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ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

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Page 1: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 1

FranceProjections of

Energy related CO2 emissions

Methodology and assumptions

Page 2: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 2

Projections carried outProjections carried out

• 1997 – MIES : Two scenarios up to 2020, base year 1992. Without measures and with measures

• 1998 – MIES: Updating the scenario with measures; base year 1997. Reference for the second national Communication

• 2001 – MIES, MATE, ADEME: Three scenarios up to 2020, base year 1997. Without measures, with existing measures, comprehensive National Programme. Input in the 3rd National Communication

Page 3: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 3

Overall organisationOverall organisationM I E SM I E S

MINISTRIES, socio-MINISTRIES, socio-economic assumptionseconomic assumptions

EXPERTS, technical EXPERTS, technical assumptionsassumptions

End-Use, bottom-up model MEDEE

Adjustment

for price/rebond

effectsEnergy Demand per end-use, Energy Balances

GHG emissions inventory, Common Reporting Format

SENARIO

SIMULATION

Page 4: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 4

Household social need:

intensity, satisfaction

degree

Production activity

Useful energy need

Physical, climatic,

technological context

Final energy demand

Utilisation device, energy

product, efficiency

MEDEE: a bottom-up end-use model to MEDEE: a bottom-up end-use model to assess policy measures within homogeneous assess policy measures within homogeneous

energy demand modulesenergy demand modules

Page 5: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 5

Agriculture

Final demand

End-uses

LECI’s Other

Branches

Industry

Individual

Collective

Road

Rail

Waterways

Air

Passengers Freight

Transport

Hot water

Cooking

Lighting

Appliances

Space heating

Air cond’

Flats Houses

Résidential

End-uses

Branches

Tertiairy

Irrigation

Engines

Fishing

Thermal

Electric

Products

MEDEE – Overall structureMEDEE – Overall structure

Page 6: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 6

MEDEE: how to account for policy measuresMEDEE: how to account for policy measures

Intensity of needs input variables

Prices, income

Technology input variables

Level and structure of the final energy

demand of the module

Regulations, voluntary

agreements, incentives

Service supply

Budget coefficients

MEASURES MEDEE INPUT PROJECTIONS

Page 7: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 7

Budget coefficients: an instrument to account for Budget coefficients: an instrument to account for interactions between economic and regulatory instrumentsinteractions between economic and regulatory instruments

History Future

Budget coefficient MEDEE calculation

Price effect

rebond effect

Trend

HouseholdsHouseholds

Page 8: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 8

History Future

Budget coefficient MEDEE calculation

Price effect on production

rebond effect

Trend

Budget coefficients: an instrument to account for Budget coefficients: an instrument to account for interactions between economic and regulatory instrumentsinteractions between economic and regulatory instruments

ProducersProducers

Page 9: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 9

Budget coefficient: example of motor carsBudget coefficient: example of motor cars

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%19

80

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

2013

2016

2019

Historical Projection

Fuel and lubricants, source INSEE

Scénario without measure

Page 10: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 10

Budget coefficients for motor cars: the Budget coefficients for motor cars: the lessons from historical evolutionslessons from historical evolutions

• Historical trend downwards: the scenario without measure indicates the bottom line of the budget coefficient in the future

• Historical short term fluctuations shows that the budget coefficient never get higher than 25% above the long term trend

• The historical elasticity of the budget coefficient to energy prices is roughly 0.85

Page 11: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 11

As compared to the scenario without measure, MEDEE calculates in 2010:

• A decrease of the budget coefficient: 0.07 point

•A decrease of the CO2 emissions: 3,8 MtC

Example: ACEA agreement combined with fuel Example: ACEA agreement combined with fuel tax harmonisation and carbon tax 500F99/tCtax harmonisation and carbon tax 500F99/tC

This result violates one of the fundamentals of the budget coefficient: it cannot remain permanently below the bottom line

Page 12: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 12

Example: ACEA agreement combined with fuel Example: ACEA agreement combined with fuel tax harmonisation and carbon tax 500F99/tCtax harmonisation and carbon tax 500F99/tC

Medee results are therefore « adjusted », taking into account the rebond effect:

• The budget coefficient is assumed to get back to the bottom line in 2010

• This implies that the CO2 emission reduction is limited to 3.1 MtC instead of 3.8

Burden sharing among the three measures is then: 0,8 MtC (29%), 1,2 MtC (37%) et 1,1 MtC 34%

Page 13: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 13

Findings – Evaluation of measuresFindings – Evaluation of measures

• The global impact of a package of measures is less than the addition of the impacts of all individual measures

• The reference as to the future « natural » trend of the budget coefficient may have a crucial importance in the ex-ante evaluation process

• The impact of one particular measure depends on all the other measures taken at the same time: there cannot be a single universal evaluation of this impact

Page 14: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 14

Findings – ModellingFindings – Modelling• Price elasticities give an accurate assessment of the impact of pricing-taxation measures only in case no regulatory measure is taken simultaneously

• Simulating feed-backs of budget coefficients on technical and economic determinants of the energy demand is almost impossible: only a global evaluation « off model » on energy demand and CO2 emissions is relevant

•Budget coefficients as instruments to evaluate rebond effects and impacts of packages of measures: efficient, but controversial

Page 15: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 15

Energy-CO2 projections, Energy-CO2 projections, 3rd National Communication, France3rd National Communication, France

