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Allies of World War I

A map of the World showing the Triple Entente participants in WorldWar I. Those fighting on the Entente's side (at one point or another) aredepicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries ingrey.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Allies of World War II and Western Allies

The Entente Powers orAllies (French: Forces del'Entente / Alliés; Italian:Alleati; Romanian: PuterileAntantei / Aliații; Russian:Союзники, Soyuzniki;Serbian: Савезници,Saveznici; Turkish: İtilafDevletleri) were the countriesat war with the Central Powersduring World War I. Themembers of the Triple Ententewere the French Republic, theBritish Empire and theRussian Empire; Italyended its alliance with

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European military alliances prior to the war.

the Central Powersand entered the waron the side of theEntente in 1915.Japan, Belgium,Serbia, Greece,Montenegro, Romaniaand the Czechoslovaklegions[1] weresecondary membersof the Entente.[2]

The United Statesdeclared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S. neutrality byattacking international shipping and because of the Zimmermann Telegram sent to Mexico.[3] TheU.S. entered the war as an "associated power", rather than a formal ally of France and the UnitedKingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements".[4] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgariasevered relations with the United States, neither declared war.[5]

Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions tothe Allied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I.Operational control of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British WarCabinet (BWC). However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did removepersonnel from front-line duties as they saw fit.

From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominionrepresentation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed for the first time under thecommand of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie,[6]

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respectively, who reported in turn to British generals.[citation needed] In April 1918, operationalcontrol of all Entente forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander,Ferdinand Foch.

The only countries represented in the 1918 armistice which ended the combat were Britain, Franceand Germany.

Contents [hide]

1 History

2 Major affiliated state combatants

2.1 United Kingdom

2.1.1 War justifications

2.1.2 Colonies and dependencies

2.1.2.1 In Europe

2.1.2.2 In Africa

2.1.2.3 In North America

2.1.2.4 In Asia

2.2 Russia

2.3 France

2.4 Japan

2.5 Italy

3 Minor affiliated state combatants

3.1 Belgium

3.2 Brazil

3.3 Montenegro

3.4 Serbia

4 Major co-belligerent state combatants

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4.1 United States

5 Non-state combatants

6 Leaders

6.1 France

6.2 British Empire

6.2.1 Dominion of Canada

6.2.2 Commonwealth of Australia

6.2.3 British India

6.2.4 Union of South Africa

6.2.5 New Zealand

6.3 Russia

6.4 Serbia

6.5 Montenegro

6.6 Greece

6.7 Belgium

6.8 Italy

6.9 Romania

6.10 United States

6.11 Japan

6.12 Portugal

6.13 Siam

6.14 Brazil

7 Personnel and casualties

8 Summary of Declarations of War

9 See also

10 Footnotes

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A 1914 Russian poster depicting theTriple Entente.

11 References

12 Sources

History [edit]

The original alliance opposed to the Central Powerswas the Triple Entente, which was formed by threeGreat European Powers:

French Republic

British Empire

Russian Empire

The war began with the Austrian attack invasion ofSerbia on 28 July 1914, in response to theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. TheAustrian Empire followed with an attack on the Serbianally Montenegro on 8 August.[citation needed] On theWestern Front, the two neutral States of Belgium andLuxembourg were immediately occupied by Germantroops as part of the German Schlieffen Plan.

Of the two Low Countries, Luxembourg chose tocapitulate, and was viewed as a collaborationist Stateby the Entente Powers: Luxembourg never becamepart of the Allies, and only narrowly avoided Belgianefforts of annexation, at the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. On 23 August Japan joined the

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Entente, which then counted seven members.[citation needed]. The entrance of the British Empirebrought Nepal into the war.

