EMPLOYMENT AND ENVIRONMENT EMPLOYMENT AND ENVIRONMENT

IN ANDALUCÍAIN ANDALUCÍA

Regional Ministry for the Environment. Junta de AndalucíaRegional Ministry for the Environment. Junta de Andalucía

The environmental activities at the service of economic The environmental activities at the service of economic growth and the protection of the environmentgrowth and the protection of the environment

The environmental technologies and the goods and services sector associated with the protection of the environment constitute an important bridge between the strategic objective set in Lisbon of making the EU “the economy based on the most competitive and dynamic know-how in the world” and the environmental dimension of the sustainable growth Strategy adopted by the European Council in Gothenburg.

Objectives included in the PMA 2004-2010 by means of the strategic principle of “positive separation”: converting the environment into an ally of development and companies, producing a similar or higher volume of products using less resources and generating less impacts.

Communication of the Commission on Environment and Employment Communication of the Commission on Environment and Employment COM (97) 592 FINALCOM (97) 592 FINAL

The environmental policy reinforcesThe environmental policy reinforces

- The adoption of new technologies- The development of research and technological innovation

activities- The competitive differentiation of the existing companies- The creation of new economic activities to cover the new demands

- The adoption of new technologies- The development of research and technological innovation

activities- The competitive differentiation of the existing companies- The creation of new economic activities to cover the new demands

Favouring the generation of employmentFavouring the generation of employment

Employment and Environment in Andalusia Employment and Environment in Andalusia

ObjectivesObjectives

Progress in the knowledge and assessment of the Progress in the knowledge and assessment of the employment creation processes associated with the employment creation processes associated with the protection of the environment and to the extension of protection of the environment and to the extension of the clean production and sustainable development the clean production and sustainable development principles in Andalusia.principles in Andalusia.

Have an instrument for the decision-taking process of Have an instrument for the decision-taking process of environmental and employment policy amongst the environmental and employment policy amongst the relevant organisms at local, regional and national relevant organisms at local, regional and national levels, as well as amongst the main social and levels, as well as amongst the main social and economic agents linked to environmental activities. economic agents linked to environmental activities.

Assessment of the possibilities provided by the Assessment of the possibilities provided by the conservation of the environment for the carrying out of conservation of the environment for the carrying out of new vitalisation activities of the Andalusian economy.new vitalisation activities of the Andalusian economy.

Promotion of the setting up of policies and Promotion of the setting up of policies and programmes that reinforce the positive effects of the programmes that reinforce the positive effects of the environmental activities in the generation of environmental activities in the generation of employment, as well as the diffusion of the main employment, as well as the diffusion of the main strategies adopted by the various agents in their strategies adopted by the various agents in their corresponding scopes of action. corresponding scopes of action.

Employment and Environment in AndalusiaEmployment and Environment in Andalusia

ObjectivesObjectives

Consolidation of a methodology to undertake an Consolidation of a methodology to undertake an annual statistical “Environment and annual statistical “Environment and Employment” operation for the follow-up of Employment” operation for the follow-up of environmental employment in Andalusia.environmental employment in Andalusia.

Andalusia is the first Autonomous Community Andalusia is the first Autonomous Community that has consolidated a methodology for the that has consolidated a methodology for the follow-up of environmental employment in follow-up of environmental employment in accordance with the directives proposed by accordance with the directives proposed by EUROSTAT and OCDEEUROSTAT and OCDE

Employment and Environment in AndalusiaEmployment and Environment in Andalusia

AchievementsAchievements

Definition (OCDE/EUROSTAT)Definition (OCDE/EUROSTAT)

We consider environmental activitiesenvironmental activities as those that:

“produce goods and services able to measure, prevent, limit, correct or recover damage to the environment such as water, air, soil contamination, generation of waste, including also correct and healthy water collection and management, as well as those activities related to renewable energies, energy saving and efficiency, organic agriculture, rural tourism and forestry activities and the management of natural resources.”

We consider environmental activitiesenvironmental activities as those that:

“produce goods and services able to measure, prevent, limit, correct or recover damage to the environment such as water, air, soil contamination, generation of waste, including also correct and healthy water collection and management, as well as those activities related to renewable energies, energy saving and efficiency, organic agriculture, rural tourism and forestry activities and the management of natural resources.”

