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Grey

Grey/Gray

Color coordinates

Hex triplet #808080

sRGBB (r, g, b) (128, 128, 128)

CMYKH (c, m, y, k) (0, 0, 0, 50)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the color. For other uses of Grey or Gray, see Grey (disambiguation).

Grey or gray (see spelling differences) is an

intermediate color between black and white. It is a

neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is

a color "without color."[2] It is the color of a cloud-

covered sky, of ash and of lead.[3]

The first recorded use of grey as a color name in the

English language was in AD 700.[4] Grey is the

dominant spelling in European and Commonwealth

English, although gray remained in common usage in

the UK until the second half of the 20th century.[5]

Gray has been the preferred American spelling since

approximately 1825,[6] although grey is an accepted

variant.[7][8]

In Europe and the United States, surveys show that

grey is the color most commonly associated with

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CMYK (c, m, y, k)

HSV (h, s, v) (--, 0%, 50%)

Source HTML/CSS[1]

B: Normalized to [0255] (byte)H: Normalized to [0100] (hundred)

conformity, boredom, uncertainty, old age,

indifference, and modesty. Only one percent of

respondents chose it as their favorite color.[9]

Contents [hide]

1 Etymology

2 Variations of grey

3 Grey in history and art

4 Grey in the sciences, nature, and technology

5 Grey in culture

6 Associations and symbolism

7 See also

8 References

9 Bibliography

10 External links

Etymology [edit]Grey comes from the Middle English grai or grei, from the Anglo-Saxon graeg, and is related to the

German grau.[10] The first recorded use of grey as a color name in the English language was in AD

700.[4]

Variations of grey [edit]Main article: Variations of grey

Permanent link

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Languages

Afrikaans

nglisc

Aragons

Armneashti

Asturianu

Avae'

Aymar aru

Azrbaycanca

Bahasa Banjar

Basa Banyumasan

Brezhoneg

Catal

etina

Cymraeg

Dansk


Fog in Venice

Blocks of lead shielding

a radioactive sample

Column of volcanic ash

from vent on Crater Peak,

Mount Spurr

Gibeon meteorite

A gray wolf.

Cadets at the U.S.

Military Academy at

West Point wear grey.

Dansk

Deitsch

Deutsch

Eesti

Espaol

Esperanto

Euskara

Franais

Hrvatski

Bahasa Indonesia

Italiano

Basa Jawa

Kreyl ayisyen

Kurd

Ladino

Latina

Latvieu

Ltzebuergesch

Lietuvi

Lumbaart


Battleship grey or

variations on this shade

is the standard color for

U.S. warships and those

of many other navies,

since it is less visible

from a distance. The

battleship pictured is the

USS Missouri, built in

1944.

Grey in history and art [edit]

Antiquity through the Middle Ages [edit]

In antiquity and the Middle Ages, grey was the color of undyed wool, and thus was the color most

commonly worn by peasants and the poor. It was also the color worn by monks of the Franciscan

order, Cistercian Order and the Capucine Order as a symbol of their vows of humility and poverty.

Franciscan monks in England and Scotland were commonly known as the Grey friars, and that

Bahasa Melayu

Mng-dng-ng

Nhuatl

Nederlands

Norsk bokml

Norsk nynorsk

Nouormand

Occitan

Polski

Portugus

Romn

Runa Simi

Scots

Simple English

Slovenina

/ srpski

Srpskohrvatski /

Basa Sunda

Suomi

Svenska

Tagalog


name is now attached to many places in Great Britain.

Saint Bernard of

Clairvaux, a Cistercian

monk, wore robes of

undyed grey wool.

Portrait of Saint Francis,

the founder of the

Franciscan Order, by El

Greco. He also chose

grey as the color of

humility.

The Renaissance and the Baroque [edit]

During the Renaissance and the Baroque, grey began to play an important role in fashion and art.

Black became the most popular color of the nobility, particularly in Italy, France and Spain, and

grey and white were harmonious with it.

