end show slide 1 of 33 biology cycles mr. karns. end show slide 2 of 33 33 cycles of matter
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End Show 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 3 of Cycles of Matter How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?TRANSCRIPT
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Biology
CyclesCycles
Mr. KarnsMr. Karns
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
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3-3 Cycles of Matter
How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?
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Recycling in the Biosphere
Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
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Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.
Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.
Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products.
Recycling in the Biosphere
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The Water Cycle
All living things require water to survive.
The Water Cycle
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The Water Cycle
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
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Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water.
The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called evaporation.
The Water Cycle
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Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration.
The Water Cycle
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Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds.
The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of precipitation.
Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots.
The Water Cycle
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Nutrient Cycles
How are nutrients important in living systems?
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Nutrient Cycles
Nutrient Cycles
All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.
Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.
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Primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment.
Consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue.
Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.
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Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground.
Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
CO2 in Atmosphere
Photosynthesis
feeding
feeding
Respiration
DepositionCarbonate
Rocks
Deposition
Decomposition
Fossil fuel
Volcanic activity
Uplift
Erosion
Respiration
Human activity
CO2 in Ocean
Photosynthesis
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Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins.
Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly.
Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
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Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.
Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins.
Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
Bacterial nitrogen fixation
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Decomposition excretion
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Decomposition
Decomposition excretion
NO3 and NO2
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When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia.
The ammonia may be taken up again by producers.
Nutrient Cycles
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Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification.
This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA.
Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.
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Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms.
Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates into organic compounds.
Nutrient Cycles
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Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.
Nutrient Cycles
Ocean
Land
Organisms
Sediments
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Nutrient Limitation
Nutrient Limitation
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.
One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.
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If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient.
Nutrient Limitation
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When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers.
This result is called an algal bloom.
Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem.
Nutrient Limitation
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3–3
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3–3
Transpiration is part of the
a. water cycle.
b. carbon cycle.
c. nitrogen cycle.
d. phosphorus cycle.
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3–3
Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of
a. carbohydrates.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. calcium carbonate.
d. ammonia.
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Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances
a. start as simple organic forms that plants need.
b. provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.
c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.
d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.
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3–3
The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing
a. plants.
b. bacteria.
c. detritivores.
d. animals.
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3–3
When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is
a. runoff.
b. algal death.
c. algal bloom.
d. less primary productivity.
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