endocrine system
DESCRIPTION
13. Endocrine System. Learning Outcomes. Describe the vital function of the endocrine system. State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the endocrine system. Identify the various hormones secreted by the endocrine glands and their hormonal function. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Medical TerminologyMedical TerminologyA Word-Building Approach
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
CHAPTER
Seventh Edition
Endocrine System
13
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
• Describe the vital function of the endocrine system.
• State the description and primary functions of the organs/structures of the endocrine system.
• Identify the various hormones secreted by the endocrine glands and their hormonal function.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
• Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words.
• Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter.
• Describe diagnostic and laboratory tests related to the endocrine system.
• Identify and define selected abbreviations.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory
Slide 13 Endocrine System Animation
Slide 14 Chemical Messengers Animation
Slide 49 Diabetes Video
Slide 50 Adolescent Diabetes Video
Slide 74 Hypoglycemia Animation
Slide 75 Hyperglycemia Animation
Slide 93 Insulin Video
Slide 98 Glucose Evaluation Video
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands and the hormones they secrete.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Endocrine glands are the body’s main hormone producers; some other organs produce and release hormones:– Brain
– Heart
– Lungs
– Liver
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Endocrine glands are the body’s main hormone producers; some other organs produce and release hormones:– Skin
– Thymus
– Gastrointestinal mucosa
– Placenta during pregnancy
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Primary glands of the endocrine system:– Pituitary– Pineal– Thyroid– Parathyroid– Islets of Langerhans– Adrenals– Ovaries in the female– Testes in the male
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.1Primary glands of the endocrine system.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Vital function of endocrine system: Production and regulation of chemical substances called hormones.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Hormones– Chemical transmitters released in small
amounts and transported via bloodstream to a target organ or other cells.
– Transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another.
– Regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, homeostasis, metabolism, sexual function in male and female.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Insert table 13-1
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Endocrine System AnimationEndocrine System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the endocrine system.The animation may take a moment to begin playing.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Chemical Messengers AnimationChemical Messengers Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the three types of chemical messengers.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of specific hormones that are caused by or are associated with pathological conditions.
• Controlling the production of or replacing specific hormones can treat many hormonal disorders and/or conditions.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Hypothalamus – A collection of specialized cells located in the
lower central part of the brain.– Is the primary link between the endocrine and
nervous system.– Nerve cells control pituitary gland by
producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology OverviewOverview
• Hypothalamus– Exerts direct nervous control over the anterior
pituitary and the adrenal medulla.– Controls the secretion of hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Table 13.2Summary of the Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Hormonal Functions
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Table 13.2 (continued)Summary of the Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Hormonal Functions
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Table 13.2 (continued)Summary of the Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Hormonal Functions
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Insert table 13-2
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Table 13.2 (continued)Summary of the Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Hormonal Functions
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Table 13.2 (continued)Summary of the Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Hormonal Functions
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Insert table 13-2
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Table 13.2 (continued)Summary of the Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Hormonal Functions
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Most of the structures and glands of the endocrine system develop during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
• Endocrine system of newborn is supplemented by hormones that cross placental barrier.
• Both male and female newborns may have swelling of the breasts and genitalia from maternal hormones.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
• A small gray gland located at the base of the brain.
• Lies or rests in a shallow depression of the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica.
• Attached by infundibulum stalk to hypothalamus.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
• Divided into anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
• Also called the master gland of the body because of its regulatory effects on the other endocrine glands.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
• Anterior Lobe– Also called the adenohypophysis.– Secretes several hormones essential for
growth and development of bones, muscles, other organs, sex glands, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal cortex.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.2Pituitary hormones and their target cells, tissues, and/or organs.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
• Posterior Lobe– Also called the neurohypophysis.– Stores and secretes two important hormones,
ADH and oxytocin, that are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pineal GlandPineal Gland
• Small, pine cone-shaped gland located near the posterior end of corpus callosum.
• Secretes hormones melatonin and serotonin.– Melatonin can be released at night to help
regulate release of gonadotropin.– Serotonin is a neurotransmitter,
vasoconstrictor, and smooth muscle stimulant and acts to inhibit gastric secretion.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
• Large, bilobed gland located in neck.• Plays a vital role in metabolism and
regulates body's metabolic processes.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.3Thyroid gland.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
• Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 results in:
– cretinism during infancy– myxedema during adulthood– Hashimoto’s disease
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
• Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 results in:
– hyperthyroidism, also called thyrotoxicosis– Graves’ disease– exophthalmic goiter– toxic goiter– Basedow’s disease
• Simple or endemic goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands
• Small, yellowish-brown bodies occurring as two pairs located on the dorsal surface and lower aspect of the thyroid gland.
• Secrete parathyroid (PTH), or parathormone hormone.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.4Parathyroid glands.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands
• Hyposecretion of PTH can result in hypoparathyroidism, which can result in tetany (intermittent cramp or tonic muscular contractions).