Grey was also frequently used for the drawing of oil paintings, a technique called grisaille. The

painting would first be composed in grey and white, and then the colors, made with thin

transparent glazes, would be added on top. The grisaille beneath would provide the shading,

visible through the layers of color. Sometimes the grisaille was simply left uncovered, giving the

appearance of carved stone.

Edit links

Trke

Vneto

Ting Vit

Vro

Winaray


Grey was a particularly good background color for gold and for skin tones. It became the most

common background for the portraits of Rembrandt Van Rijn and for many of the paintings of El

Greco, who used it to highlight the faces and constumes of the central figures. The palette of

Rembrandt was composed almost entirely of somber colors. He composed his warm greys out of

black pigments made from charcoal or burnt animal bones, mixed with lead white or a white made

of lime, which he warmed with a little red lake color from cochineal or madder. In one painting, the

portrait of Margaretha de Geer (1661), one part of a grey wall in the background is painted with a

layer of dark brown over a layer of orange, red, and yellow earths, mixed with ivory black and some

lead white. Over this he put an additional layer of glaze made of mixture of blue smalt, red ochre,

and yellow lake. Using these ingredients and many others, he made greys which had, according to

art historian Philip Ball, "an incredible subtlety of pigmentation."[11] The warm, dark and rich greys

and browns served to emphasize the golden light on the faces in the paintings. .


The Burial of the Count

of Orgaz (1588) by El

Greco is a swirling

carousel of greys.

Rembrandt Van Rijn self-

portrait, 1629. Rembrandt

placed his figures against

extremely complex

greys, made up of many

tones and hints of color

to highlight the face in

the center.

Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries [edit]

Grey became a highly fashionable color in the 18th century, both for women's dresses and for

men's waistcoats and coats. It looked particularly luminous coloring the silk and satin fabrics worn

by the nobility and wealthy.

Women's fashion in the 19th century was dominated by Paris, while men's fashion was set by

London. The grey business suit appeared in the mid-19th century in London; light grey in summer,

dark grey in winter; replacing the more colorful palette of men's clothing early in the century.

The clothing of women working in the factories and workshops of Paris in the 19th century was

usually grey. This gave them the name of grisettes. "Gris" or grey also meant drunk, and the name


"grisette" was also given to the lower class of Parisian prostitutes.

Grey also became a common color for military uniforms; in an age of rifles with longer range,

soldiers in grey were less visible as targets than those in blue or red. Grey was the color of the

uniforms of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and of the Prussian Army during

the Franco-German War of 1870.

Several artists of the mid-19th century used different tones of grey to create memorable paintings;

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot used tones of green-grey and blue grey to give harmony to his

landscapes, and James McNeill Whistler created a special grey for the background of the portrait

of his mother, and for his own self-portrait.

Whistler's arrangement of different tones of grey had an effect on the world of music, on the

French composer Claude Debussy. In 1894, Debussy wrote to violinist Eugne Ysae describing

his Nocturnes as "an experiment in the different combinations that can be obtained from one color

what a study in grey would be in painting."[12]


Portrait of Captain

Augustus Keppel (1752)

by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Portrait of Charlotte

Walsingham, Lady

Fitzgerald by John

Hoppner (18th century).

Grey was a color of high

fashion in the 18th

century.

Private Edwin Francis

Jemison of the

Confederate Army,

(between 1860 and

1862), a soldier in the

American Civil War, wore

a grey uniform. The war

was sometimes called

the War of the blue and

the grey.


An oak in the Forest of

Fontainbleau, by Jean-

Baptiste-Camille Corot

(about 1830).

Arrangement in grey and

black no.1 by James

McNeill Whistler, (1871),

better known as

Whistler's Mother.

The Self-Portrait of

James McNeill Whistler

(1872), also called

'Arrangement in grey"

was a virtuoso concert of

different tones of grey.