METHODS AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUESMETHODS AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUESStage 1. FORMULATION OF THE OBJECT OF STUDY : General and specific objectives

Stage 2.DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH: Programming, selection and designing of measurement instruments.

Stage 3. FIELD WORK : Correction of data and relevant information. Recording and depuration of data

Stage 5. EXTRACTION AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS: Interpretation. Drafting of statistical report and conclusions

Operatability of the object of study:Formulation of hypotheses and conceptual system.Delimitation of scopes and analysis unitsOperating definition of the main variables.

Drafting of the reference theoretical frame: Bibliographic revision and exploratory investigationsMethodological and empirical developments Pilot studies in Andalusia

Post questionnaires (primary sources)Sample design: delimitation of the objective population (size) and observation unitsDrafting of a sample framework. Directory. Drafting of the Questionnaire modelsPreparation of the analysis plan. Extrapolation techniques for the measurement of employment.

Questionnaire process

Request to key informers and queries to secondary sources of information:Identification of key informers and sources of information.Drafting of specific requestsConstruction of ratios and formulas for the indirect estimate of Full Time Employment (EDP).

Request for specific information

Measurement of environmental employment in Andalusia for 2004, in the following action scopes:Water integral cycle managementWaste disposal and restoration of contaminated soilsNoise prevention and monitoring of atmospheric contaminationRenewable energies, energy saving and efficiencyManagement of natural resources and forestry areasEnvironmental consultancy and engineeringOrganic agriculture: producersEco-tourism Environmental I&DTEnvironmental education, training and awarenessManagement of environmental policies (AA.PP.)Environmental protection internal activities(industry)

Sampling frame: Directory of environmental entities in Andalusia (own work)Directory of Town Halls and Provincial Governments.Directory of Premises with Economic Activities in Andalusia. Industrial sector. IEA.

Main key informers and secondary sources:Andalusian Council for Organic Agriculture INE. Statistics on R&D activitiesRegional Ministry for Innovation, Science and BusinessRegional Ministry for EducationRegional Ministry for Employment. Andalusian Employment ServiceRegional Ministry for the Environment

Administration of quetionnaires by means of mailingSupervision and telephone folow-up

Stage 4. TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA AND INFORMATION : Tabulation and calculations. Drafting of tables and graphics

Application of the Analysis plan:Measurement of environmental employment

Administration registers and key informers

Employment measured in physical people (statistical inference)Employment measured in Equivalent to Full Time (EDP)Employment estimated from a ratio

Document and statistic collection Data bases and official statistic published

Microeconomic approximationMicroeconomic approximationCombines the supply and demand approachCombines the supply and demand approachResearch agents map: business sector (including public and mixed Research agents map: business sector (including public and mixed companies); public and private partnerships; Public Administrationcompanies); public and private partnerships; Public AdministrationModalities of elevation:Modalities of elevation:

Carrying out of the field work with specific questionnairesCarrying out of the field work with specific questionnaires Construction of ratios for the correction to full timeConstruction of ratios for the correction to full time Application of an indicatorApplication of an indicator

The estimation of the environmental employment in Andalusia The estimation of the environmental employment in Andalusia includes: full time physical people and the correction of EDP or includes: full time physical people and the correction of EDP or Annual Work Units (UTA).Annual Work Units (UTA).Other variables used: environmental business volume (turnover), Other variables used: environmental business volume (turnover), environmental protection investment costs, employment distribution environmental protection investment costs, employment distribution by sexby sex

METHODS AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUESMETHODS AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPLOYMENTSIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPLOYMENT

In the world, Europe and SpainIn the world, Europe and Spain

At a globalglobal level, the environmental industry has grown by 14% has grown by 14% between 1996 and 2000between 1996 and 2000 and will continue growing up to reaching a market volume of 600 billion dollars in 2010market volume of 600 billion dollars in 2010.

In EuropeEurope the environmental market employs more than 3.5 million 3.5 million employees, employees, which is 2.3%2.3% of the total of the employed population.employed population.

The environmental business volume business volume in EuropeEurope ranges from 106,000 and 133,000 million euros106,000 and 133,000 million euros that are mobilised by about 30,000 30,000 companiescompanies operating in the market.

