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Two divisions:

• Anterior pituitary

• Posterior pituitary

Pituitary secretes 8 hormonesThe Pituitary

1. TSH2. ACTH3. FSH4. LH5. GH6. PRL

8. ADH (antidiuretic hormone), or vasopressin9. Oxytocin

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What the letters stand for…

• TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone• ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone• FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone• LH: luteinizing hormone• GH: growth hormone• PRL: prolactin• MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone

• ADH: antidiuretic hormone• Oxytocin

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Pathology• Pituitary

– Gigantism –too much GH in childhood– Acromegaly – too much GH in adulthood– Pituitary dwarfs – too little GH in childhood– Diabetes insipidus - too much ADH

• Pancreas– Diabetes mellitus – one type of insulin (not enough)

• Thyroid– Hyperthyroidism, commonest is Grave’s disease

(autoimmune)– Hypothyroidism

• In childhood leads to cretinism• Endemic goiter from insufficient iodine in diet• Adult hypothyroidism (myxedema): autoimmune

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Pathology, continued• Adrenal gland

– Cushing’s syndrome (see next pic)• Usually caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor• Rarely by tumor of adrenal cortex• Iatrogenic

– Addison’s disease• Hyposecretion (under secretion) of adrenal cortex• Usually involves cortisol and aldosterone: low blood

glucose and sodium, severe dehydration, fatigue, loss of appetetie, abdominal pain(Jane Austin)

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Thyroid Problems

• What would happen if the thyroid could no longer produce T3 and T4?

• No negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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Goiter

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Hypersecretion of TSH or TH

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Hyposecretion of TH

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GH as Juvenile

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GH as an Adult

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How Does Hypersecretion of GH Happen?

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GH = pituitary dwarfism

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Too many steroids

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Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortex

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What Would the Feedback Loop Look Like for Cushing’s Syndrome?

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STIMULUS

HypothalamusReleasing Hormone

(Release-Inhibiting Hormone)

PituitaryStimulating Hormone

GlandHormone

Target