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Free software

Trisquel GNU/Linux, an operatingsystem composed entirely of freesoftware

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Free software , software libre , or libre software [1] iscomputer software that gives users the freedom to run thesoftware for any purpose as well as to study, modify, anddistribute the original software and the adaptedversions.[2][3][4][5][6] The rights to study and modify freesoftware imply unfettered access to its source code. Forcomputer programs which are covered by copyright lawthis is achieved with a software license where the authorgrants users the aforementioned freedoms. Software whichis not covered by copyright law, such as software in thepublic domain can also be free if the source code is in the public domain (or otherwise availablewithout restrictions). Other legal and technical aspects such as software patents and DRM mayimpede users from exercising these rights, and thus prevent software from being free.[7] Freesoftware may be developed collaboratively by volunteer computer programmers or bycorporations; as part of a commercial activity or not.

Free software is primarily a matter of liberty, not price: users, individually or collectively, are free todo whatever they want with it – this includes the freedom to redistribute the software free of

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charge, or to sell it (or related services such as support or warranty) for profit.[8] Free softwarethus differs from proprietary software (such as Microsoft Windows), which to varying degreesprevents users from studying, modifying and sharing the software. Free software is also distinctfrom freeware, which is simply a category of proprietary software which does not require paymentfor use. Proprietary software (including freeware) uses restrictive software licences or useragreements and usually does not provide access to the source code. Users are thus preventedfrom modifying the software, and this results in the user becoming dependent on softwarecompanies to provide updates and support (vendor lock-in). Users can also not necessarilyreverse engineer, modify, or redistribute proprietary software.[9][10]

The term "free software" was coined in 1985 by Richard Stallman when launching the GNU project- a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system - and the Free SoftwareFoundation (FSF). The FSF's Free Software Definition[4] states that users of free software are"free" because they do not need to ask for any permission.[11]

Contents [hide]

1 History1.1 1980s: Foundation of the GNU project

1.2 1990s: Release of the Linux kernel

2 Naming

3 Definition

4 Examples

5 Licensing

6 Security and reliability6.1 Binary blobs and other proprietary software

7 Business model

8 Economical aspects and adoption

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Richard Stallman, founder of theFree Software Movement

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

12 External links

History [edit]

Main article: History of free software

From the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal forcomputer users to have the software freedoms associatedwith free software. Software was commonly shared byindividuals who used computers and by hardwaremanufacturers who welcomed the fact that people weremaking software that made their hardware useful.Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE,were formed to facilitate exchange of software. By the early1970s, the picture changed: software costs weredramatically increasing, a growing software industry wascompeting with the hardware manufacturer's bundledsoftware products (free in that the cost was included in thehardware cost), leased machines required softwaresupport while providing no revenue for software, and somecustomers able to better meet their own needs did not wantthe costs of "free" software bundled with hardware productcosts. In United States vs. IBM, filed January 17, 1969, thegovernment charged that bundled software was

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anticompetitive.[12] While some software might always befree, there would be a growing amount of software that was for sale only. In the 1970s and early1980s, the software industry began using technical measures (such as only distributing binarycopies of computer programs) to prevent computer users from being able to study and modifysoftware. In 1980 copyright law was extended to computer programs. In 1983, Richard Stallman,longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, announcedthe GNU project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture ofthe computer industry and its users. Software development for the GNU operating system began inJanuary 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. Hedeveloped a free software definition and the concept of "copyleft", designed to ensure softwarefreedom for all. Some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to thoseused in free software development for their research and development process; scientists, forexample, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such asmicrochips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses (seethe OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement have alsobeen largely influenced by the free software movement.

1980s: Foundation of the GNU project [edit]

In 1983, Richard Stallman, longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT ArtificialIntelligence Laboratory, announced the GNU project, saying that he had become frustrated withthe effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users.[13] Softwaredevelopment for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free SoftwareFoundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals waspublished in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto. The manifesto included significant explanationof the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition and "copyleft" ideas.