• Hypersecretion of PTH can result in hyperparathyroidism, which may result in osteoporosis, kidney stones, and hypercalcemia.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.5Tetany of the hand in hypoparathyroidism.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
• The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of cells located within the pancreas.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
• The islets of Langerhans are composed of three major types of cells:– Alpha cells secrete glucagon, elevating blood
sugar.– Beta cells secrete insulin, maintaining normal
blood sugar.– Delta cells secrete somatostatin, which
suppresses release of glucagon and insulin.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.6Pancreas — an endocrine and exocrine gland.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.7Islets of Langerhans.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
• Hyposecretion or inadequate use of insulin may result in diabetes mellitus (DM).
• Hypersecretion of insulin may result in hyperinsulinism.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine system disorder of childhood.
• Symptoms include:– Polyuria– Polydipsia– Polyphagia
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Management of DM during childhood is very difficult because diet, exercise, and medication have to be adjusted and regulated according to growth and development stages.
• With aging, the number of tissue receptors decreases, thus diminishing the body’s response to hormones.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Older adults who develop Type 2 diabetes mellitus produce sufficient insulin, but because cell receptors are modified and/or reduced, glucose does not enter the cells.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diabetes VideoDiabetes Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adolescent Diabetes VideoAdolescent Diabetes Video
Click on the screenshot to view an video on the topic of adolescent diabetes.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Two small, triangular-shaped glands on top of each kidney.
• Each gland consists of:– an outer portion or cortex– an inner portion or medulla
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.8Adrenal glands.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Adrenal Cortex– The cortex is essential to life due to its
secretion of a group of hormones: Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Glucocorticoids– Cortisol (hydrocortisone): Principal steroid
hormone secreted by the cortex.– Hyposecretion of cortisol can result in
Addison’s disease.– Hypersecretion can result in Cushing’s
disease.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Glucocorticoids– Corticosterone: Steroid hormone secreted by
the adrenal cortex.– Essential for:
normal use of carbohydrates. absorption of glucose. formation of glycogen in the liver and tissues.
– Also influences potassium and sodium metabolism.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Mineralocorticoids– Aldosterone is the principal mineralocorticoid
secreted by the adrenal cortex.– Aldosterone is essential in regulating
electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride reabsorption and potassium excretion.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Mineralocorticoids– Hyposecretion can result in a reduced plasma
volume.– Hypersecretion can result in a condition
known as primary aldosteronism.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Androgens– Hormones that promote the development of
male characteristics.– The two main androgen hormones essential
for the development of the male secondary sex characteristics are: testosterone androsterone
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)Adrenal Glands (Suprarenals)
• Adrenal Medulla– Synthesizes, secretes, and stores
catecholamines, specifically the following: Dopamine: Dilates systemic arteries, elevates
systolic blood pressure, increases cardiac output, and increases urinary output.
Epinephrine (adrenaline): Acts as a vasoconstrictor, vasopressor, cardiac stimulant, antispasmodic, and sympathomimetic.
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): Acts as a vasoconstrictor, vasopressor, and neurotransmitter.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
OvariesOvaries
• Ovaries produce estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol) and progesterone.
• Estrogen is the female sex hormone secreted by the graafian follicles of the ovaries.
• Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
TestesTestes
• Produce the male sex hormone testosterone, which is important for:– Sexual development– Sexual behavior– Libido– Supporting spermatogenesis– Erectile function
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
PlacentaPlacenta
• During pregnancy, the placenta, containing separate vascular systems of the mother and fetus, serves as an endocrine gland.
• It produces chorionic gonadotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Gastrointestinal MucosaGastrointestinal Mucosa
• The mucosa secrete the following hormones:– Gastrin: Stimulates gastric acid secretion.– Secretin: Stimulates pancreatic juice, bile, and
intestinal secretion.– Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin: Stimluates the
pancreas.– Enterogastrone: Regulates gastric secretions.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
ThymusThymus
• A bilobed body located in the mediastinal cavity in front of and above the heart.
• Composed of lymphoid tissue and is a part of the lymphatic system.
• This ductless, glandlike body secretes:– Thymosin– Thymopoietin
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.9Thymus gland. (A) Appearance and position; (B) with anatomic structures.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
• Acidosis
• Acromegaly
• Addison’s disease
• Adenectomy
• Adenoma
acr/o
-megaly
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
= extremity
= enlargement
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
• Adenosis
• Adrenal
• Adrenalectomy
• Adrenopathy
• Androgen
andr/o
-gen
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
= formation, produce
= man
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
• Catecholamines
• Cortisone
• Cretinism
• Cushing’s disease
• Diabetes
• Dopamine
• Dwarfism
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.10(A) A 6-year-old child with congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism, exhibiting marked mental and physical retardation. (B) The same patient after 3
years of thyroxine therapy, which resulted in a spurt of growth and regression of pathological manifestations. Mental retardation is delayed.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.11Cushing’s syndrome patient showing round, red face; stocky neck; and marked obesity of the trunk with protruding abdomen. Note bruises on
trunk and legs and stretch marks and fat pads above the collar bone and on the back of the neck, which produces the buffalo hump.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• With the increase in obesity in children, as many as 1 out of 20 children who have diabetes has Type 2 diabetes.