Twentieth and twenty-first centuries [edit]

In the late 1930s, grey became a symbol of industrialization and war. It was the dominant color of

Pablo Picasso's celebrated painting about the horrors of the Spanish Civil War, Guernica.[13]

After the war, the grey business suit became a metaphor for uniformity of thought, popularized in

such books as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1955), which became a successful film in

1956.[14]


Grey concrete was a

popular building material

for monumental works of

modern architecture in

the late 20th century.

This is the Salk Institute

in La Jolla, California

(1959) by American

architect Louis Kahn.

Grey in the sciences, nature, and technology [edit]

Grey storm clouds [edit]

The whiteness or darkness of clouds is a function of

their depth. Small, fluffy white clouds in summer look

white because the sunlight is being scattered by the

tiny water droplets they contain, and that white light

comes to the viewer's eye. However, as clouds


Storm clouds towards Clare Island,Ireland.

become larger and thicker, the white light cannot

penetrate through the cloud, and is reflected off the

top. Clouds look darkest grey during thunderstorms,

when they can be as much as 20,000 to 30,000 feet

high.

Stratiform clouds are a layer of clouds that covers the

entire sky, and which have a depth of between a few hundred to a few thousand feet thick. The

thicker the clouds, the darker they appear from below, because little of the sunlight is able to pass

through. From above, in an airplane, the same clouds look perfectly white, but from the ground the

sky looks gloomy and grey.[15]

The greying of hair [edit]

The color of a person's hair is created by the pigment melanin, found in the core of each hair.

Melanin is also responsible for the color of the skin and of the eyes. There are only two types of

pigment; dark (eumelanin) or light (phaeomelanin). Combined in various combinations, these

pigments create all natural hair colors.

Melanin itself is the product of a specialized cell, the melanocyte, which is found in each hair

follicle, from which the hair grows. As hair grows, the melanocyte injects melanin into the hair cells,

which contain the protein keratin and which makes up our hair, skin, and nails. As long as the

melanocytes continue injecting melanin into the hair cells, the hair retains its original color. At a

certain age, however, which varies from person to person, the amount of melanin injected is

reduced and eventually stops. The hair, without pigment, turns grey and eventually white. The

reason for this decline of production of melanocytes is uncertain. In the February 2005 issue of

Science, a team of Harvard scientists suggested that the cause was the failure of the melanocyte

stem cells to maintain the production of the essential pigments, due to age or genetic factors, after


a certain period of time. For some people, the breakdown comes in their twenties; for others, many

years later.[16] According to the site of the magazine Scientific American, "Generally speaking,

among Caucasians 50 percent are 50 percent gray by age 50."[17] Adult male gorillas also develop

silver hair but only on their backs, see Physical characteristics of gorillas.

Christine Lagarde, head

of the International

Monetary Fund

Actor Donald Sutherland

Optics of grey [edit]

Over the centuries, artists have traditionally created grey by mixing black and white in various

proportions. They added a little red to make a warmer grey, or a little blue for a cooler grey. Artists

could also make a grey by mixing two complementary colors, such as orange and blue.

Today the grey on televisions, computer displays and telephones is usually created using the RGB

color model. Red, green, and blue light combined at full intensity on the black screen makes white;

by lowering the intensity, it is possible to create different shades of grey.

In printing, grey is usually obtained with the CMYK color model, using cyan, magenta, yellow and

black. Grey is produced either by using black and white, or by combining equal amounts of cyan,


magenta and yellow. Most greys have a cool or warm cast to them, as the human eye can detect

even a minute amount of color saturation. Yellow, orange, and red create a "warm grey". Green,

blue, and violet create a "cool grey".[18] When no color is added, the color is "neutral grey",

"achromatic grey" or simply "grey". Images consisting wholly of black, white and greys are called

monochrome, black-and-white or greyscale.

Warm grey Cool grey

Mixed with 6% yellow. Mixed with 6% blue.

RGB model

Grey values result when r = g = b, for the color (r, g, b)

CMYK model

Grey values are produced by c = m = y = 0, for the color (c, m, y, k). Lightness is adjusted by

varying k. In theory, any mixture where c = m = y is neutral, but in practice such mixtures are

often a muddy brown (see discussion on this topic).