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1990s: Release of the Linux kernel [edit]

The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in1991. The first licence wasn't a free or open-source software licence. However, with version 0.12 inFebruary 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License.[14] Much likeUnix, Torvalds' kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers. FreeBSD and NetBSD(both derived from 386BSD) were released as free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit wassettled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The ApacheHTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the Apache License 1.0.

Naming [edit]

Main article: Alternative terms for free software

The FSF recommends using the term "free software" rather than "open-source software" because,as they state in a paper on Free Software philosophy, the latter term and the associated marketingcampaign focuses on the technical issues of software development, avoiding the issue of userfreedoms. The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in commonEnglish, namely that "you can look at the source code." Stallman states that while the term "FreeSoftware" can lead to two different interpretations, one of them is consistent with FSF definition ofFree Software so there is at least some chance that it could be understood properly, unlike theterm "Open Source".[15] Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of freesoftware is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed in that it is notnecessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffedrestricts their freedom.[16] "Libre" is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in Englishlanguage; see Gratis versus libre.

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Definition [edit]

Main articles: The Free Software Definition, Debian Free Software Guidelines and OpenSource Definition

The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986.[17] Thatdefinition, written by Richard Stallman, is still maintained today and states that software is freesoftware if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms.[18] (Thenumbering begins with zero since many computer systems use zero-based numbering.)

Freedom 0: The freedom to run the program for any purpose.

Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do whatyou wish.

Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.

Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (andmodified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits.

Freedoms 1 and 3 require source code to be available because studying and modifying softwarewithout its source code can range from highly impractical to nearly impossible.

Thus, free software means that computer users have the freedom to cooperate with whom theychoose, and to control the software they use. To summarize this into a remark distinguishing libre(freedom) software from gratis (zero price) software, the Free Software Foundation says: "Freesoftware is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in'free speech', not as in 'free beer' ".[18] See Gratis versus libre.

In the late 1990s, other groups published their own definitions that describe an almost identical setof software. The most notable are Debian Free Software Guidelines published in 1997,[19] and theOpen Source Definition, published in 1998.

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Creating a 3D car racing game using thefree/open-source Blender Game Engine

The BSD-based operating systems, such as FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, do not have theirown formal definitions of free software. Users of these systems generally find the same set ofsoftware to be acceptable, but sometimes see copyleft as restrictive. They generally advocatepermissive free software licenses, which allow others to use the software as they wish, withoutbeing legally forced to provide the source code. Their view is that this permissive approach is morefree. The Kerberos, X11, and Apache software licenses are substantially similar in intent andimplementation.

Examples [edit]

Main article: List of free and open-sourcesoftware packages

The Free Software Directory maintains a largedatabase of free software packages. Some ofthe best-known examples include the LinuxKernel, the BSD and GNU/Linux operatingsystems, the GNU Compiler Collection and Clibrary; the MySQL relational database; theApache web server; and the Sendmail mailtransport agent. Other influential examplesinclude the emacs text editor; the GIMP rasterdrawing and image editor; the X WindowSystem graphical-display system; theLibreOffice office suite; and the TeX and

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Modern desktop: Here is a screenshot of LinuxMint running the Xfce desktop environment, Firefox, acalculator program, the built-in calendar, Vim, GIMP ,and VLC media player. Thousands of other freedesktop applications are available on the Internet.Users can easily download and install this freesoftware via a simple package manager that comeswith most Linux distributions.

LibreOffice office suite; and the TeX andLaTeX typesetting systems.

Licensing [edit]

Main article: Free software license

All free software licenses must grant users allthe freedoms discussed above. However,unless the applications' licenses arecompatible, combining programs by mixingsource code or directly linking binaries isproblematic, because of license technicalities.Programs indirectly connected together mayavoid this problem.

