endocrine glands

By –Mr. Ashok Bishnoi

Lecturer,JINR

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Gland:- It is a group of cell which take certain material from tissue fluid & make new substances of them.

Classif ication:- it is classified in to two groups.

◦ Exocrine & duct gland -which secrete in to cavity.

◦ Endocrine & ductless gland:- which secrete in to tissue & blood.

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Hypothalamus Pineal gland (1) Pituitary (1)◦ Anterior P.◦ Posterior P.

Thyroid gland (2) Parathyroid glands (4) Thymus (1) Adrenal Glands (2)◦ Cortex◦ Medulla

Islets of Langerhans (1) Gonads◦ Ovaries in female (2)◦ Testes in male (2)

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Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain

Hypothalamus:-

It Regulates , emotions, feeding/satiety, thirst, body temperature, etc.

Controls the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary

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“7” releasing hormones are made in the hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone (GnRH)

Growth hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Growth hormone-Release Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

Prolactin-Releasing factor (PRF)

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

All of these are released into the blood in the capillaries and travel immediately

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It is lie in the hypophyseal phosa of the sphenoid bone below the hypothalamus.

Weight is about “500” mg

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Anterior P. (Adenohypophysis):-

◦ Growth Hormone (GH)

◦ Prolactin Hormone (PH)

◦ Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

◦ Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

◦ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

◦ Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

◦ Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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Posterior p (Neurohypophysis):-

◦ Oxytocin

◦ Antidiuretic H. (ADH)


Oxytocin◦ Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus &

mammary glands.

Antidiuretic H.◦ Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts.◦ Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin)◦ Lack diabetes insipidus

Posit ion:- Situated in the neck in front of the larynx & trachea at the level of 5th ,6th & 7th cervical & 1st thoracic vertebrae.

Weight it is about:- 25 gm

Shape:- Butterfly in shape

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It consisting of two lobes one on either side of thyroid cartilage

The lobe are cone shaped

About 5cm long

3 cm wide

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Blood supply by:- Superior & inferior thyroid artery.

Venous drainage by:- thyroid vein

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Secretion of hormone:-

1. T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)2. T4 (Thyroid)Function:-◦ Increases BMR & produce energy◦ It help in metabolism of protein ,fat

3. CalcitoninFunction:-◦ Reduce blood calcium level◦ It reduce reabsorbtion of calcium level from bone

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Location:- The parathyroid gland is located in the neck

There are “4”small parathyroid glands.

Two abunded in the posterior surface of each lob of the thyroid glands.

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Shape:- Spherical in shape

Length:- 0.3-0.6cm long

Weight:- 25mg

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Arterial supply: inferior thyroid artery (superior thyroid,)

Venous drainage: Inferior, middle, superior thyroid veins

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Function:- Increase blood calcium level when it is low

(9-10.5 mg/dl)

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Posit ion:-One situated on the upper pole of the each kidney

Length:- About “4” cm long

Around “3” cm thick


The gland compose of two parts which have different structure & function.

The outer part is Cortex

The inner parts is Medulla

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Secretion of hormone:-

A. Adrenal Cortex:-

1. Glucocorticoid ( Regulation of metabolism of glucose)

2. Mineralocorticoids-(Aldosterone-maintain water & electrolyte)

3. Sex hormone-(Androgen in male-play role in reproductive activity)


B-Renal Medulla:-

1. Adrenaline ( Epinephrine)

2. Noradrenalin (Nor epinephrine)

Function:-

Increase HR Increase BP Increase Metabolic rate Dilating pupiles

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Hypo-secretionAddison’s disease - glucocorticoid deficiencyperson becomes highly susceptible to disease and deteriorating effects of stress

Hyper-secretion:Cushing’s Syndromemobilization of fat from lower body to the thoracic and upper abdominal regions giving raise to “Buffalo Torso”

Control centers for blood glucose

Insulin from beta cells

Glucagon from alpha cells

Somatostanin from delta cell


Ovaries in female:-◦ Estrogens◦ Progesterone

Testes in male:-◦ Testosterone, etc.

Reproductive functions when we study reproductive system.


Suspended in third ventricle from diencephalon

Melatonin◦ ? Inhibits early puberty◦ ? Day/night cycles

Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite


= “Thymus gland” Thymopoietins, thymic factor, thymosins◦ Influence development of T lymphocytes


Stomach (gastrointestinal hormones) Heart ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

Kidneys erythropoietin Adipose tissue leptin Skin cholecalciferol (vit. D precursor) Placenta progesterone


Growth Healing Water balance & Blood Pressure Calcium Metabolism Energy Metabolism Stress Regulation of other Endocrine Organs

endocrine glands

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