The environmental business in SpainSpain is about 1.6% of the NGP1.6% of the NGP and employs more than 256,500 people256,500 people (in accordance with estimates for 1998).

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPLOYMENTSIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPLOYMENT

Environmental employment in Andalusia, 2004: Environmental employment in Andalusia, 2004: 87,099 jobs87,099 jobs

Growing importance of environmental employment in Andalusia, which with a total of 87,099 jobs, represents 3.1% of the employed population 3.1% of the employed population in 2004.in 2004.

This figure implies an increase in a percentageincrease in a percentage on the employed population in accordance with the estimate carried out for the period 2001-2003.

Favourable tendency to the growth of environmental employment in Andalusia, with which with a variation rate of 54.5%variation rate of 54.5% throughout the period 2001-20042001-2004, has experienced an increase in 32,533 jobsan increase in 32,533 jobs.

The agentsagents linked to the development of activities related to the environment reach 4,221 between companies and entities4,221 between companies and entities, public and private. This figure is an increase of 22%increase of 22%

EMPLEO AMBIENTAL EN ANDALUCÍA, 2004EMPLEO AMBIENTAL EN ANDALUCÍA, 2004Environmental Employment in Andalusia. Year 2004

Environmental action scopes Employment

Distribution (%)

A. Environmental activities: provision analysis Environmental Goods and Services Sector 45,511 52.25

Integral water management 12,592 14.46

Waste management, restoration and cleaning of contaminated soils 21,043 24.16

Renewable energies, energy saving and efficiency 3,325 3.82

Noise prevention and monitoring of the atmospheric contamination 657 0.75

Management of natural resources and activities in forestry areas 6,706 7.70

Environmental consultancy and engineering 1,188 1.36 Organic agriculture: producers 11,117 12.76 Eco-tourism 8331 9.56

Rural accommodation 4,664 5.35

Rural restaurants 2,020 2.32 Recreational-sport and active tourism activities 1,493 1.71 Management, promotion and marketing of eco-tourism products/services 174 0.20 I&DT activities related to the environment 2,332 2.68

University research groups 993 1.14 Research Institutes 1,145 1.31 Innovation and Technology Centres 194 0.22 Environmental education, training and awareness 2148 2.47

Regulated higher education (Graduate and Doctorate studies) 167 0.19 Specific Professional Training 156 0.18 Occupational Professional Training 71 0.08 Crafts School Workshops and Trade Training Centres 545 0.63

Non regulated specialised training 57 0.07 Activities in Environmental Education Centres 1,152 1.32 Management of environmental policies (Public Administrations) 13,431 15.42

National administration (Ministry of Environment) 2,182 2.51

Regional administration (Regional Ministry of Environment and EGMASA) 7,290 8.37 Local Administration 3,945 4.53 B. Environmental activities: analysis of the demand Industry environmental protection internal activities 4.229 4,86

Total environmental employment 87.099 100,00

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPLOYMENTSIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EMPLOYMENT

Industry 5%

Public Administrations

15%

I&DT activities 3%

Education, training andawareness

2%

Eco-tourism

10%

Organic agriculture:producers

13% Consultancy and engineering 1% Natural Resources and

forestry activities

8%

Renewable energies4%

Noise and atmospheric contamination

1%

Waste24%

Water14%

The Public AdministrationPublic Administration provides 15.4% of the total environmental15.4% of the total environmental employment employment in Andalusia.

The most dynamic sectorsmost dynamic sectors continue being wastewaste management and management of the integral cycle of waterwater: together they reach almost 40% 40% of the of the estimated environmental employment environmental employment.

The Business volumeBusiness volume associated with the eco-industryeco-industry in 2004 reached 4,566 million euros4,566 million euros, 78% generated in the waste and water sectors.

The organic agricultureorganic agriculture provides 13% of the total employment13% of the total employment, experimenting an absolute growth of 5,677 new jobs since 2001.

The eco-tourism marketeco-tourism market in Andalusia consists of a total of 1,774 1,774 operatorsoperators that generate direct employment opportunities to 8,331 8,331 peoplepeople (with an increase of 19.3% compared to 2002)

The eco-tourism employment represents 3% of the employees in 3% of the employees in the typical tourism activities the typical tourism activities in Andalusia.