On 23 May 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria;previously, Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since thebeginning of the conflict. In 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente, and two nationsjoined, Portugal and Romania.[citation needed]

On 6 April 1917 the United States and its American allies entered the war. Liberia, Siam andGreece also became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formalinvolvement in the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectivelycreating a separate peace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation ofhostilities, however the Balkan State declared war on Central Powers again on 10 November 1918.The Russian withdrawal allowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on fiveGreat Powers:

French Republic

British Empire

United States

Italy

Japan

Statistics of the Allied Powers (in 1913)[7]

Population Land GDP

Russian Empire (plus Poland andFinland)

173.2m(176.4m)

21.7m km2 (22.1mkm2)

$257.7b($264.3b)

French Third Republic 39.8m (88.1m)0.5m km2 (11.2m $138.7b

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British soldiers in a trench duringthe Battle of the Somme in 1916.

French Third Republic 39.8m (88.1m)km2) ($170.2b)

The British Empire 446.1m 33.3m km2 $561.2b

Empire of Japan (plus colonies) 55.1m (74.2m) 0.4m km2 (0.7m km2) $76.5b ($92.8b)

Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies) 35.6m (37.6m) 0.3m km2 (2.3m 2 ) $91.3b ($92.6b)

United States (plus overseasdependencies),[8]

96.5m(106.3m)

7.8m km2 (9.6m km2)$511.6b

($522.2b)

Allied approximate total 928.7m 79.2m km2 $1,703.3b

Major affiliated state combatants [edit]

United Kingdom [edit]

War justifications [edit]

In response to Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium, theUnited Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August1914.[9] The British Empire held several semi-autonomousdominions that were automatically brought into the wareffort as a result of the British declaration of war, includingAustralia, Canada, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and SouthAfrica.

Colonies and dependencies [edit]

In Europe [edit]

Gibraltar, Cyprus and Malta were British dependencies in

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British battlecruiser HMS Lion hit byshell fire during the Battle of Jutland.

British Sopwith Camel fighteraircraft during the war.

Europe

In Africa [edit]

The UK held several colonies, protectorates, and semi-autonomous dependencies at the time of World War I. InEastern Africa the East Africa Protectorate, Nyasaland,both Northern and Southern Rhodesia, the UgandaProtectorate, were involved in conflict with German forcesin German East Africa. In Western Africa, the colonies ofGold Coast and Nigeria were involved in military actionsagainst German forces from Togoland and Kamerun. InSouthwestern Africa, the semi-autonomous dominion ofSouth Africa was involved in military actions againstGerman forces in German South-West Africa.

In North America [edit]

Canada and Newfoundland were two semi-autonomousdominions during the war that made major military contributions to the British war effort.

Other British dependent territories in the Americas included: British Honduras, the FalklandIslands, British Guiana, and Jamaica.

In Asia [edit]

The UK held large possessions in Asia, including the British Raj that were an assortment of Britishimperial authorities in the territory then defined as India.

Australia and New Zealand were two semi-autonomous dominions of the UK in Asia during the war.

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Russian artillery firing.

Other British territories at the time included: British Malaya - referring to several Malay statesunder British control as a result of the Straits Settlements; North Borneo; and Hong Kong.

Russia [edit]

In response to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia in1914, Russian government officials denounced the Austro-Hungarian invasion as an "ignoble war" on a "weakcountry".[10] Russian government official Nikolaĭ N.Shebeko stated: "the attack on Serbia by a powerfulempire such as Austria, supposedly in order to defend itsexistence, cannot be understood by anyone in my country;it has been considered simply as a means of delivering adeath-blow to Serbia."[10] Russia held close diplomaticrelations with Serbia, and Russian foreign minister SergeySazonov suspected the events were a conspiracy between Austria-Hungary and Germany to expelRussian influence in the Balkans.[10] On 30 July 1914, Russia enacted a general mobilization. Theday after general mobilization was enacted, Austria-Hungary's ally Germany declared war onRussia prior to expected Russian intervention against Austria-Hungary.

Following a raid by Ottoman warships on the Russian port of Odessa, Russia declared war on theOttoman Empire in November 1914.[11]

France [edit]

After Germany declared war on Russia, France with itsalliance with Russia prepared a general mobilization inexpectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany declared

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French soldiers crossing a river ontheir way to Verdun during the Battle ofVerdun.

