emergency housing project 2012

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The Emergency Hoing ProjectProct evelopment o helter or iplace people,

bae on el tie in Haiti an Kenya

FREDRIK AXELSSON

Department o Proct an Proction DevelopmentDiviion o Deign an Hman Factor

CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYGothenbrg, Sween,


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iii.

Emergency housing project

Proct evelopment o helter or iplace people, bae on el tie in Haiti an Kenya

FREDRIK AXELSSON

FREDRIK AXELSSON,

Published and distributed by

Chalmer Univerity o TechnologyDepartment o Proct an Proction DevelopmentSE- GteborgSween

Telephone: + ()-

Printe in Sween byChalmer ReproerviceGteborg,

Abstract

Thi mater thei wa carrie ot by Frerik Axelon,

mater tent in Intrial Deign Engineering, at the

epartment o Proct an Proction Development

at Chalmer Univerity o Technology. The project

wa perorme in collaboration with Formen H

Fonation, who act in partnerhip with the Ikea

Fonation an Unite Nation High Commiioneror Regee (UNHCR).

The aim wa to evelop an emergency helter, bae on

a metal rame mae by Formen H, that cope with

the everyay nee o iplace people. At the ame

time the proct mt be inexpenive, o low weight

an volme an qickly manactre to be realitic or

UNHCR to proce.

The nee an eman rom iplace people an

ai organiation were carelly invetigate. Dring

the pring o 2011 extenive literatre tie were

concle to nertan previo work, tanar

an ierent approache o the well-known problem.

To ecre, complement an nravel the gathereinormation, everal interview with expert within

the el were mae. However, to trly nertan

the ientie nee in etail the athor manage to

perorm el tie in Haiti an Kenya. Nmero

interview an obervation were carrie ot in camp,

which gave a pragmatic nertaning o the itation,

very har to n by only reaing report. Ater

analying the ientie ie, ten main problem area

were concle: Hinering water to enter, cookingarea, torage, privacy, light, ventilation & temperatre,

ecrity, re aety, ieae an appearance.

Several concept were evelope or each problem area.

All o them were evalate by an analytical metho

an throgh icion with Formen H, examiner

an pervior. In the en, even part oltion were

preente: A rable package nctioning a ooring,

anbag, a ivie oor that improve the cooking

conition, hook, ventilation opening, ole wall an

natral appearance. Hopelly thee oltion will, with

initiative rom Formen H, improve an acilitate the

real everyay lie or iplace people in camp.

Keywords: emergency housing, shelter, eld studies, Haiti,

Kenya, product development, displaced people, user demands.


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v.

Preface

Thi mater thei report i the nal examination or a

Mater o Science in Intrial Deign Engineering at

Chalmer Univerity o Technology in Gothenbrg,

Sween. I wol like to thank all people that in

omeway were involve an contribte to the

otcome o in thi project.

Firt o all, pecial thank to Denni Kanter an Johan

Karlon at Formen H Fonation or proviing

thi mater thei an or valable knowlege an

inpt ring the whole project. Alo, I wol like

to expre my gratelne towar examiner Ulrike

Rahe an pervior Ral Roenberg at Chalmer

or their giance, aitance an intelligent opinion.

Moreover, thank a lot to Jim Kenney, an expert in

camp management, who ha been nctioning a an

external pervior an provie me with exceptional

knowlege.

I am very ortnate an pleae to have carrie ot

el tie in Haiti an Kenya, an I have many people

to thank or that opportnity. SIDA an Frien oChalmer provie me with cholarhip. Withot their

aitance the trip wol not ha been poible. Alo,

thank to Yvonne Yong, coorinator o the Minor

Fiel Sty cholarhip o SIDA at Chalmer, or her

interet an pport.

Martin Sjholm rom MSB an Peter Kmal an

Stephan Mack rom THW enable the viit in Haiti.

At ite, I owe my incere gratite to interpreter/

river Ernt Ignace an Dimitrov an Anna Delille who

hote me an mae the trip norgettable.

Maria Nytrm rom Chalmer, Dan Lewi, AnaMao an Roe Alabater rom UN-HABITAT

enable the trip to Kenya. At ite Johanne Hjort an

Lorraine Ombech rom UNHCR broght into

camp. Thank yo. Mot o all, I wol like to thank all

reient in camp I manage to talk to.