The majority of free software falls under asmall set of licenses. The most popular ofthese licenses are:

the GNU General Public License

the GNU Lesser General Public License

the BSD License

the Mozilla Public License

the MIT License

the Apache License

the Eclipse Public License

The Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative both publish lists of licenses that

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Editing an audio file using thefree/open-source audio editor Audacity

they find to comply with their own definitions of free software and open-source softwarerespectively:

List of FSF approved software licenses

List of OSI approved software licenses

The FSF list is not prescriptive: free licenses can exist that the FSF has not heard about, orconsidered important enough to write about. So it's possible for a license to be free and not in theFSF list. The OSI list only lists licenses that have been submitted, considered and approved. Allopen-source licenses must meet the Open Source Definition in order to be officially recognized asopen source software. Free software on the other hand is a more informal classification that doesnot rely on official recognition. Nevertheless, software licensed under licenses that do not meet theFree Software Definition cannot rightly be considered free software.

Apart from these two organizations, the Debian project isseen by some to provide useful advice on whetherparticular licenses comply with their Debian Free SoftwareGuidelines. Debian doesn't publish a list of approvedlicenses, so its judgments have to be tracked by checkingwhat software they have allowed into their softwarearchives. That is summarized at the Debian web site.[20]

It is rare that a license announced as being in-compliancewith the FSF guidelines does not also meet the OpenSource Definition, although the reverse is not necessarilytrue (for example, the NASA Open Source Agreement is anOSI-approved license, but non-free according to FSF).

There are different categories of free software.

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Public domain software: the copyright has expired, the work was not copyrighted, or the authorhas released the software onto the public domain (in countries where this is possible). Sincepublic-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work,whether proprietary or free. The FSF recommends the CC0 public domain dedication for thispurpose.[21]

Permissive licenses, also called BSD-style because they are applied to much of the softwaredistributed with the BSD operating systems: these licenses are also known as copyfree as theyhave no restrictions on distribution.[22] The author retains copyright solely to disclaim warrantyand require proper attribution of modified works, and permits redistribution and anymodification, even closed-source ones. In this sense, a permissive license provides anincentive to create non-free software, by reducing the cost of developing restricted software.Since this is incompatible with the spirit of software freedom, many people consider permissivelicenses to be less free than copyleft licenses.

Copyleft licenses, with the GNU General Public License being the most prominent: the authorretains copyright and permits redistribution under the restriction that all such redistribution islicensed under the same license. Additions and modifications by others must also be licensedunder the same "copyleft" license whenever they are distributed with part of the originallicensed product. This is also known as a Viral license. Due to the restriction on distribution noteveryone considers this type of license to be free.[23][24]

Security and reliability [edit]

There is debate over the security of freesoftware in comparison to proprietarysoftware, with a major issue being securitythrough obscurity. A popular quantitative test

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Almost all computer viruses can only affect theMicrosoft Windows operating system,[25][26][27] butantivirus software such as ClamAV (shown here) isstill provided for Linux and other Unix-based systems,so that users can scan files to detect malware thatmight infect Windows hosts

in computer security is to use relative countingof known unpatched security flaws. Generally,users of this method advise avoiding productsthat lack fixes for known security flaws, at leastuntil a fix is available.

Free software advocates strongly believe thatthis methodology is biased by counting morevulnerabilities for the free software, since itssource code is accessible and its communityis more forthcoming about what problemsexist,[28] (This is called "Security ThroughDisclosure"[29]) and proprietary software canhave undisclosed societal drawbacks, such asdisenfranchising less fortunate would-beusers of free programs. As users can analyse and trace the source code, many more people withno commercial constraints can inspect the code and find bugs and loopholes than a corporationwould find practicable. According to Richard Stallman, user access to the source code makesdeploying free software with undesirable hidden spyware functionality far more difficult than forproprietary software.[30] As examples, he named two aspects of Windows XP that revealinformation to Microsoft, which were discovered in spite of the estimated 50 million or more lines ofWindows code having not been available to individual users for personal auditing. Free oropensource software is acquiring philanthropist funding and being adopted in the mainstreammedia as a panacea.[citation needed]