Japanese soldiers landing inTsingtao during the Siege of Tsingtaoin which Allied forces seized control ofGermany's Kiautschou Bayconcession.

war on France.[12]

Japan [edit]

Japan declared war on Germany after it did not accept anultimatum sent by Japan to Germany, demanding thatGermany extinguish its title to the Kiautschou Bayconcession and restore that territory to China.[13] TheJapanese government appealed to the Japanese publicthat Japan was not merely entering a "European War" onbehalf of European powers, but that Japan was fighting onbehalf of Asians against a belligerent European power,Germany, that Japan identified as the "source of evil in theFar East".[13] Thus as a result of this, Japan was followingthrough with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[13]

Italy [edit]

Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance alongsideGermany and Austria-Hungary since the 1880s, howeverthe Triple Alliance stipulated that all parties must beconsulted in the event of one country engaging in war andItaly was not informed of this.[14] As such Italy claimed thatit was not obligated to join their war effort.[14] Italy'srelations with Germany and Austria-Hungary in contrast tothe Allies were additionally affected by the fact that in1913, Britain supplied Italy with 90 percent of its annual

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Italian alpine troops.

imports of coal.[14] The war effort of the Central Powersmeant that Germany and Austria-Hungary were using theircoal supplies for the war, and little was available to beexported to Italy.[14] Italy initially attempted to pursueneutrality from 1914 to 1915.[14]

After diplomatic negotiations, Britain and France convinced Italy to join the war effort with promisesthat Italy would gain favourable territorial concessions from the Central Powers, including Italian-populated territories of Austria-Hungary.[15] Italy ordered mobilization on 22 May 1915, and issuedan ultimatum to Austria-Hungary, and then declared war on Austria-Hungary, though it did notdeclare war on Germany.[15]

Minor affiliated state combatants [edit]

Belgium [edit]

Belgium had declared its neutrality when the war began, however Germany disregarded Belgium'sneutrality and invaded the country in order to launch an offensive against the French capital ofParis. As a result Belgium became a member of the Allies.

Brazil [edit]

Brazil entered the war in 1917 after the United Statesintervened on the basis of Germany's unrestrictedsubmarine warfare sinking its merchant ships, which Brazilalso cited as a reason to enter the war fighting againstGermany and the Central Powers.

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Brazilian soldiers in World War I.

Serbian soldiers during World War I.

Montenegro [edit]

Montenegro had very close cultural and politicalconnections with Serbia and had cooperated with Serbia inthe Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. Montenegro joined the war against Austria-Hungary.

Serbia [edit]

Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary after Austria-Hungary placed a stringent ultimatum to the Serbiangovernment demanding full compliance to an Austro-Hungarian investigation of complicity by the Serbiangovernment in the assassination of Archduke FrancisFerdinand. Serbia agreed to most of Austria-Hungary'sdemands but because it did not fully comply, Austria-Hungary invaded.

Serbia had the diplomatic support of Russia and both Serbia and Russia resented Austria-Hungary's absorption of Bosnia and Herzegovina that held a substantial Serb population, andSerbia had expanded in size through its actions in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 when theOttoman Empire's control in the Balkans collapsed.

During the war, Serbia justified the war as being the result of Austro-Hungarian imperialismtowards Serbs and South Slavs, Serbia cooperated with Yugoslavists including the YugoslavCommittee who sought pan-South-Slav unification, particularly through liberating South Slavs fromAustria-Hungary. In the Corfu Declaration in 1917, the Serbian government officially declared itsintention to form a state of Yugoslavia.