It ha been enjoyable to get to know the other or

tent working with imilar topic. Hope to ee yo

oon again Marc Chi, Carl Johanon, Petrina Salema

an Agtin Varga.

Finally, I wol like to thank my amily an rien or

pporting an encoraging me throghot thi project.

Frerik Axelon, Gothenbrg, [email protected]


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vii.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .........................................................................................................1

1.2 Eect goals ..........................................................................................................2

1.3 Object goals ........................................................................................................2

1.4 Delimitations .......................................................................................................3

2. Methods and tools ................................................................................. 5

2.1 Planning .............................................................................................................52.1.1 Gantt-chart ....................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Data collection ....................................................................................................5

2.2.1 Literatre ty ................................................................................................................. 5

2.2.2 Obervation .....................................................................................................................5

2.2.3 Interview .........................................................................................................................5

2.2.4 Fiel tie ......................................................................................................................5

2.3 Analysis ...............................................................................................................6

2.3.1 Ihikawa iagram ..............................................................................................................6

2.3.2 Fnction analyi ...............................................................................................................6

2.3.3 Specication o reqirement ............................................................................................6

2.4 Creativity ............................................................................................................6

2.4.1 Braintorming ...................................................................................................................6

2.4.2 Mooboar ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Visualisation .........................................................................................................6

2.5.1 Sketching ..........................................................................................................................62.5.2 Phyical moel .................................................................................................................7

2.5.3 CAD-moel .................................................................................................................... 7

2.6 Evaluation ..........................................................................................................7

2.6.1 PUGH matrix ...................................................................................................................7

3. Implementation .................................................................................... 9

3.1 Time schedule......................................................................................................9

3.2 Data collection in Sweden .....................................................................................9

3.2.1 Literatre tie ...............................................................................................................9

3.2.2 Obervation ..................................................................................................................... 9

3.2.3 Interview ........................................................................................................................10

3.2.3 Moie cope ................................................................................................................10

3.2.4 Meeting er an Ihikawa iagram .................................................................................10

3.3 Field studies .......................................................................................................11

3.3.1 Introction .....................................................................................................................113.3.2 Preparation......................................................................................................................12

3.3.3 Obervation, interview an er tet in Haiti .................................................................12

3.3.4 Obervation, interview an er tet in Kenya ...............................................................13

3.4 Product development ..........................................................................................14

3.4.1 Fnction analyi an Specication o reqirement ........................................................14

3.4.2 Braintorming, ketching an concept generation .............................................................14

3.4.3 Evalation an eciion ...................................................................................................14

3.4.4 Aitional inor mation gathering .....................................................................................14

3.4.5 Frther evelopment ........................................................................................................15


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4. Background ........................ ........................... .......................... ............ 17

4.1 Statistics .............................................................................................................17

4.2 Denitions .........................................................................................................17

4.3 Aid organisations ................................................................................................17

4.3.1 Government ...................................................................................................................17

4.3.2 UN ..................................................................................................................................18

4.3.3 UNHCR .........................................................................................................................18

4.3.4 IFRC ...............................................................................................................................18

4.3.5 IOM ................................................................................................................................18

4.3.6 UN-HABITAT ................................................................................................................184.3.7 UNESCO .......................................................................................................................18

4.3.8 NGO ..............................................................................................................................19

4.4 Camps ...............................................................................................................19

4.4.1 Sitation ..........................................................................................................................19

4.4.2 Poplation .......................................................................................................................21

4.4.3 Location ..........................................................................................................................21

4.4.4 Length o tay ..................................................................................................................21

4.4.5 Space ...............................................................................................................................21

4.4.6 Reception Centre ........................................................................................................... 22

4.4.7 Water Point ..................................................................................................................... 22

4.4.8 Foo torage warehoe .................................................................................................. 22

4.4.9 Hopital/Clinic ............................................................................................................... 22

4.4.10 Latrine ..........................................................................................................................23

4.4.11 Market ...........................................................................................................................23

4.4.12 School ............................................................................................................................234.4.13 Non-amily helter .........................................................................................................23