The eco-tourism market generated 222.6 million euros222.6 million euros in 2004.

We can highlight the growthgrowth experienced by the companies specialised in active tourismactive tourism (392% since 2002), with a final provision to the eco-tourism employment of 18%.

Three Natural Parks occupy 40%Three Natural Parks occupy 40% of the eco-tourism offer in Andalusia: Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas and Los Alcornocales.

ECO-TOURISMECO-TOURISM

24.2

17.9

2.1

55,7

4,0

41.7

10,0

eco-tourism accomodation

Rural houses

Rural hotels

Other type

Rural restaurants

Recreational-sport activities

Integral management of eco-tourism services

Distribution of employment by type of eco-tourism service (%)Distribution of employment by type of eco-tourism service (%)

ECO-TOURISMECO-TOURISM

The Andalusian industrial plant employs 4,229 people in areas 4,229 people in areas related with the environmental protectionrelated with the environmental protection (1.4% of the industrial employment in 2004).

The average of employeesaverage of employees in environmental matters is of two two peoplepeople, although with important inter-sector differences.

The fourth part of the environmental employmentfourth part of the environmental employment in the Andalusian industry is concentrated in the agro-feeding complexagro-feeding complex.

The investing effortinvesting effort of the Andalusian industry in environmental protection has increased by 145%has increased by 145% compared with 2002, up to reaching 186.5 million euros186.5 million euros in GPA.

The biggest investmentsbiggest investments are centred on the energy sector energy sector (28%) and that of agro-feeding agro-feeding (27%).

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

Factors promoting a proactive behaviour with the environmentFactors promoting a proactive behaviour with the environment

0 50 100 150 200 250

Compliance with environmental legislation andregulations

Improve company corparate image

Increase market share

Reduce costs

Obtain some type of environmental certification/rating

Compare other competitor´s innovation

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

Types of eco-innovations introduced (% of total replies)Types of eco-innovations introduced (% of total replies)

17,16

25,86

21,81

18,63

16,91

End-of-pipe technology forcontamination

abatement/monitoring

Recovery and recycling oggenerated wastes

New integrated processes andtechnologies introduced with

improved enviromental benefits

New or improvedproducts/services with major

environmental benefits

Organisational changes with viewto an improved environmental

performance (eco-audits orenvironmental reports)

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTRESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

In 2004, in the Andalusian System Andalusian System for Science and Technology, 219 for Science and Technology, 219 agentsagents were identified who carried out tasks in the environmental field, accounting for a total of 2,332 jobs 2,332 jobs between researching, technical and between researching, technical and auxiliary personnel. auxiliary personnel.

The University Research groupsResearch groups are 7.,5% of the total of the agents 7.,5% of the total of the agents and 42.5% of the final employment and 42.5% of the final employment generated in this field.

The employment The employment associated to the carrying out of these activities has has grown 30% between 2003 and 2004.grown 30% between 2003 and 2004.

42,5%(1145)

25,0%(194)

49,1%(993)

Innovation and Technology centresResearch Public OrganismsUniversity Research Groups

2,2%

22,8%

16,3%

14,1%0,0%

13,0%

2,2%

10,9%

14,1%

4,3%

Protection of ambient air and climate

Water management (wastewater, groundwater and surface water)

Waste management

Protection and remediation of soil

Noise and vibration abatement

Protection of biodiversity and lanscapes

Protection against radiation

Renewable energies, energy saving and efficiency

Environmental folow-up and monitoring

Other enviromental protection activities

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTRESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

         

The provision of these activities to the total environmental employment is 2.5% (2,148 jobs2,148 jobs).

The activities that provide the most to the final employment in this matter are the environmental education centres environmental education centres (54%) and the Craft School Workshops (54%) and the Craft School Workshops and Trade Training Centres (29%)and Trade Training Centres (29%)

53,6%(1.152)

28,7%(616)

7,3%(156)

2,6%(57)

7,8%(167)

Graduate and Doctorate studiesNon regulated higher educationSpecific Professional TrainingOccupational Profesional TrainingEnvironmental Education Centres

EDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESSEDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESS

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT: PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT: 13,43113,431

Local Administration29%

Central Administration

16%

Regional Administration

55%