION
Based on data completion, electricity/energy consumption in kilowatts for
lighting system is 41.7kW, air-conditioning system is 83.79kW, and general
equipment is 20.66kW. The percentages of electricity/energy consumption for these
three aspects are 30.31%, 59.93% and 15.02% respectively.
To minimized the usage of the power in CTF 1, it is recommend to implement
energy saving measures in the building so that, it will create an awareness among the
user of the building on how to manage the energy usage in the building such as
lighting, aircond, and etc., efficiently.
REFERENCES
Yik, F. W. H, et al. (2001). A Detailed Energy Audit for Commercial Office Building
in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 5(3).
California Energy Commission. (2000). How To Hire An: Energy Auditor To Identify
Energy Efficiency Projects. California.
CEC (2000). “Guide to Preparing Feasibility Studies of Energy Efficiency Projects,”
Report P400-00-002, California Energy Commission.
Milan, C. B. (2002). “A Guidebook for Preparing Walk-Through Energy Audits of
Industrial Facilities,’ Bonneville Power Administration,
http://www.bpa.gov/Energy/N/reports/audit/index.shtml.
SESCO (2010). Electricity Tariff of Commercial Bulding. Retrieved from
http://www.sesco.com.my/sesco/english/tariff/html
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APPENDICES
Energy Audit Pictures:
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Auditor inside the Lift Motor Room AHU Room
Aluminium Up/Down Lighter Mounted Downlight
Recessed Fluorescent Fitting PLC Lamp Surface Mounted Light Fitting