HSL and HSV model

Achromatic greys have no hue, so the h code is marked as "undefined" using a dash: -- ; greys

also result whenever s is 0 or undefined, as is the case when v is 0 or l is 0 or 1


HTML Color Name Sample Hex triplet

(rendered by name) (rendered by hex triplet)

gainsboro #DCDCDC

lightgray #D3D3D3

silver #C0C0C0

darkgray #A9A9A9

gray #808080

dimgray #696969

lightslategray #778899

slategray #708090

darkslategray #2F4F4F

Web colors [edit]

There are several tones of grey available for use with HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) as

named colors, while 254 true greys are available by specification of a hex triplet for the RGB value.

All are spelled gray, using the spelling grey can cause errors. This spelling was inherited from the

X11 color list. Internet Explorer's Trident browser engine does not recognize grey and renders it

green. Another anomaly is that gray is in fact much darker than the X11 color marked darkgray;

this is because of a conflict with the original HTML gray and the X11 gray, which is closer to

HTML's silver. The three slategray colors are not themselves on the greyscale, but are slightly

saturated towards cyan (green + blue). Since there are an even (256, including black and white)

number of unsaturated tones of grey, there are two grey tones straddling the midpoint in the 8-bit

greyscale. The color name gray has been assigned the lighter of the two shades (128, also known


as #808080), due to rounding up.

Grey pigments [edit]

Until the 19th century, artists traditionally created grey by simply combining black and white.

Rembrandt Van Rijn, for instance, usually used lead white and either carbon black or ivory black,

along with touches of either blues or reds to cool or warm the grey.

In the early 19th century, a new grey, Payne's grey, appeared on the market. Payne's grey is a

dark blue-grey, a mixture of ultramarine and black or of ultramarine and Sienna. It is named after

William Payne, a British artist who painted watercolors in the late 18th century. The first recorded

use of Paynes grey as a color name in English was in 1835.[19]

Animal color [edit]

Grey is a very common color for animals, birds and fish, ranging in size from whales to mice. It

provides a natural camouflage and allows them to blend with their surroundings.


A grey whale travels as

much as 11,000

kilometers annually

between its breeding

waters in the Gulf of

California and its feeding

grounds in the Bering

Sea.

The grey wolf (canis

lupus) is the largest wild

member of the Canidae

family.

The African elephant is

the largest land animal.


The grey heron is a large

bird found in Europe,

Asia and Africa. A large

colony of grey herons

lives in the center of

Amsterdam.

Grey matter of the brain [edit]

The substance that composes the brain is sometimes referred to as grey matter, or "the little grey

cells", so the color grey is associated with things intellectual. However, the living human brain is

actually pink in color; it only turns grey when dead.

Nanotechnology and grey goo [edit]

Grey goo is to a hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario, also known as ecophagy: out-of-control

self-replicating nanobots consume all living matter on Earth while building more of themselves.[20]

Grey noise [edit]

In sound engineering, grey noise is random noise subjected to a psychoacoustic equal loudness


curve, such as an inverted A-weighting curve, over a given range of frequencies, giving the

listener the perception that it is equally loud at all frequencies.

Grey in culture [edit]

Religion [edit]

In the Christian religion, grey is the color of ashes, and so a biblical symbol of mourning and

repentance, described as sackcloth and ashes. It can be used during Lent or on special days of

fasting and prayer. As the color of humility and modesty, grey is worn by monks of the Order of

Friars Minor Capuchin, Franciscan order and Cistercian order.[21]

Buddhist monks and priests in Japan and Korea will often wear a sleeved grey, brown, or black

outer robe.

Taoist priests in China also often wear grey.

A Franciscan monk in

Israel

Young Buddhist monks

in Korea.

Taoist priest in Wudang,

China

Politics [edit]


Grey is rarely used as a color by political parties, largely because of its common association with

conformity, boredom and indecision.

