endocrine system called ductless glands because they have no ducts connecting them to specific body...

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Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Called Called ductless glandsductless glands because because they have no ducts connecting they have no ducts connecting them to specific body partsthem to specific body parts

Secrete Secrete hormoneshormones released released directly into the bloodstreamdirectly into the bloodstream

EndocrinologyEndocrinology, the study of the , the study of the endocrine glands, is an important endocrine glands, is an important branch of modern medicine. branch of modern medicine. Endocrinologists are medical Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in doctors who specialize in researching and treating disorders researching and treating disorders and diseases of the endocrine and diseases of the endocrine system.system.

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System, group of , group of specialized organs and body specialized organs and body tissues that produce, store, tissues that produce, store, and secrete chemical and secrete chemical substances known as substances known as hormoneshormones. .

HormonesHormones are chemical are chemical messengers produced by a messengers produced by a tissue or organ and tissue or organ and secreted secreted directly into the bloodstreamdirectly into the bloodstream affecting specific affecting specific target cells.target cells.

Hormone effects

stimulation or inhibition of growthinduction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death)activation or inhibition of the immune system regulation of metabolismpreparation for a new activity (e.g., fighting, fleeing, mating)

Hormone effects preparation for a new phase of life (e.g., puberty, caring for offspring, menopause) controlling the reproductive cycle

In many cases, one hormone may regulate the production and release of other hormones

How the System WorksHow the System Works

Secreted directly into the Secreted directly into the bloodstreambloodstream

Special proteins usually bind to Special proteins usually bind to them to keep them intact them to keep them intact

Only a small fraction of the Only a small fraction of the hormone circulates in the blood to hormone circulates in the blood to affect the target tissue affect the target tissue

How the System WorksHow the System Works

Receptors in the target tissue, bind Receptors in the target tissue, bind with the hormones with the hormones

Induction of chemical changes Induction of chemical changes Only minute concentrations are Only minute concentrations are

needed to achieve the desired effectneeded to achieve the desired effect

Hormone RegulationHormone Regulation

When one hormone stimulates When one hormone stimulates the production of a second, the the production of a second, the second suppresses the second suppresses the production of the first. production of the first.

Example:Example: The follicle stimulating The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the hormone (FSH) stimulates the release of estrogens from the release of estrogens from the ovarian follicle. A high level of ovarian follicle. A high level of estrogen, in turn, suppresses estrogen, in turn, suppresses the further production of FSH.the further production of FSH.

Antagonistic pairs of Antagonistic pairs of hormones. hormones.

Example:Example: Insulin causes the Insulin causes the

level of blood sugar (glucose) level of blood sugar (glucose) to drop when it has risen. to drop when it has risen. Glucagon causes it to rise Glucagon causes it to rise when it has fallen. when it has fallen.

Hormone RegulationHormone Regulation

Hormone secretion is increased Hormone secretion is increased (or decreased) by the same (or decreased) by the same substance whose level is substance whose level is decreased (or increased) by the decreased (or increased) by the hormone. hormone.

Example:Example: A rising level of CaA rising level of Ca+2+2 in in the blood suppresses the the blood suppresses the production of the parathyroid production of the parathyroid hormone (PTH). A low level of Cahormone (PTH). A low level of Ca+2+2 stimulates it.stimulates it.

Hormone RegulationHormone Regulation

The primary glands that The primary glands that make up the human make up the human endocrine system are the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal body, and adrenal, pineal body, and reproductive glands—the reproductive glands—the ovary and testis. The ovary and testis. The pancreas, an organ often pancreas, an organ often associated with the associated with the digestive system, is also digestive system, is also considered part of the considered part of the endocrine system.endocrine system.

Hypothalamus GlandHypothalamus Gland Found deep within the brain, directly Found deep within the brain, directly

controls the pituitary glandcontrols the pituitary gland Coordinator of the endocrine systemCoordinator of the endocrine system. .

May secrete body chemicals that either May secrete body chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary gland to secretions from the pituitary gland to affect the other glands affect the other glands

The primary link between the The primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems.endocrine and nervous systems.

Hypothalamus Hypothalamus GlandGland

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

Often described as the Often described as the master master glandgland, the pituitary secretes , the pituitary secretes several hormones that several hormones that regulate the function of the regulate the function of the other endocrine glands.other endocrine glands.

It is divided into two parts: the It is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.lobe.