The first two allied victories in the war were won by Serbian army, on the mountains of Cer and

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Kolubara, in the western Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian army was expelled from the countrysuffering great losses. Serbia had suffered great losses in the war, losing almost 50% of all menand around 30% of the entire country population. On July 28, 1918, the Serbian flag was raised atAmerican public buildings, including the White House, on the order of President Woodrow Wilsonas a sign of recognition for Serbia's resistance against the Central Powers. [16]

Major co-belligerent state combatants [edit]

United States [edit]

The United States declared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S.neutrality by attacking international shipping with its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign.[3]

The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power," rather than a formal ally of France and theUnited Kingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements."[4] Although the Ottoman Empire andBulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war.[5]

Non-state combatants [edit]

Four Non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from theconstituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate aswinning nations to the peace treaties:

Polish Legions

Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy and Russia

The Hejaz: armed by Britain in Arabia

Armenians: seceded from Russia and fought against Ottoman Empire.

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Leaders [edit]

France [edit]

Raymond Poincaré – President of France

René Viviani – Prime Minister of France (13 June 1914 – 29 October 1915)

Aristide Briand – Prime Minister of France (29 October 1915 – 20 March 1917)

Alexandre Ribot – Prime Minister of France (20 March 1917 – 12 September 1917)

Paul Painlevé – Prime Minister of France (12 September 1917 – 16 November 1917)

Georges Clemenceau – Prime Minister of France (From 16 November 1917)

Joseph Joffre – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (3 August 1914 – 13 December 1916)and Marshal of France

Robert Nivelle – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (13 December 1916 – April 1917)

Philippe Pétain – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (April 1917 – 11 November 1918)

Ferdinand Foch – Marshal of France, Supreme Allied Commander (26 March 1918 – 11November 1918)

Milan Rastislav Stefanik – General of French Army, Commander of Czechoslovak Legions

Georges Thenault – Commander of the Lafayette Escadrille

British Empire [edit]

George V – King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India

H. H. Asquith – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Until 5 December 1916)

David Lloyd George – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (From 7 December 1916)

Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 – 5 June 1916)

William Robertson – Chief of the Imperial General Staff (23 December 1915 – February 1918)

John French – Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (4 August 1914 – 15

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December 1915)

Douglas Haig – Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (15 December 1915 –11 November 1918)

Hugh Trenchard – Commander of Royal Flying Corps – (August 1915 – January 1918)

Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty – (1911 – May 1915)

Arthur Balfour- First Lord of the Admiralty – (May 1915 – December 1916)

Edward Carson – First Lord of the Admiralty – (10 December 1916 – 17 July 1917)

Eric Geddes – First Lord of the Admiralty – (July 1917 – January 1919)

"Jackie" Fisher – First Sea Lord – (1914 – May 1915)

Henry Jackson – First Sea Lord – (May 1915 – November 1916)

John Jellicoe – First Sea Lord (November 1916 – December 1917)

Rosslyn Wemyss – First Sea Lord (December 1917 – November 1919)

Dominion of Canada [edit]

Robert Borden – Prime Minister of Canada (1914–18)

Sam Hughes – Minister of Militia and Defence (1914 – January 1915)

Joseph Flavelle- Chairman of Imperial Munitions Board (1915–19)

Julian Byng (June 1916 – June 1917) Canadian Corps commander

Edwin Alderson – Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian ExpeditionaryForce (26 January 1915 – September 1915)

Arthur Currie – Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian ExpeditionaryForce (June 1917 –)[17]

Commonwealth of Australia [edit]

Joseph Cook – Prime Minister of Australia (until 17 September 1914)

Andrew Fisher – Prime Minister of Australia (17 September 1914 – 27 October 1915)

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Billy Hughes – Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)

John Monash – Commander of the Australian Corps (all five Australian infantry divisionsserving on the Western Front) (May 1918 –)

William Holmes – Commander of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (August1914 – February 1915)

Harry Chauvel – Commander of Desert Mounted Corps (Sinai and Palestine) (August 1917 –)

British India [edit]

Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst – Viceroy of India 1910–1916

Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford – Viceroy of India 1916–1921

Austen Chamberlain – Secretary of State for India

John Nixon commander of the British Indian Army (active in the Middle East)

Union of South Africa [edit]

