2006-2007 AP Biology

Endocrine SystemHormones

Reproduction

Regents Biology

Hormones Why are hormones needed?

chemical messages from one body part to cells in other parts of body

communication needed to coordinate whole body

maintaining homeostasis energy production growth development maturation reproduction

growth hormones

Regents Biology

Endocrine System Endocrine system releases hormones

glands which secrete chemical signals into blood

chemicals cause changes in other parts of body

slow, long-lasting responsegrowth hormonessex hormonesresponse hormonesmetabolism hormonesand more….

Regents Biology

Regulation by chemical messengers

axon

endocrine gland

receptor proteins

target cell

Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands

receptor proteins

hormone carried by blood

neurotransmitter

Regents Biology

Glands Pineal

melatonin Pituitary

many hormones: master gland

Thyroid thyroxine

Adrenal adrenaline

Pancreas insulin, glucagon

Ovary estrogen

Testes testosterone

Regents Biology

Body Regulation

hormones hormones

Nervous system & Endocrine system work together hypothalamus

“master nerve control center” receives information from

nerves around body about internal conditions

communicates with pituitary gland

“master gland” releases many hormones

sexual development, growth, milk production, pain-relief

Regents Biology

Maintaining homeostasis

high

low

hormone 1

lowersbody condition

hormone 2

gland

specific body condition

raisesbody condition

gland

Feedback

Regents Biology

Negative Feedback Response to changed body condition

every time body is high or low from normal level a signal tells the body to make changes that will bring body back to normal level

once body is back to normal level, signal is turned off

high

hormone 1

lowersbody condition

gland

specific body condition

Regents Biology

Controlling Body Temperature

high

low

nerve signals

sweat

nerve signals

brain

body temperature

shiver brain

dilates surfaceblood vessels

constricts surfaceblood vessels

Nervous System Control Feedback

Regents Biology

liver

pancreas

liver

Regulation of Blood Sugar

blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)

insulin

body cells takeup sugar

from blood

liver storessugar

reducesappetite

glucagon

pancreas

liver releases

sugartriggershunger

high

low

FeedbackEndocrine System Control

Regents Biology

Sex & Growth Hormones Large scale body

changes how do they work

turn genes on start new processes

in the body by turning genes on that were lying “dormant”

Regents Biology

Pituitary gland hormones Sex & reproductive hormones

FSH follicle stimulating hormone stimulates egg & sperm production

LH luteinizing hormone stimulates ovaries & testes prepares uterus for fertilized egg

oxytocin stimulates childbirth contractions releases milk in nursing mothers

prolactin milk production in nursing mothers

hormones hormones

Regents Biology

Reproductive hormones Testosterone

from testes sperm production

& secondary sexual characteristics

Estrogen from ovaries egg production,

preparing uterus for fertilized egg & secondary sexual characteristics

Regents Biology

Sperm production over 100 million produced per day! ~2.5 million released per drop!

Male reproductive system

Regents Biology

spermatocytes

seminiferoustubule

sperm

Regents Biology

Male reproductive system

Testes & epididymis sperm production &

maturation Glands

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethal

produce seminal fluid

nutrient-rich

Regents Biology

Male reproductive system Testicles

produces sperm & hormones Scrotum

sac that holds testicles outside of body Epididymis

where sperm mature Vas deferens

tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis Prostate, seminal vesicles,

Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm

Regents Biology

Female reproductive system

Regents Biology

Female reproductive system Ovaries

produces eggs & hormones Uterus

nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month Fallopian tubes

tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus Cervix

opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina

birth canal for birthing baby

Regents Biology

Female reproductive system

Regents Biology

Egg maturation in ovary

releasesprogesterone

maintainsuteruslining

produces estrogen

Regents Biology

LH

FSH

estrogen

progesterone

lining of uterus

egg developmentovulation = egg release

corpus luteum

0 7 14 21 28days

Menstrual cycle Controlled by

interaction of 4 hormones FSH & LH estrogen progesterone

Regents Biology

corpusluteumovary

Female reproductive cycle

pregnancy

maintainsuterus lining

no

yes

Feedback

estrogenegg

matures &is released(ovulation)

builds up uterus lining

FSH & LH

progesterone

progesterone

fertilized egg(zygote)

HCG

corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops

menstruation

corpusluteum

maintainsuterus lining

GnRH

pituitarygland

hypothalamus

Regents Biology

Female hormones FSH & LH

released from pituitary stimulates egg development & hormone release peak release = release of egg (ovulation)

Estrogen released from ovary cells around developing egg stimulates growth of lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation

Progesterone released from “corpus luteum” in ovaries

cells that used to take care of developing egg stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation

Regents Biology

Fertilization

2006-2007 AP Biology

Any Questions??

Regents Biology

What do they do? Maintain homeostasis

blood sugar level temperature control

Start a new process growth fetal development sexual development

Body Temperature

Regents Biology

Negative Feedback Negative feedback

every time body is high or low from normal level a signal tells the body to make changes that will bring body back body temperature control of blood sugar