The term "grey power" or "the grey vote" is sometimes used to describe the influence of older

voters as a voting bloc. In the United States, older people are more likely to vote, and usually vote

to protect certain social benefits, such as Social Security.[22][23]

Greys is a term sometimes used pejoratively by environmentalists in the green movement to

describe those who oppose environmental measures and supposedly prefer the grey of concrete

and cement.

The grey uniform [edit]

During the American Civil War, the soldiers of the Confederate Army wore grey uniforms. At the

beginning of the war, The armies of the North and of the South had very similar uniforms; some

Confederate units wore blue, and some Union units wore grey. There naturally was confusion, and

sometimes soldiers fired by mistake at soldiers of their own army. On June 6, 1861, the

Confederate government issued regulations standarizing the army uniform and establishing cadet

grey as the uniform color. This was (and still is) the color of the uniform of cadets at the United

States Military Academy at West Point, and cadets at the Virginia Military Institute, which produced

many officers for the Confederacy.

The new uniforms were designed by Nicola Marschall, a German-American artist, who also

designed the original Confederate flag. He closely followed the design of contemporary French

and Austrian military uniforms.[24] Grey was not chosen for its camouflage value; this was not

appreciated for several more decades; but because the South did not have a major dye industry

and grey dyes were inexpensive and easy to manufacture. While some units had uniforms colored

with good-quality dyes, which were a solid bluish-grey, others had uniforms colored with vegetable


dyes made from sumac or logwood, which quickly faded in sunshine to the yellowish color of

butternut squash.

In the last twelve months of the war, the South was able to import uniforms made with good-quality

blue-grey dye from Ireland, made especially for the Confederacy by a firm in Limerick, but by that

time the war was on its way to being lost.

The German Army wore grey uniforms from 1907 until 1945, during both the First World War and

Second World War. The color chosen was a grey-green called field grey, or feldgrau. It was

chosen because it was less visible at a distance than the previous German uniforms, which were

Prussian blue. It was one of the first uniform colors to be chosen for its camouflage value,

important in the new age of smokeless powder and more accurate rifles and machine guns. It gave

the Germans a distinct advantage at the beginning of the First World War, when the French

soldiers were dressed in blue jackets and red trousers.

During World War II, most German soldiers wore the traditional field grey. The soldiers of the Afrika

Korps of General Erwin Rommel wore a lighter grey uniform more suitable for the desert.

Some of the more recent uniforms of the German Army and East German Army were field grey, as

were some uniforms of the Swedish army. The Army of Chile wears field grey today.


Confederate General

Stonewall Jackson at the

Battle of Chancellorsville

(1863). He was mortally

wounded seven days

after the picture was

taken.

Confederate soldier

Andrew J. Winn (1838-

1864), died from his

wounds after the battle of

Spotsylvania Courthouse

(1864)

German soldiers wearing

field grey at the First

Battle of the Marne

(1914)

Uniforms of German

Army (193945), (U.S.

National Archives)

The Afrika Korps uniform

of General Erwin

Rommel, the "Desert

Fox" (194142).

Soldiers of the East

German Army wore grey

until the fall of the Berlin

Wall.


The grey suit [edit]

During the 19th century, women's fashions were largely dictated by Paris, while London set

fashions for men. The intent of a business suit was above all to show seriousness, and to show

one's position in business and society. Over the course of the century, bright colors disappeared

from men's fashion, and were largely replaced by a black or dark charcoal grey frock coat in

winter, and lighter greys in summer. In the early 20th century, the frock coat was gradually

replaced by the lounge suit, a less formal version of evening dress, which was also usually black or

charcoal grey. In the 1930s the English suit style was called the drape suit, with wide shoulders

and a nipped waist, usually dark or light grey. After World War II, the style changed to a slimmer fit

called the continental cut, but the color remained grey.[25]

By the second half of the 20th century, men's fashions in suits were determined as much by

Hollywood as by London tailors. The 1950s and 1960s were the age of glory for the grey suit; they

were worn by movie stars, such as Cary Grant and Humphrey Bogart, and by President John F.