Some quantitative studies have been done on the subject.[31][32][33][34]

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Many free operating systems such as DebianGNU/Linux, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD have moresecure default installation configurations thanMicrosoft Windows, resulting in far fewercompromised systems. Furthermore, users of freeoperating systems have access to a wide array of freesecurity software, such as the packet analyzerWireshark (shown here), which they can use to securetheir operating systems and networks

Binary blobs and other proprietarysoftware [edit]

In 2006, OpenBSD started the first campaignagainst the use of binary blobs, in kernels.Blobs are usually freely distributable devicedrivers for hardware from vendors that do notreveal driver source code to users ordevelopers. This restricts the users' freedomeffectively to modify the software anddistribute modified versions. Also, since theblobs are undocumented and may have bugs,they pose a security risk to any operatingsystem whose kernel includes them. Theproclaimed aim of the campaign against blobsis to collect hardware documentation thatallows developers to write free softwaredrivers for that hardware, ultimately enabling all free operating systems to become or remain blob-free.

The issue of binary blobs in the Linux kernel and other device drivers motivated some developersin Ireland to launch gNewSense, a Linux based distribution with all the binary blobs removed. Theproject received support from the Free Software Foundation and stimulated the creation, headedby the Free Software Foundation Latin America, of the Linux-libre kernel.[35] As of October 2012,Trisquel is the most popular FSF endorsed GNU/Linux distribution ranked by Distrowatch (over 12months).[36]

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Business model [edit]

Since free software may be freely redistributed, it is generally available at little or no fee. Freesoftware business models are usually based on adding value such as applications, support,training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models thatwork with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend onthe user to pay for a license in order to lawfully use the software product.

Fees are usually charged for distribution on compact discs and bootable USB drives, or forservices of installing or maintaining the operation of free software. Development of large,commercially used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations, corporatecontributions, and tax money. The SELinux project at the United States National Security Agency isan example of a federally funded free software project.

In practice, for software to be distributed as free software, the source code, a human-readableform of the program from which an executable form is produced, must be accessible to therecipient along with a document granting the same rights to free software under which it waspublished. Such a document is either a free software license or the release of the source code intothe public domain.

Selling software under any free software licence is permissible, as is commercial use. This is truefor permissive licences, such as the BSD licence,[37][38] or copyleft licences such as the GNU GPL.

The Free Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written,"Distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!".[39] Forexample the GNU GPL that is the Free Software Foundation's license states that "[the user] maycharge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warrantyprotection for a fee."[40]

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Free software

Of the world's five hundred fastestsupercomputers, 480 (96%) use Linux.[42] The

world's second fastest computer is the OakRidge National Laboratory's Titan

supercomputer (illustrated), which uses theCray Linux Environment.[43]

Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer stated in 2001 that "Open source is not available to commercialcompanies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to makethe rest of your software open source."[41] This misunderstanding is based on a requirement ofcopyleft licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they mustrelease the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other softwarefrom the same developer. The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and FreeSoftware is also a misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g. Red Hat and IBM,which do substantial commercial business in the development of Free Software.

Economical aspects and adoption [edit]

See also: Linux adoption

Free software played a significant part in thedevelopment of the Internet, the World Wide Weband the infrastructure of dot-com companies.[44][45]

Free software allows users to cooperate in enhancingand refining the programs they use; free software is apure public good rather than a private good.Companies that contribute to free software canincrease commercial innovation amidst the void ofpatent cross licensing lawsuits.[citation needed] (Seempeg2 patent holders.)

The economic viabilityof free software has been recognized by large corporations such asIBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems.[48][49][50][51][52] Manycompanies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free

“We migrated keyfunctions from Windows toLinux because we needed

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Official statement of theUnited Space Alliance,which manages thecomputer systems for theInternational Space Station(ISS), regarding their May2013 decision to migrateISS computer systems from

Windows to Linux[46][47]

companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose freesoftware for their Internet information and sales sites, due to thelower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize theapplication packages.