Louis Botha – Prime Minister of South Africa

Jan Smuts – Led forces in South-West Africa Campaign and East African Campaign, latermember of the Imperial War Cabinet

New Zealand [edit]

William Massey – Prime Minister of New Zealand

General Sir Alexander Godley – Commandant of New Zealand Military Forces (to October1914); Commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force

Major General Sir Alfred William Robin – Quartermaster-General and Commandant of NewZealand Military Forces (from October 1914)

Russia [edit]

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Nicholas II — Russian Emperor, King of Poland, and Grand Prince of Finland. (Until 15 March1917)

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich – Commander-in-chief (1 August 1914 – 5 September 1916)and viceroy in the Caucasus

Alexander Samsonov – Commander of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of EastPrussia (1 August 1914 – 29 August 1914)

Paul von Rennenkampf – Commander of the Russian First Army for the invasion of EastPrussia (1 August 1914 – November 1914)

Nikolai Ivanov – Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front, (1 August 1914 –March 1916) responsible for much of the action in Galicia

Aleksei Brusilov – Commander of the South-West Front, then provisional Commander-in-Chiefafter the Tsar's abdication (February 1917 – August 1917)

Lavr Georgievich Kornilov – Commander of the South-West Front, then Commander-in-Chief(August 1917)

Aleksey Kuropatkin – Commander of the Northern Front (October 1915 – 1917)

Nikolai Yudenich – Commander of the Caucasus (January 1915 – May 1917)

Andrei Eberhardt – Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1914–16)

Aleksandr Kolchak – Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1916–17)

Nikolai Essen – Commander of Baltic Fleet (1913 – May 1915)

Serbia [edit]

Peter I – King of Serbia

Crown Prince Alexander – Regent, Commander-in-Chief

Nikola Pašić – Prime Minister

Radomir Putnik – Field Marshal, Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian Army (1914-1915)

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Živojin Mišić – General / Field Marshal, Commander of First Army (1914-1915) (1917), laterChief of General Staff (1918)

Petar Bojović – General / Field Marshal, Commander of First Army (1914), Deputy Chief ofGeneral Staff (1915-1916), Chief of General Staff (1916-1917) later Commander of First Army(1918)

Stepa Stepanović – General / Field Marshal, Commander of Second Army (1914-1918)

Pavle Jurišić Šturm – General, Commander of Third Army (1914-1916)

Dragutin Gavrilović - Major

Montenegro [edit]

Nicholas I – King of Montenegro

Serdar Janko Vukotić – Prime Minister, Commander of 1st Montenegrin Army

Božidar Janković – Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1914-1915)

Petar Pešić – Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1915-1916)

Crown Prince Danilo II Petrović-Njegoš – In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army

Brigadier General Krsto Zrnov Popović – In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army, Aide-de-camp to Serdar Janko Vukotić

General Anto Gvozdenović – King's Aide-de-camp

Divisional General Mitar Martinović – Commander of several detachments in the Montenegrinarmy ( Drina and Herzegovina detachments together in 1914–1915, Kotor detachment in 1916)

Greece [edit]

Eleftherios Venizelos: Prime minister of Greece after 13 June 1917.

Constantin I: King of Greece, he retired from the throne, without formally resigned.

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Alexander: King of Greece, he became King of Greece after his father retired from the throne.

Panagiotis Danglis: Greek general in the Hellenic Army.

Belgium [edit]

Albert I of Belgium – King of the Belgians (23 December 1909 – 17 February 1934) andCommander-in-chief of the Belgian army

Charles de Broqueville - Prime Minister (1912-1918); replaced by Gérard Cooreman in June1918 shortly before the end of the war.