Kennedy, who wore a two-button grey suit. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson was the first U.S.

president to be inaugurated wearing an Oxford grey business suit; his predecessors had worn a

formal cutaway coat with striped trousers for their inaugurations.[26] Grey suits also became the

unofficial uniform of Madison Avenue in New York City, the center of the advertising industry.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the style was beginning to change; grey was considered

monotonous and without character. Gradually the dark blue suit gained supremacy. At recent

meetings of the G-20 and other international organizations, nearly every head of state of the world

was wearing a blue business suit.


William Holden and

Humphrey Bogart in grey

business suits in the

1954 film Sabrina.

Bogart, as the serious

older brother in the film,

wears the darker grey.

Cary Grant in a grey

summer suit in the Alfred

Hitchcock film North by

Northwest (1959).

The official portrait of

President John F.

Kennedy, in a grey suit.

(1963).

Ethics [edit]

In ethics, grey is either used pejoratively to describe situations that have no clear moral value; "the

grey area", or positively to balance an all-black or all-white view; for example, shades of grey

represent magnitudes of good and bad.

Folklore [edit]

In folklore, grey is often associated with goblins, elves and other legendary mischievous creatures.

Scandinavian folklore often depicts gnomes and nisser in grey clothing. This is partly because of

their association with dusk, as well as because these creatures were said to be outside traditional

moral standards of black and white.


The writer J. R. R. Tolkien made use of this folkloric symbolism of grey in his works, which often

draw upon Scandinavian folkloric names and themes. Gandalf is called the Grey Pilgrim; settings

include the Grey Havensay and Ered Mithrin, the grey mountains; and characters include the Grey

Elves.

Illustration of goblins by

Goya

Sports [edit]

In baseball, grey is the color typically used for road uniforms. This came about because in the

19th and early 20th century, away teams didn't normally have access to laundry facilities on the

road, thus stains were not noticeable on the darker grey uniforms as opposed to the white

uniforms worn by the home team.

Parapsychology [edit]

Believers in parapsychology say that those who are suffering from the mental illness of depression

have grey auras.[27]

Gay culture [edit]


In gay slang, a grey queen is a gay person who works for the financial services industry (this

term originates from the fact that in the 1950s, people who worked in this profession often wore

grey flannel suits).[28]

Associations and symbolism [edit]In America and Europe, grey is one of the least popular colors; In a European survey, only one

percent of men said it was their favorite color, and thirteen percent called it their least favorite

color; the response from women was almost the same. According to color historian Eva Heller,

"grey is too weak to be considered masculine, but too menacing to be considered a feminine color.

It is neither warm nor cold, neither material or spiritual. With grey, nothing seems to be

decided."[29]

Conformity [edit]

Grey is the color of conformity- not having any personality of its own, it adapts to any other color. It

will look either dark or light, depending upon the color next to it.

Boredom [edit]

In Europe and America, grey is the color most associated with boredom, solitude and emptiness. It

is associated with rainy days and winter. In the novel Faust, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the

hero is pursued by four "grey women"; pain, necessity, guilt and misery, who follow him until his

death.

Reflection and uncertainty [edit]

One of the rare positive associations of grey is with mental power and reflection; with the brain. In

the novels by Agatha Christie, the detective Hercule Poirot refers frequently to the "little grey cells"


the novels by Agatha Christie, the detective Hercule Poirot refers frequently to the "little grey cells"

of his brain which help him solve mysteries. Grey and blue, when put next to each other, have a

positive association of reflection, while grey white and blue put together are associated with

science.

Grey is also the color most associated with uncertainty; a "grey area" is a subject covered by a law

or policy where there is lack of clarity.

Shadows and secrecy [edit]

Grey is commonly associated with secrecy and shadows. An eminence grise in politics is a person

who controls and manipulates people in power in a sinister way without his role being known to the

public.The phrase originated as a description of Franois Leclerc du Tremblay, the French monk

who served as advisor to Cardinal de Richelieu.