Under the free software business model[further explanation needed], freesoftware vendors may charge a fee for distribution and offer paysupport and software customization services. Proprietary softwareuses a different business model, where a customer of the proprietarysoftware pays a fee for a license to use the software. This licensemay grant the customer the ability to configure some or no parts ofthe software themselves. Often some level of support is included inthe purchase of proprietary software, but additional support services(especially for enterprise applications) are usually available for anadditional fee. Some proprietary software vendors will also customizesoftware for a fee.[53]

Free software is generally available at no cost and can result in permanently lower TCO costscompared to proprietary software.[54] With free software, businesses can fit software to theirspecific needs by changing the software themselves or by hiring programmers to modify it forthem. Free software often has no warranty, and more importantly, generally does not assign legalliability to anyone. However, warranties are permitted between any two parties upon the conditionof the software and its usage. Such an agreement is made separately from the free softwarelicense.

A report by Standish Group estimates that adoption of free software has caused a drop in revenueto the proprietary software industry by about $60 billion per year.[55] In spite of this, Eric S.Raymond argues that the term free software is too ambiguous and intimidating for the business

an operating system thatwas stable and reliable --one that would give us in-house control. So if weneeded to patch, adjust, oradapt, we could.”

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Free software portal

Software portal

community. Raymond promotes the term open-source software as a friendlier alternative for thebusiness and corporate world.[56]

See also [edit]

Definition of Free Cultural Works

Digital rights

Free content

Free and open-source software

Libre knowledge

Open format

Open standard

Outline of free software

Public domain

Category:Free software lists and comparisons

List of formerly proprietary software

List of free software project directories

List of free software for Web 2.0 Services

References [edit]

1. ^ See GNU Project. "What is Free Software" . Free Software Foundation.

2. ^ Free Software Movement (gnu.org)

3. ^ Philosophy of the GNU Project (gnu.org)

4. ̂a b What is free software (fsf.org)

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5. ^ "GNU Press - Free Software Foundation Online Shop - Buy GNU t-shirts, books, stickers andstuffed gnu toys" . Retrieved 19 March 2015.

6. ^ "Software Freedom Law Center" .

7. ^ Sullivan, John (17 July 2008). "The Last Mile is Always the Hardest" . fsf.org. Archived from theoriginal on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.

8. ^ Selling Free Software (gnu.org)

9. ^ Dixon, Rod (2004). Open Source Software Law . Artech House. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-58053-719-3.Retrieved 2009-03-16.

10. ^ Graham, Lawrence D. (1999). Legal battles that shaped the computer industry . GreenwoodPublishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-56720-178-9. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

11. ^ "GNU project Initial Announcement" .

12. ^ Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983). IBM and the U.S. DataProcessing Industry: An Economic History. Praeger. ISBN 0-03-063059-2.

13. ^ William 2002

14. ^ "Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12" . Kernel.org.

15. ^ "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software" .

16. ^ Stallman, Richard (2013-05-14). "The advantages of free software" . Free Software Foundation.Retrieved 2013-08-12.

17. ^ "GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 Number 1, page 8" .

18. ̂a b Free Software Foundation. "What is free software?" . Retrieved 14 December 2011.

19. ^ Perens, Bruce. "Debian's "Social Contract" with the Free Software Community" . debian-announce mailing list.

20. ^ "Debian -- License information" . Retrieved 2008-01-08.

21. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them" . gnu.org. Retrieved 20 March 2014.

22. ^ "CI: Main" . Retrieved 19 March 2015.

23. ^ "Why Not Use the GPL? Thoughts on Free and Open-Source Software" . Retrieved 19 March2015.

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24. ^ "Journey into the minds of strangers" . Retrieved 19 March 2015.