4.5 The cluster approach .......................................................................................... 23

4.6 The response ...................................................................................................... 24

4.7 Logistic ............................................................................................................. 24

4.8 Tents ................................................................................................................. 25

4.8.1 Material .......................................................................................................................... 26

4.8.2 Dierent tent eign ...................................................................................................... 26

4.8.2 Canva r ige tent ........................................................................................................... 27

4.8.3 Frame tent the canva ret on a oli rame ................................................................. 27

4.8.4 Centre pole tent.............................................................................................................27

4.8.5 Hoope tent .................................................................................................................27

4.9 Alternatives to tents in camps .............................................................................. 27

4.9.1 Tarpalin........................................................................................................................ 27

4.9.2 Cah or work ................................................................................................................. 28

4.9.3 Local helter contr ction ............................................................................................... 284.9.4 Tranitional helter...........................................................................................................28

4.10 Standards and guidelines ................................................................................... 29

4.10.1 The Sphere hanbook....................................................................................................29

4.10.2 UNHCR hanbook or emergencie............................................................................. 29

4.10.3 Shelter Centre ..............................................................................................................29

4.11 The options o emergency housing ..................................................................... 30

4.11.1 Diper e option ..........................................................................................................30

4.11.2 Collective centre (ma helter) .....................................................................................32

4.11. Planne (an el-ettle) camp ........................................................................................32

4.12 The lie in camps .............................................................................................. 33

4.13 Sustainable approach ......................................................................................... 35

4.14 Cultural and social appropriateness .................................................................... 35

4.14.1 Baic nee .....................................................................................................................36

4.15 The mission o shelter ........................................................................................37

4.15.1 Aitional nee ............................................................................................................39

4.16 Behaviour ........................................................................................................ 39

4.16.1 Depenency ynrome ...................................................................................................39

4.16.2 Ownerhip .................................................................................................................... 40

4.17 Insights and conclusions .....................................................................................41

5. Identied needs and problem areas ..... .......................... ........................ 43

5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43

5.1.1 Moie cope ............................................................................................................... 43

5.1.2 Fact o viite contrie .................................................................................................. 43

5.2 Durability ...................................................................................................... 44

5.2.1 Material an contrction .............................................................................................. 44

5.2.2 Water ............................................................................................................................. 46

5.2.3 Win ...............................................................................................................................46

5.2.4 Aitional inormation on rom el tie ............................................................... 46

5.3 Construction components ................................................................................... 47

5.3.1 Roo ................................................................................................................................47

5.3.2 Flooring .......................................................................................................................... 48

5.3.3 Wall ................................................................................................................................49

5.3.4 Door ...............................................................................................................................495.3.5 Winow ......................................................................................................................... 49

5.4 Living environment ............................................................................................ 50

5.4.1 Space an volme ........................................................................................................... 50

5.4.2 Storage ............................................................................................................................ 50

5.4.3 Cooking ........................................................................................................................ 52

5.4.4 Light ................................................................................................................................53

5.5 Saety and health................................................................................................ 54

5.5.1 Phyical an emotional ecrity .......................................................................................54

5.5.2 Ventilation an temperatre ..............................................................................................55

5.5.3 Fire aety .........................................................................................................................57

5.5.4 Dieae ............................................................................................................................57

5.5.5 Other health ie ...........................................................................................................58

5.6 Privacy ............................................................................................................. 58

5.7 Handling ............................................................................................................61

5.7.1 Bilability .......................................................................................................................615.7.2 Aaptability ......................................................................................................................61

5.7.3 Reparability ....................................................................................................................62

5.7.4 Upgraability .................................................................................................................62

5.8 Appearance, semantics and cultural appropriateness............................................... 62

5.8.1 Ientication................................................................................................................... 63

5.8.2 Commnication ..............................................................................................................63

5.8.3 Expreion ....................................................................................................................... 63

5.8.4 Aethetic ....................................................................................................................... 63


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5.9 Production and logistic ...................................................................................... 64

5.9.1 Manactring .................................................................................................................64

5.9.2 Tranport ..........................................................................................................................64

5.9.3 Storage .............................................................................................................................65

5.9.4 Packing an labelling .......................................................................................................65

5.10 Climate ........................................................................................................... 65