• May be possible to prevent onset of Type 2 diabetes in both children and adults by:– eating a healthy diet– exercising for 30 minutes at least 5 days a
week– maintaining proper body weight
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Warning signs and symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus:– polyuria– polydipsia– polyphagia– unusual weight loss– fatigue– irritability– blurred vision
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Additional symptoms in Type 2 diabetes mellitus can include:– tingling or numbness in feet– frequent vaginal or skin infections
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Hypoglycemia AnimationHypoglycemia Animation
Click on the screenshot to view a video animation on the topic of hypoglycemia.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Hyperglycemia AnimationHyperglycemia Animation
Click on the screenshot to view a video animation on the topic of hyperglycemia.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
• Endocrine
• Endocrinologist
• Endocrinology
• Epinephrine
• Estrogen
• Euthyroid
endo-
crin/o
-logy
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
= within
= to secrete
= study of
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
• Exocrine
• Exophthalmic
• Galactorrhea
• Gigantism
• Glandular
• Glucocorticoid
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.12Patient with exophthalmos.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
• Hirsutism
• Hormone
• Hydrocortisone
• Hypergonadism
• Hyperinsulinism
• Hyperkalemia
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.13Hirsutism. (Courtesy Jason L. Smith, MD)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio Pronunciations Audio Pronunciations
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypogonadism
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypophysis
• Hypothyroidism
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT):– affects infants from birth– results from partial or complete loss of thyroid
function– occurs when thyroid gland fails to develop or
function properly
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• In 80% to 85% of cases, the thyroid gland is:– absent – abnormally located, or– severely reduced in size
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations
• If CHT is untreated, it can lead to mental retardation and abnormal growth.
• In the United Stats and many other countries, all newborns are tested for CHT.
• If treatment begins in the first month after birth, infants usually develop normally.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.14Endemic Goiter.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
• Insulin
• Insulinogenic
• Iodine
• Lethargic
• Myxedema
• Norepinephrine
• Oxytocin
myx
-edema
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
= mucus
= swelling
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.15(A) A 62-year-old patient with myxedema exhibiting marked edema of the face and a somnolent look. The hair is stiff
and without luster. (B) The same patient after 3 months of treatment with thyroxine.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
• Pancreatic
• Parathyroid glands
• Pineal
• Pituitarism
• Pituitary
• Progeria
• Progesterone
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
• Simmonds’ disease
• Somatotropin
• Steroids
• Testosterone
• Thymectomy
• Thymitis
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Audio PronunciationsAudio Pronunciations
• Thyroid
• Thyroidectomy
• Thyroiditis
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Thyroxine
• Vasopressin
• Virilism
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Figure 13.16Palpating the thyroid gland from behind the patient is a most effective way of assessing the gland for abnormality.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Drug HighlightsDrug Highlights
• Thyroid Hormones• Antithyroid Hormones• Insulin
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Insulin VideoInsulin Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of insulin.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Drug HighlightsDrug Highlights
• Oral Hypoglycemic Agents• Hyperglycemic Agents
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Catecholamines– Test performed on urine to determine the
amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine present.
• Corticotropin, Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)– Test performed on blood plasma to determine
the amount of corticotrophin present.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)– Test performed on blood to determine the
level of sugar in the bloodstream.– Also referred to as fasting blood glucose
(FBG).
• Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)– Blood sugar test performed at specified
intervals after the patient has been given a significant amount of glucose.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Hb A1C Test– Blood test used to:
diagnose diabetes identify people at risk of developing diabetes monitor how well blood sugar levels are being
controlled by the diabetic patient
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Glucose Evaluation VideoGlucose Evaluation Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of glucose evaluation.
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS)– Test performed on urine to identify
adrenocorticosteroid hormones and to determine adrenal cortical function.
• 17-ketosteroids (17-KS)– Test performed on urine to determine the
amount of 17-KS present, the end product of androgens that is secreted from the adrenal glands and testes.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Protein-bound iodine (PBI)– Test performed on serum to indicate the
amount of iodine that is attached to serum protein.
• Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)– Test to measure the ability of the thyroid
gland to concentrate ingested iodine.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Radioimmunoassay (RIA)– Standard assay method used to measure
minute quantities of specific antibodies and/or antigens.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Thyroid Scan– Test to detect tumors of the thyroid gland.
Patient is given radioactive iodine131, which localizes in the thyroid gland, which is then visualized with a scanner device.
• Thyroxine (T4)
– Test performed on blood serum to determine the amount of thyroxine present.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Triiodothyronine uptake (T3U)
– Test performed on blood serum to determine the amount of triiodothyronine present.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Ultrasonography– Use of high-frequency sound waves as a
screening test or as a diagnostic tool to visualize the structure being studied.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Diagnostic and Lab TestsDiagnostic and Lab Tests
• Total calcium– Test performed on blood serum to determine
the amount of calcium present.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Abbreviations
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Word-Building Approach, Seventh EditionJane Rice
Combining Form Match Up QuizCombining Form Match Up Quiz
1. aden/o a. milk
2. galact/o b. seed
3. gluc/o c. hairy
4. gonad/o d. gland
5. hirsut/o e. sweet