Félix Wielemans - Chief of Staff of the Belgian Army

Gérard Leman – general commanding the defense of Liège

Theophile Figeys – general in the Hundred Days' Offensive

Charles Tombeur - commander of the colonial Force Publique in the East African theater

Italy [edit]

Victor Emmanuel III – King of Italy

Antonio Salandra – Prime Minister (until 18 June 1916)

Paolo Boselli – Prime Minister (18 June 1916 – 29 October 1917)

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando – Prime Minister (from 29 October 1917)

Luigi Cadorna – Commander-in-Chief of the Italian army

Armando Diaz – Chief of General Staff of the Italian army

Luigi, Duke of Abruzzi – Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy (1914–17)

Paolo Thaon di Revel – Admiral of the Royal Italian Navy

Romania [edit]

Ferdinand I – King of Romania

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The use of naval convoys to transport U.S.troops to France, 1917.

Constantin Prezan – Chief of the General Staff of Romania

Vintilă Brătianu - Secretary of War

Alexandru Averescu – Commander of the 2nd Army, 3rd Army, then Army Group South

Eremia Grigorescu - Commander of the 1st Army

United States [edit]

Woodrow Wilson – President of the UnitedStates/Commander-In-Chief of the U.S. armedforces

Newton D. Baker – U.S. Secretary of War

Josephus Daniels - United States Secretary of theNavy

John J. Pershing – Commander of the AmericanExpeditionary Force

William Sims - Commander of U.S. Naval Forces inEuropean Waters

Mason Patrick - Commander of the United StatesArmy Air Service

Japan [edit]

Emperor Taishō – Emperor of Japan

Ōkuma Shigenobu – Prime Minister of Japan (16 April 1914 – 9 October 1916)

Terauchi Masatake – Prime minister of Japan (9 October 1916 – 29 September 1918)

Hara Takashi – Prime minister of Japan (29 September 1918 – 4 November 1921)

Kōzō Satō - Commander of the Second Special Task Fleet

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Kamio Mitsuomi - Commander of Allied land forces at Tsingtao

Portugal [edit]

Bernardino Machado – President of Portugal (until 12 December 1917)

Afonso Costa – Prime Minister of Portugal (until 15 March 1916; then again 25 April 1917 – 10December 1917)

António José de Almeida – Prime Minister of Portugal (15 March 1916 – 25 April 1917)

Sidónio Pais – Prime Minister of Portugal and War Minister (11 December 1917 – 9 May 1918)and President of Portugal (from 9 May 1918)

José Maria Norton de Matos – War Minister (until 10 December 1917)

João Tamagnini Barbosa – Interim War Minister (9 May 1918 – 15 May 1918)

Amílcar Mota – Secretary of State for War (15 May 1918 – 8 October 1918)

Álvaro de Mendonça – Secretary of State for War (from 8 October 1918)

Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu – Commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)

José Augusto Alves Roçadas – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Southern Angola

José Luís de Moura Mendes – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (untilJune 1916)

José César Ferreira Gil – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from June1916)

Sousa Rosa – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from 1917)

Siam [edit]

See main Article: Siam in World War I

Vajiravudh – King of Siam

Chakrabongse Bhuvanadh – Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces in Western Front.

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A pie-chart showing the militarydeaths of the Allied Powers.

Brazil [edit]

See main Article: Brazil during World War I

Venceslau Bras – President of Brazil

Admiral Pedro Frontin, Chief of DNOG (Brazilian Expeditionary Fleet)

General Napoleão Felipe Aché, Chief of Brazilian Military Mission in France (1918-1919)

M.D. Nabuco Gouveia – Chief of Brazilian Military Medical Commission

Personnel and casualties [edit]

These are estimates of the cumulative number of differentpersonnel in uniform 1914–1918, including army, navy andauxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces weremuch smaller. Only a fraction of them were frontlinecombat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length oftime each country was involved. (See also: World War Icasualties.)