25. ^ Mookhey, K.K. et al (2005). Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features . ISACA. p. 128.ISBN 9781893209787.

26. ^ Toxen, Bob (2003). Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery .Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. ISBN 9780130464569.

27. ^ Noyes, Katherine (Aug 3, 2010). "Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows" . PCWorld.

28. ^ "Firefox more secure than MSIE after all" . News.com.

29. ^ "The Benefits of Open Source" . Retrieved 19 March 2015.

30. ^ "Transcript where Stallman explains about spyware" .

31. ^ David A. Wheeler: Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)?Look at the Numbers! 2007

32. ^ Michelle Delio: Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals Wired.com 2004

33. ^ Barton P. Miller, David Koski, Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy, AjitkumarNatarajan, Jeff Steidl (October 1995). "Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIXUtilities and Services" (pdf). Madison, WI 53706-1685 USA: University of Wisconsin: ComputerSciences Department. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2013. "...Thereliability of the basic utilities from GNU and Linux were noticeably better than those of thecommercial systems [sic]"

34. ^ Barton P. Miller, Gregory Cooksey, Fredrick Moore (20 July 2006). "An Empirical Study of theRobustness of MacOS Applications Using Random Testing" (pdf). Madison, WI 53706-1685 USA:University of Wisconsin: Computer Sciences Department. pp. 1, 2. Archived from the original on21 June 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2013. "We are back again, this time testing... Apple’s Mac OS X.[...] While the results were reasonable, we were disappointed to find that the reliability was no betterthan that of the Linux/GNU tools tested in 1995. We were less sure what to expect when testing theGUI- based applications; the results turned out worse than we expected."

35. ^ "Links to Other Free Software Sites - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" . Retrieved19 March 2015.

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36. ^ "DistroWatch Page Hit Ranking" . DistroWatch. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.

37. ^ "BSD license definition" . Retrieved 19 March 2015.

38. ^ "Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project" . Retrieved 19 March2015.

39. ^ Selling Free Software gnu.org

40. ^ GNU General Public License, section 4. gnu.org

41. ^ Ballmer calling open source a 'cancer', saying it's "not available to commercial companies" atthe Wayback Machine (archived June 15, 2001) Chicago Sun-Times, 2001

42. ^ "Top500 - List Statistics - June 2013" . Top500.org. Retrieved 21 July 2013..

43. ^ "Roadrunner - BladeCenter QS22/LS21 Cluster, PowerXCell 8i 3.2 Ghz / Opteron DC 1.8 GHz,Voltaire Infiniband" . Top500.org. Retrieved 30 March 2013.

44. ^ Netcraft. "Web Server Usage Survey" .

45. ^ The Apache Software Foundation. "Apache Strategy in the New Economy" .

46. ^ Gunter, Joel (May 10, 2013). "International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows" .The Telegraph.

47. ^ Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013). "International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, dropsWindows & Red Hat into airlock" . Computer Weekly.

48. ^ "IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever" . IBM. 1999-03-02. Archived from the original on1999-11-10.

49. ^ Hamid, Farrah (2006-05-24). "IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center" . LWN.net.

50. ^ "Interview: The Eclipse code donation" . IBM. 2001-11-01. Archived from the original on 2009-12-18.

51. ^ "Sun begins releasing Java under the GPL" . Free Software Foundation. November 15, 2006.Retrieved 2007-09-23.

52. ^ Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (November 20, 2006). "Study on the: Economic impact of open sourcesoftware on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies(ICT) sector in the EU" (PDF). European Union. p. 51. Retrieved 2007-01-25.

[dead link]

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Wikiquote has quotationsrelated to: Free software

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Freesoftware.

Wikinews has news relatedto:

FLOSS

53. ^ Andy Dornan. "The Five Open Source Business Models" .[dead link]

54. ^ "Total cost of ownership of open source software: a report for the UK Cabinet Office supported byOpenForum Europe" . Retrieved 19 March 2015.

