emerging and re-emerging diseases. which killed more people: wwi (1914- 1918) or the influenza...
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Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
Which killed more people: WWI (1914-1918) or the Influenza Epidemic of 1918?World War I (1914 – 1918) death toll:
8-10 million worldwide
1918 Influenza Epidemic death toll:40 million worldwide~500,000 US deaths (including 70,000 soldiers)
Influenza “There was a little bird
its name was Enza.I opened the window
and in-flu-enza.”
Influenza SymptomsFever CoughSore throatRunny or stuffy
noseMuscle or body
achesFatigueHeadaches
Preparing for next crisis
Influenza ImpactFlu seasons vary from year to year
About 20% of US population infected every yearHigher among susceptible populations
Three main types of flu virus: Types A, B & CType A causes the greatest morbidity and
mortalityExample: H1N1 (2009 Epidemic)
Influenza PandemicsSince the late 19th century, four
occurrences of pandemics1889-1891; 1918-1920; 1957-1958; 1968-
19692009; H1N1
Was that the pandemic for our time??
Type A cycles every 50-100 years
What’s different about Type A influenza?
Flu PreventionSeason cycle in late fall, winter and early
springWash hands frequently
TuberculosisHas it been eradicated?
No20-33% world’s population is infected with
TBMajority of the above = “Dormant TB”
Can be dormant for 30 yearsOnly 5-10% will become “active” TB
Pulmonary TB
TB continuedTB bacteria produces nasal discharge,
coughing, sneezingAirborne
TB and Oregon
Public.health.oregon.gov
Public Health Concerns2-3 million deaths worldwide per
yearTrend: Extensively drug-resistant
strains = XDR TBEx: TB treatment 6-10 months = $900Ex: XDR TB treatment = $200,000
High-end antibiotics given through IV in hospital
Preventing TuberculosisKnow your risk
Higher risk populations: close contact, foreign-born, low-income or homeless, health care workers, infants, children, and persons who inject drugs.
Practice good hygiene
MRSAMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Staph bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams.
Often appears as pustule or boilMay think of a spider bite at first.
MRSA continuedHA-MRSA = Health care acquired
More serious and potentially deadly
CA-MRSA = Community acquiredAnyone is at risk
Contaminated Surfacesand Shared Items
Frequent Contact
Cleanliness
Crowding
Compromised Skin
Factors that Facilitate Transmission
Antimicrobial Use
(CDC, 2012)
MRSA in the news…Newberg, Oregon…
High schooler spread MRSA through tattoos, several students infected.
Mainly spread through unclean needles.
West Nile VirusSeasonal epidemic – summer through
fall
Symptoms:Most people (about 80%) will have no
symptomsApproximately 19% will have mild symptoms
Fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, swollen lymph nodes
About 1% of population will become severely infectedNeck stiffness, stupor, disorientation; may lead to permanent
neurological effects.
WNV PreventionAvoid mosquitoes!
Use repellantWear long sleevesAvoid being out when mosquitoes are activeHave good screens on windowsBeware of standing water
WNV and Community HealthCommunication from health educators is
vital.Unfortunately, we’re not getting the message
out.
Patient education works!
Also in the news….Hantavirus in Yosemite National Park, Summer
2012
Hantaviruses are a group of viruses carried by some rodents.Deer mouse, white-footed mouse, rice rat and
cotton rat.
In every state except Alaska and Hawaii.
Symptoms: Fever, severe muscle aches,fatigue, respiratory issues.
Hantavirus preventionHantavirus is spread
through the air.
Practice good hygieneBe careful of mouse /
rat droppings, urine, etcDon’t sweep or
vacuum