Alliedpower

Mobilizedpersonnel

Killed inaction

Woundedin action

Totalcasualties

Casualtiesas % of

total

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mobilized

Australia 412,9531 61,928[18] 152,171 214,099 52%

Belgium 267,0003 38,172[19] 44,686 82,858 31%

Canada 628,9641 64,944[20] 149,732 214,676 34%

France 8,410,0003 1,397,800[21] 4,266,000 5,663,800 67%

Greece 230,0003 26,000[22] 21,000 47,000 20%

India 1,440,4371 74,187[23] 69,214 143,401 10%

Italy 5,615,0003 651,010[24] 953,886 1,604,896 29%

Japan 800,0003 415[25] 907 1,322 <1%

Monaco 80[26] 8[26] 0 8[26] 10%

Montenegro 50,0003 3,000 10,000 13,000 26%

Nepal 200,000[27] 30,670 21,009 49,823 25%

New Zealand 128,5251 18,050[28] 41,317 59,367 46%

Portugal 100,0003 7,222[29] 13,751 20,973 21%

Romania 750,0003 250,000[30] 120,000 370,000 49%

Russia 12,000,0003 1,811,000[31] 4,950,000 6,761,000 56%

Serbia 707,3433 275,000[32] 133,148 408,148 58%

Siam 1,2842 19 0 19 2%

South Africa 136,0701 9,463[33] 12,029 21,492 16%

UnitedKingdom

6,211,9222 886,342[34] 1,665,749 2,552,091 41%

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United States 4,355,0003 116,708[35] 205,690 322,398 7%

Total 42,244,409 5,741,389 12,925,833 18,744,547 49%

Summary of Declarations of War [edit]

The following table shows the timeline of the several declarations of war among the belligerentpowers. Entries on a yellow background show severed diplomatic relations only, not actualdeclarations of war. Unless stated otherwise, declarations of war by and on the United Kingdominclude de facto declarations by and on other members of the British Empire.

Date Declarer On

1914

28 July Austria-Hungary Serbia

30 July Russia Austria-Hungary

1 August Germany Russia

1 August Monaco Germany

3 August Germany France

4 August Germany Belgium

United Kingdom Germany

5 August Montenegro Austria-Hungary

6 August Austria-Hungary Russia

Serbia Germany

9 August Montenegro Germany

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11 August France Austria-Hungary

12 August United Kingdom Austria-Hungary

22 August Austria-Hungary Belgium

23 August Japan Germany

25 August Japan Austria-Hungary

1 November Russia Ottoman Empire

2 November Serbia Ottoman Empire

3 November Montenegro Ottoman Empire

5 November United Kingdom France

Ottoman Empire

1915

23 May Italy Austria-Hungary

3 June San Marino Austria-Hungary

21 August Italy Ottoman Empire

14 October Bulgaria Serbia

15 October United Kingdom Montenegro

Bulgaria

16 October France Bulgaria

19 October Italy Russia

Bulgaria

1916

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9 March Germany Portugal

15 March Austria-Hungary Portugal

27 August Romania Austria-Hungary

Italy Germany

28 August Germany Romania

30 August Ottoman Empire Romania

1 September Bulgaria Romania

1917

6 April United States Germany

7 April Cuba Germany

10 April Bulgaria United States

13 April Bolivia Germany

20 April Ottoman Empire United States

2 July Greece

Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

22 July Siam Germany Austria-Hungary

4 August Liberia Germany

14 August China Germany Austria-Hungary

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World War I portal

6 October Peru Germany

7 October Uruguay Germany

26 October Brazil Germany[36]

7 December United States Austria-Hungary

7 December Ecuador Germany

10 December Panama Austria-Hungary

16 December Cuba Austria-Hungary

1918

23 April Guatemala Germany

8 May Nicaragua Germany Austria-Hungary

23 May Costa Rica Germany

12 July Haiti Germany

19 July Honduras Germany

10 November Romania Germany

See also [edit]

Triple Entente

Participants in World War I

Central Powers

Allied leaders of World War I

Allies of World War II

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Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Karel Schelle, The First World War and the Paris Peace Agreement , GRIN Verlag, 2009, p. 24

2. ^ First World War.com – Feature Articles – The Causes of World War One

3. ̂a b US Declaration of War

4. ̂a b Tucker&Roberts pp. 1232, 1264

5. ̂a b Tucker&Roberts p. 1559

6. ^ Perry (2004), p.xiii

7. ^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005, pgs. 7–8.

