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Yamabushi

Ksh Tateishi in Kumano

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Yamabushi (?) (one who lies in the mountains)[1] are

Japanese mountain ascetichermits[1] with a long tradition,

endowed with supernatural powers in traditional Japanese

mysticism. They follow the Shugend () doctrine, an

integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon ()

sect, with Tendai (, Tendai-sh) Buddhism, Taoism, and Shinto () elements.[citation needed] For

the most part solitary, they did form loose confederations, and associations with certain temples, and also

participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai() and shei() on occasion. Their origins

can be traced back to the solitary Yamabito, Yamashi, and some hijiri () of the eighth and ninth

centuries.[2] There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi's spiritual

approach to life and fighting.

In modern use, the term ubasoku-yamabushirefers to laymen practitioners of shugend. The religion places

a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance, and white and saffron-robedyamabushitoting a

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ushi


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the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine.

History

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improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced

material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011)

Yamabushibegan asyamahoshi, isolated clusters (or individuals) of mountain hermits, ascetics, and "holy

men", who followed the path ofshugend, a search for spiritual, mystical, or supernatural powers gained

through asceticism. This path may or may not have had a founder, as the myths surroundingEn no Gyja

are numerous and complex; he is quite similar to a Japanese Merlin in this way. Men who followed this path

came to be known by a variety of names, includingkenja, kenza, and shugenja. These mountain mystics

came to be renowned for their magical abilities andoccult knowledge, and were sought out as healers or

mediums, although Shinto shrines had traditionally reserved this role exclusively for maidens known as

Miko.

Most of these ascetics, in addition to their devotion toshugend, studied the teachings of the Tendai sect

of Buddhism, or the Shingon sect, established by Kb Daishi in the 8th century. Shingon Buddhism was

one of the primary sects ofmikky () or Esoteric Buddhism, according to which enlightenment is found

through isolation, and the study and contemplation of oneself, as well as nature, and esoteric images called

mandala. Both the Shingon sect and the Tendai viewed mountains as the ideal place for this sort of

isolation and contemplation of nature.

In their mountain retreats, these monks studied not only nature and religious/spiritual texts and images, but

also a variety of martial arts. Whether they felt they had to defend themselves from bandits, other monks, or

samurai armies is questionable, but the idea of studying martial arts as a means to improve oneself

mentally and spiritually, not just physically, has always been central to Japanese culture, beyond the

specific tenets of one religious sect or another. Thus, like theshei, theyamabushibecame warriors as

well as monks.

As their reputation for mystical insight and knowledge grew, and their organization grew tighter, many of the

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[show ]V T E

masters of the ascetic disciplines began to be appointed to high spiritual positions in the court hierarchy.

Monks and temples began to gain political influence. By the Nanboku-ch Period, in the 13th and 14th

centuries, theyamabushihad formed organized cohorts called konsha,[citation needed] and these konsha,

along with sheiand other monks began to take direction from the central temples of their sects. They

assisted Emperor Go-Daigo in his attempts to overthrow theKamakura shogunate, and proved their warrior

skills to be up to the challenge of fighting professional samuraiarmies.

Several centuries later, in the Sengoku Period,yamabushicould be found among the advisers and armies ofnearly every major contender for dominion over Japan. Some, led by Takeda Shingen, aided Oda Nobunaga

against Uesugi Kenshin in 1568, while others, including the abbot Sessai Choro, advised Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Many fought alongside their fellow monks, the Ikk-ikki, against Nobunaga, who eventually crushed them

and put an end to the time of the warrior monks.

Yamabushi also served as sendatsu, or spiritual mountain guides, since medieval times for pilgrims along

the Kumano Kodo to the Kumano Sanzan, including retired emperors and aristocrats.

References1. ^ ab Nelson, Andrew (1998). The Original Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Tuttle

Publishing. pp. 134, 346. ISBN978-0-8048-1965-7.

2. ^ Blacker, Carmen (1999). The Catalpa Bow. UK: Japan Library. pp. 165167. ISBN1-873410-85-9.

Ratti, Oscar and Adele Westbrook.(1973 Orig Ed) Secrets of the Samurai. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.

ISBN 0-7858-1073-0. Charles E Tuttle Co reprint: ISBN 978-0-8048-0917-7

External linksYamabushi Training Program (in Japanese)

web site on Yamabushi & Shugendo, in English & French

Shugendo Kenjaku, Yamabushi monk, gyoja and astrologer website.

Shugendo Picture & Informationsite in Germany

Buddhismtopics
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