Pituitary GlandPituitary GlandANTERIOR LOBE ANTERIOR LOBE

HORMONESHORMONESEFFECT: stimulatesEFFECT: stimulates

Human growth Human growth hormone/ somatotropin hormone/ somatotropin

(HGH)(HGH)

Body skeletal growth Body skeletal growth and metabolismand metabolism

Gonadotropic hormone Gonadotropic hormone (GH)(GH)

Male and female sex Male and female sex organsorgans

Lactogenic hormone/ Lactogenic hormone/ ProlactinProlactin

Milk productionMilk production

Thyrotropic hormoneThyrotropic hormone Thyroid glandsThyroid glands

Adrenocorticotrophic Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands

Pituitary GlandPituitary GlandPOSTERIOR LOBE POSTERIOR LOBE

HORMONESHORMONESEFFECT: stimulatesEFFECT: stimulates

OxytocinOxytocinContractions of uterus/ Contractions of uterus/

milk productionmilk production

Vasopressin/ Anti-Vasopressin/ Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)diuretic hormone (ADH)

Reabsorption of water Reabsorption of water in kidneysin kidneys

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland The thyroid The thyroid

gland, located gland, located in the neck, in the neck, secretes secretes hormones in hormones in response to response to stimulation by stimulation by TSH from the TSH from the pituitary gland.pituitary gland.

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

HORMONESHORMONES EFFECTEFFECT

Thyroxine Thyroxine Stimulates the Stimulates the breakdown of nutrients breakdown of nutrients

to release energyto release energy

CalcitoninCalcitonin Affects the level of Affects the level of calcium in the blood calcium in the blood and phosphate in the and phosphate in the

bonebone

Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands

The parathyroid The parathyroid glands are four glands are four small glands small glands located at the located at the four corners of four corners of the thyroid the thyroid gland. gland.

Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands

HORMONEHORMONE EFFECTEFFECT

Parathyroid hormone/ Parathyroid hormone/ Parathormone (PTH)Parathormone (PTH)

Balances the calcium Balances the calcium and phosphorus levels and phosphorus levels

in the bloodin the blood

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands Located on top of the kidneysLocated on top of the kidneys The outer part, called the adrenal The outer part, called the adrenal

cortex, produces a variety of cortex, produces a variety of hormones called corticosteroids, hormones called corticosteroids, which include cortisol which include cortisol

The inner part, the adrenal The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces medulla, produces catecholamines, such as catecholamines, such as epinephrine, also called epinephrine, also called adrenalineadrenaline

Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland HORMONESHORMONES EFFECT: stimulatesEFFECT: stimulates

EpinephrineEpinephrine Triggers various Triggers various physiological changes in the physiological changes in the body during stressful l body during stressful l conditions conditions

MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids Balance salt and water in Balance salt and water in the kidneysthe kidneys

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids Promote increase in blood Promote increase in blood glucoseglucose

Sex hormonesSex hormones

Promote development of Promote development of sexual characteristicssexual characteristics

Pineal Gland/ BodyPineal Gland/ Body

Located in the middle of the brainLocated in the middle of the brain Secretes Secretes melatoninmelatonin, that may help , that may help

regulate the wake-sleep cycleregulate the wake-sleep cycle Research has shown that Research has shown that

disturbances in the secretion of disturbances in the secretion of melatonin are responsible, in part, melatonin are responsible, in part, for the jet lag associated with long-for the jet lag associated with long-distance air travel.distance air travel.

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

PancreasPancreas Although part of Although part of

the digestive the digestive system, it is also system, it is also considered to be considered to be part of the part of the endocrine system. endocrine system. The pancreas is The pancreas is positioned in the positioned in the upper abdomen, upper abdomen, just under the just under the stomach.stomach.

Pancreas: Islets of Pancreas: Islets of LangerhansLangerhans

HORMONESHORMONES EFFECTEFFECT

Glucagon (Alpha Glucagon (Alpha cells)cells)

Allows the liver to convert Allows the liver to convert glycogen to glucoseglycogen to glucose

Insulin (Beta cells)Insulin (Beta cells) Regulates sugar oxidation Regulates sugar oxidation in tissuesin tissues

Enables liver to store Enables liver to store sugarsugar

OvariesOvaries Located in the pelvis and produce Located in the pelvis and produce

egg cellsegg cells They also secrete a number of They also secrete a number of

female sex hormones, including female sex hormones, including estrogenestrogen and and progesteroneprogesterone, which , which control development of the control development of the reproductive organs, stimulate reproductive organs, stimulate the appearance of female the appearance of female secondary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics, and regulate menstruation and and regulate menstruation and pregnancy.pregnancy.