8. ^ As Hawaii and Alaska were not yet U.S. states, they are included in the parenthetical figures.

9. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern MiddleEast: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1562.

10. ̂a b c Jelavich, Barbara. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914. P262

11. ^ Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War 1 andEuropean Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 293.

12. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern MiddleEast: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1556.

13. ̂a b c Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914-1917. P155.

14. ̂a b c d e Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914-1917. P194.

15. ̂a b Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914-1917. P194-198.

16. ^ http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/125-godina-sa-Amerikom/t31701.lt.html

17. ^ first Canadian to attain the rank of full general

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18. ^ Australia casualtiesIncluded in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85-.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4-Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919–215-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330Army war dead1,237.

19. ^ Belgium casualtiesIncluded in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85 Figures include 13,716killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the recordsbeing incomplete." 1,352.

20. ^ Canada casualtiesIncluded in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.6,85

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4

Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919–21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths5-. The losses ofNewfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army wardead1,237.

21. ^ France casualtiesIncluded in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. Totals include thedeaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. 7,414-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600from 11/11/1918 to 6/1/1919.7,414

22. ^ Greece casualtiesJean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat relateddeaths and 3,255 missing8,339, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000including 15,000 military deaths due disease6,160

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23. ^ India casualtiesBritish India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4

Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919–21 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead5. The1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead1,237

24. ^ Italy casualtiesIncluded in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85

Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data9.

25. ^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army10,111.

26. ̂a b c Monaco 11-Novembre : ces Monégasques morts au champ d'honneur | Nice-Matin

27. ^ Jain, G (1954) India Meets China in Nepal, Asia Publishing House, Bombay P92

28. ^ New Zealand casualtiesIncluded in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4

Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919–215. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Armywar dead1,237.

29. ^ Portugal casualtiesFigures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in Franceand 5,332 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW1,354.

30. ^ Romania casualtiesMilitary dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire fromthe International Labour Office"6,64. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and diedof wounds6,85.

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31. ^ Russia casualtiesIncluded in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. The estimate oftotal Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.6,46–57

32. ^ Serbia casualtiesIncluded in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The estimate of totalcombined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcherBoris Urlanis6,62–64

33. ^ South Africa casualtiesIncluded in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4

Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919–2115. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Armywar dead1,237.

34. ^ UK and Crown Colonies casualtiesIncluded in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total militarydead.4

Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919–21 and 13,632 British Merchant Navydeaths5. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK1,237, 507 from "Othercolonies"1,237 and the Royal Navy (32,287)1,339.The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately 1,339; The 1922 War Office reportdetailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK1,674–678.

35. ^ United States casualtiesOfficial military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1] , The US Coast Guardlost an additional 192 dead 11,481.

36. ^ Declarations of War, 1914–1918

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References [edit]

^1 The War Office (2006) [1922]. Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during theGreat War 1914—1920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1-84734-681-2.OCLC 137236769 .

^2 Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521077-8.OCLC 233987354 .

^3 Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia.New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.

^4 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF).

^5 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register" .

^6 Urlanis Boris (2003) [1971, Moscow]. Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of thePacific. OCLC 123124938 .

^7 Huber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice surLes revenus avant et après la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464 .

^8 Bujac Jean Léopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique 1918–1922 (inFrench). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602 .

^9 Mortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian).New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099 .

^10 Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun – The Rise and Fall of theImperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6. OCLC 32615324 .

^11 Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference toCasualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.OCLC 48066096 .

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Sources [edit]

See List of World War I books

Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for Allthe Combatants (2002)

Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900–1918 (1997) despite thetitle covers entire war; online maps from this atlas

Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history

Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003),historiography, stressing military themes

Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First WorldWar (1995)

Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)

Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917–1918 (1961)

Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History(5 volumes) (2005), online at eBook.com

Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)

World War I

History of World War I by region and country

Categories: World War I by country 1919 in law Aftermath of World War I20th-century military alliances Military alliances involving Canada

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