55. ^ "Open Source" . Standish Newsroom. Standishgroup.com. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2010-08-22.

56. ^ Eric S. Raymond. "Eric S. Raymond's initial call to start using the term open source software,instead of free software" .

Further reading [edit]

Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September2009). Montréal: CEC

Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free SoftwareMagazine. 2010-20-24

Stallman, Richard M. (2010) [2002]. Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of RichardM. Stallman, 2nd Edition . GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9.

External links [edit]

Definition and philosophy

Free Software Movement ; Philosophy and Intro ; The Free Software Definition (gnu.org)

What is free software? (fsf.org)

Categories of free and nonfree software (gnu.org)

Freedom for Users, Not for Software (Benjamin MakoHill)

What Does Free Mean? or What do you mean by Free

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Software? (debian.org)

Presentations

Video and audio presentations on Free Software (top link )

Free as in Freedom (originally the oggcast of the Software Freedom Law Center , itincludes a focus on law issues, and other topics)

Software

Free Software from the GNU Project

Free Software Directory (catalog of useful free software)

Free and open-source software

General

Alternative terms for free software · Comparison of open source and closed source ·Comparison of open-source software hosting facilities · Formerly proprietary software ·Free and open-source Android applications · Free and open-source software packages· Free software · Free software events · Free software movement ·Free software project directories · Free software web applications · Gratis versus libre ·Long-term support · Open-source software · Outline · SPDX ·

Operating systemfamilies

AROS · BSD · Contiki · Darwin · eCos · FreeDOS · GNU · Haiku · Inferno · Linux · Mach ·MINIX · OpenSolaris · Plan 9 · ReactOS · TUD:OS ·

DevelopmentBasic For Qt · Eclipse · Free Pascal · FreeBASIC · Gambas · GCC · Java · Julia · LLVM ·Lua · NetBeans · Open64 · OpenSSH · Perl · PHP · Python · ROSE · Ruby · Smalltalk · Tcl·

History GNU · Haiku · Linux · Mozilla (Application Suite · Firefox · Thunderbird) ·

Android Open Source Project · Apache Software Foundation · Blender Foundation ·The Document Foundation · Eclipse Foundation · Free Software Foundation (Europe ·India · Latin America) · FreeBSD Foundation · freedesktop.org · FSMI ·GNOME Foundation · GNU Project · Google Code · KDE e.V. · Linux Foundation ·

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Organizations Mozilla Foundation · Open Knowledge Foundation · Open Source Geospatial Foundation· Open Source Initiative · OpenBSD Foundation · Software Freedom Conservancy ·SourceForge · Symbian Foundation · Ubuntu Foundation · VideoLAN Organization ·Wikimedia Foundation · X.Org Foundation · Xiph.Org Foundation ·XMPP Standards Foundation ·

LicensesApache · APSL · Artistic · Beerware · Boost · BSD · CC0 · CDDL · EPL · GNU GPL ·GNU LGPL · ISC · MIT · MPL · Ms-PL/RL · WTFPL · zlib ·

License typesand standards

Comparison of free and open-source software licenses ·Contributor License Agreement · Copyfree · Copyleft · Debian Free Software Guidelines ·Definition of Free Cultural Works · Free license · The Free Software Definition ·The Open Source Definition · Open-source license · Permissive free software licence ·Public domain · Viral license ·

Challenges

Binary blob · Digital rights management · Free and open-source graphics device driver ·Comparison of open-source wireless drivers · Hardware restrictions ·License proliferation · Mozilla software rebranding · Proprietary software ·SCO–Linux controversies · Secure boot · Software patents · Software security ·Trusted Computing ·

Related topicsThe Cathedral and the Bazaar · Forking · Linux distribution ·Microsoft Open Specification Promise · Revolution OS ·

Book · Category · Commons · Portal ·

Software distribution

Independent production

Categories: Free software Software licenses

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