OvariesOvaries

TestesTestes Located in the scrotum, produce sperm Located in the scrotum, produce sperm

cells and also secrete a number of cells and also secrete a number of male sex hormones, or androgens. male sex hormones, or androgens.

The androgens, the most important of The androgens, the most important of which is which is testosteronetestosterone, regulate , regulate development of the reproductive development of the reproductive organs,organs, stimulate male secondary sex stimulate male secondary sex characteristics, and stimulate muscle characteristics, and stimulate muscle growth.growth.

TestesTestes

DiseasesDiseases

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of vasopressin, one of the deficiency of vasopressin, one of the antidiuretic hormones (ADH) secreted by antidiuretic hormones (ADH) secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Patients often experience increased thirst Patients often experience increased thirst and urination. Treatment is with drugs, and urination. Treatment is with drugs, such as synthetic vasopressin, that help such as synthetic vasopressin, that help the body maintain water and electrolyte the body maintain water and electrolyte balance.balance.

DiseasesDiseases

Addison's disease is caused by decreased Addison's disease is caused by decreased function of the adrenal cortex. Weakness, function of the adrenal cortex. Weakness, fatigue, abdominal pains, nausea, fatigue, abdominal pains, nausea, dehydration, fever, and dehydration, fever, and hyperpigmentation (tanning without sun hyperpigmentation (tanning without sun exposure) are among the many possible exposure) are among the many possible symptoms. Treatment involves providing symptoms. Treatment involves providing the body with replacement corticosteroid the body with replacement corticosteroid hormones as well as dietary salt.hormones as well as dietary salt.

DiseasesDiseases

Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, the subgroup of secretion of glucocorticoids, the subgroup of corticosteroid hormones that includes corticosteroid hormones that includes hydrocortisone, by the adrenal glands. hydrocortisone, by the adrenal glands. Symptoms may develop over many years prior Symptoms may develop over many years prior to diagnosis and may include obesity, physical to diagnosis and may include obesity, physical weakness, easily bruised skin, acne, weakness, easily bruised skin, acne, hypertension, and psychological changes. hypertension, and psychological changes. Treatment may include surgery, radiation Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or blockage of hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or blockage of hormone production with drugs.production with drugs.

DiseasesDiseases Acromegaly and gigantism are caused by Acromegaly and gigantism are caused by

a pituitary tumor that stimulates a pituitary tumor that stimulates production of excessive growth hormone, production of excessive growth hormone, causing abnormal growth in particular causing abnormal growth in particular parts of the body. Acromegaly is rare and parts of the body. Acromegaly is rare and usually develops over many years in adult usually develops over many years in adult subjects. Gigantism occurs when the subjects. Gigantism occurs when the excess of growth hormone begins in excess of growth hormone begins in childhood.childhood.

TriviaTrivia What organ is both an exocrine & endocrine What organ is both an exocrine & endocrine

gland? gland? The pancreas is an exocrine gland because it The pancreas is an exocrine gland because it

releases digestive juices to complete the releases digestive juices to complete the breakdown carbohydrates into the small breakdown carbohydrates into the small intestine. The pancreas is also an endocrine intestine. The pancreas is also an endocrine because it has clusters of cell (islets of because it has clusters of cell (islets of Langerhans) that secrete hormones such as Langerhans) that secrete hormones such as glucagon & insulin directly into the blood glucagon & insulin directly into the blood streamstream

TriviaTrivia Who is the tallest living man? Who is the tallest living man?

Radhouane Charbib at 2 m 35.9 Radhouane Charbib at 2 m 35.9 cm (7 ft 8.9 in) cm (7 ft 8.9 in)

Who is the tallest living woman?Who is the tallest living woman? Sandy Allen at 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in) Sandy Allen at 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in)

Who is the tallest man?Who is the tallest man? Robert Pershing Wadlow at 272 Robert Pershing Wadlow at 272

cm(8 ft 11 in)cm(8 ft 11 in)

TriviaTrivia What is the tallest tribe?What is the tallest tribe?

The TutsiThe Tutsi(A.K.A the Watussi) (A.K.A the Watussi) Average 1.83 m (6 ft) Average 1.83 m (6 ft)

What is the shortest tribe?What is the shortest tribe? Mbutsi tribe Mbutsi tribe

Average men's heightAverage men's height137 cm (4 ft 6 in) 137 cm (4 ft 6 in)

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