Old age [edit]

Grey is the color most commonly associated in many cultures with the elderly and old age,

because of the association with grey hair; it symbolizes the wisdom and dignity that come with

experience and age. The New York Times is sometimes called The Grey Lady because of its long

history and esteemed position in American journalism.[30]

Poverty and modesty [edit]

Grey is the color most often associated in Europe and America with modesty. As the color of

undyed wool, it was the color worn by peasants and the poor, and was reputed to be the color of

the clothing of Jesus Christ, and for that reason is the color worn by monks of the Cistercian and

Franciscan orders. As the color of modesty, it is also associated with fairy tales; the character

Cinderella takes her name from the color of cinders or ashes. Hers is the story of a poor virtuous

woman who suffers humiliations from those above her until she meets her prince. Griselda or


Griseldisa similar character who exists in Italian, French German folklore, and in Chaucer's

Canterbury Tales[31]is known for her patience despite her suffering, and takes her name directly

from the color grey.

See also [edit]Black

Black-and-white

Eigengrau

List of colors

Variations of grey

Vin gris (grey wine in French)

White

References [edit]1. ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords Archived 14 December 2010 at WebCite

2. ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, Third College Edition.

3. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th edition, 2002.

4. ^a b Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196

5. ^ Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna Brinton, and Janet M. Goodwin (1996). Teaching pronunciation: a

reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages . Cambridge University Press.

p. 282. ISBN 978-0-521-40694-9.

6. ^ "Gray vs. grey" . Grammarist. February 17, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2012.

7. ^ "Grey - Definition and More" . Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved

6 April 2012.


8. ^ "Gray - Definition and More" . Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved

6 April 2012.

9. ^ Heller, Eva, Psychologie de la Couleur, p. 224-242

10. ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, 1964.

11. ^ Philip Ball (2001), Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Coulour, pg. 214-215 (French translation).

12. ^ Weintraub, Stanley. 2001. Whistler: a biography (New York: Da Capo Press). ISBN 978-0-306-

80971-2. p. 351

13. ^ Stefano Zuffi, (2012), Color in Art, pg. 310

14. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques, pg. 236-237

15. ^ Research Frontiers Site of the University of Arkansas (retrieved December 17, 2012)

16. ^ Library of Congress Science Reference Services

17. ^ Scientific American, "Why does hair turn gray?"

18. ^ Color Palette Archived 14 December 2010 at WebCite

19. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; Colour Sample of

Paynes Grey: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample A9

20. ^ "Leading nanotech experts put 'grey goo' in perspective" (Press release). Center for Responsible

Nanotechnology. June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-17.

21. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques, pg. 235

22. ^ The Bonus Years: The 'grey vote' may take the cake on Tuesday

23. ^ Grey vote

24. ^ "Nicola Marschall: Artist of the Deep South" . Alabama Department of Archives and History.

Retrieved 26 September 2009.

25. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, pg. 236

26. ^ http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/inauguration/index.shtm#interesting |Johnson Library,

University of Texas

27. ^ Arthur E. Powell The Astral Body and Other Astral Phenomenon Wheaton, Illinois:1927

Theosophical Publishing House Page 12


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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Gray.

28. ^ Rodgers, Bruce Gay Talk (The Queens Vernacular): A Dictionary of Gay Slang New York:1972

Paragon Books, an imprint of G.P. Putnams Sons Page 99

29. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques. (Pg. 226)

30. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques, pg. 234.

31. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, pg, 435.

Bibliography [edit]Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur - Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French

translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.

Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.

Gage, John (2009). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.

Gottsegen, Mark (2006). The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference. New York: Watson-

Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3496-8.

Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs - pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. Paris:

Editions du Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-084697-4.

External links [edit]Three computational biologists theory to explain how

humans perceive achromatic colors:

Chart showing a comparison of the achromatic

(greyscale) values of the colors on the RYB and RGB color wheels, respectively (the chart is

halfway down the webpage):

Shades of grey

Color topics (Index)


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