SM - Scenario without policy measure dedicated to green house gas mitigation after 1990

AME – Scenario with policy measure dedicated to green house gas mitigation implemented before 31-12-1999

PNLCC - Scenario with all policy measures considered in the « Programme National de Lutte contre le Changement Climatique »

Page 16: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 16

Socio-economic assumptions - 1Socio-economic assumptions - 1 Economic growth

Demography

Agriculture 1.2%y

Non energy industry 2.1%y

Tertiary 2.7%y

Construction 1.0%y

GDPGDP 2.3%y2.3%y

Population + 2.3 millions

Households + 1.7 millions

Page 17: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 17

Socio-economic assumptions - 2Socio-economic assumptions - 2 Energy prices 2010

Traffic growth, without measure, 1997-2010

Oil (Brent) 25 US$/bbl

Natural gas 3.3 US$/Mbtu

Coal 40-50 US$/t

Private cars + 32%

Other, passengers + 18%

LDVs + 37%

Road freight + 42%

Other, freight - 9%

Page 18: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 18

Policies and measures - BuildingsPolicies and measures - Buildings

Titre de la mesure Contenu de la mesure

AME Définitions MEDEE

Résidentiel neuf Réglementation thermique (PNLCC p 102)

Coefficient d'isolation (G) des logements neufs à comportement normé

Tertiaire neuf Réglementation thermique (PNLCC p 102)

Variation des besoins unitaires par m3 des immeubles tertiaires neufs

Bâtiments existantsClassement des réseaux de chaleur

Rend obligatoire le raccordement des immeubles neufs

Part des logements neufs par types et énergies de chauffage

Bâtiments existants Incitations aux travaux de maîtrise de l'énergie sur les bâtiments existants (PNLCC p 103)

X

Variation des besoins unitaires par logement <1975, à comportement normé

Page 19: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 19

Policies and measures - BuildingsPolicies and measures - Buildings

Bâtiments existants de l'Etat

Variation des besoins unitaires par m3 des immeubles tertiaires < 1975

Taxation des émissions de CO2

Développement de l'utilisation du bois dans la construction

Actions de recherches; décrets prévus dans le cadre de la loi sur l'air

Renouvellement du parc

Effets de la politique en faveur du renouvellement du parc

XConstruction annuelle de logements neufs

Incitation aux travaux d'amélioration

Application du taux réduit de TVA aux travaux dans les logements

XVariation des besoins unitaires par logement <1975, à comportement normé

Titre de la mesure Contenu de la mesure

AME Définitions MEDEE

Page 20: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 20

Policies and measures - IndustryPolicies and measures - Industry

Titre de la mesure Contenu de la mesure

AME Définitions MEDEE

Accords volontaires Engagements de limitation des émissions de certains industriels

XBesoins spécifiques par tonne des IGCE, pour les usages thermiques et les usages électriques

Aides publiques en faveur de l'industrie

Relance de la politique de maîtrise de l'énergie X

Potentiels d'efficacité énergétique par usage dans les IL sur la durée de prévision, exprimés en % de baisse de l'intensité énergétique hors effets de structure

Taxes sur l'énergie consommée par l'industrie

Taxes sur les divers types d'énergies

idem

Page 21: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 21

Policies and measures - TransportPolicies and measures - Transport

Titre de la mesure Contenu de la mesure

AME Définitions MEDEE

Rattrapage de la fiscalité sur le gazole

Evolution de la fiscalité sur le gazole X

Variation de laTIPP sur les carburants

Dispositions techniques relatives aux poids lourds

XIndice de consommation spécifique des poids lourds par veh-km, pat type de camion

Actions institutionnelles concernant le transport routier des marchandises

Réglementation et contrôle du temps de travail X

Développement du transport intermodal

Aides et actions techniques; Financement par le FITTVN

XTrafic combiné rail-route (Gtkm)

Accord ACEA Accord au niveau européen sur la réduction des émissions moyennes des véhicules neufs

X

Consommation spécifique des voitures neuves par carburant et type

Page 22: ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions1 France Projections of Energy related CO2 emissions Methodology and assumptions

ENERDATA Brussels, 27-28 Feb. 2002 Projections of Greenhouse Gas Emssions 22

Policies and measures - TransportPolicies and measures - TransportTitre de la mesure Contenu de la

mesureAME Définitions MEDEE

Renouvellement du parc de véhicules

Prime pour le retrait des véhicules de plus de 10 ans

XTaux de renouvellement annuel du parc existant

Véhicules urbainsVéhicules alternatifs Promotion des

véhicules électriques et autres véhicules alternatifs

XPart des voitures neuves par énergie

Déplacements urbains

Plans de Déplacements Urbains et actions locales

X

Accroissement annuel moyen de la distance parcourue en transport collectif, par habitant, par milieu; indice de coût d'utilisation de la voiture en ville

Trains à grande vitesse

Développement du réseau TGV

X

Accroissement annuel moyen de la distance parcourue en transport collectif, par habitant, par milieu; kilométrage annuel des voitures en inter-urbain

Déplacements express régionaux

Développement du RER en région parisienne, et partenariats régionaux

X

Accroissement annuel moyen de la distance parcourue en transport collectif, par habitant, par milieu;kilométrage annuel des voitures en inter-urbain

Contrôle de vitesse des véhicules légers Renforcement du

respect des limitations de vitesse

XIndice de vitesse moyenne par zone