5.10.1 Hot ry climate .............................................................................................................65

5.10.2 Hot hmi climate ........................................................................................................65

5.11 Environment .................................................................................................... 65

5.12 Analysis and Conclusions ................................................................................... 66

6. Product development ...........................................................................67

6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 67

6.2 Hindering water to enter .................................................................................... 67

6.2.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................67

6.2.2 Deciion or rther evelopment................................................................................... 68

6.2.3 Aitional inormation gather ing .................................................................................... 69

6.2.4 Frther evelopment o ooring an package.................................................................. 70

6.2.5 Frther evelopment o anbag .................................................................................... 73

6.3 Cooking area ..................................................................................................... 76

6.3.1 Sketching ....................................................................................................................... 76

6.3.2. Deciion or rther evelopment ...................................................................................77

6.3.3 Frther evelopment ........................................................................................................77

6.4 Storage ............................................................................................................. 79

6.4.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 79

6.4.2 Deciion or rther evelopment................................................................................... 796.4.3 Frther evelopment o hook ........................................................................................ 80

6.5 Privacy ............................................................................................................. 82

6.5.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................82

6.5.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ....................................................................................83

6.5.3 Aitional inormation gathering abot acotic..............................................................83

6.5.4 Frther evelopment o inoor wall .................................................................................83

6.5.5 Frther evelopment o on aborbing wall..................................................................84

6.6 Light ................................................................................................................. 85

6.6.1 Sketching .........................................................................................................................85

6.7 Ventilation and temperature................................................................................. 86

6.7.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 86

6.7.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ................................................................................... 86

6.7.3 Aitional inormation gathering .....................................................................................86

6.7.4 Frther evelopment o ventilation opening .................................................................... 87

6.8 Security (emotional and physical) ........................................................................ 896.8.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 89


6.9 Fire saety ......................................................................................................... 90

6.9.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 90


6.10 Diseases ........................................................................................................... 90

6.10.1 Sketching ...................................................................................................................... 90

6.10.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ................................................................................. 90

6.11 Appearance, semantics and cultural appropriateness ..............................................91

6.11.1 Iea ...............................................................................................................................91

6.11.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ............................................................................92

6.11.3 Frther evelopment .....................................................................................................92

7. Final result ...........................................................................................95

7.1 Flooring and package ......................................................................................... 95

7.2 Sandbags ........................................................................................................... 9 8

7.3 Divided door ....................................................................................................100

7.5 Sound absorbing walls .......................................................................................105

7.6 Ventilation opening ...........................................................................................1067.7 Appearance, semantics and cultural appropriateness ..............................................108

7.8 Evaluation o result............................................................................................109

7.9.1 Flllment o eman an wihe .................................................................................109

7.9.2 Cltral appropriatene .................................................................................................109

7.9.3 Environmental impact ....................................................................................................109

7.9 Overview .......................................................................................................... 110

8. Discussion ..........................................................................................113

8.1 Mission o the project ........................................................................................ 113

8.1.1 Eect an object goal .................................................................................................... 113

8.2 Project plan ...................................................................................................... 113

8.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 113

8.4 Implementation ................................................................................................ 114

8.4.1 The cope o the project .................................................................................................114

8.4.2 Several oc area ..........................................................................................................1148.4.3 Sperviion ..................................................................................................................114

8.4.4 PUGH matrix ................................................................................................................ 114

8.5 Field studies ..................................................................................................... 114

8.5.1 Preparation ..................................................................................................................114

8.5.2 Implementation ..............................................................................................................114

8.5.3 Coming rom abroa .....................................................................................................115

8.6 Result .............................................................................................................. 115

8.6.1 Introction...................................................................................................................115

8.6.2 Floor ing an package .....................................................................................................115

8.6.3 Sanbag ........................................................................................................................ 115

8.6.4 Cooking area .................................................................................................................116

8.6.5 Storage ......................................................................................................................... 116

8.6.6 Ventilation opening ........................................................................................................116

8.6.7 Wall ..............................................................................................................................116

8.6.8 Appearance, emantic an cltral appropriatene .........................................................1168.7 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 117

9. Conclusion .........................................................................................117

10. Reerences ........................................................................................118

Appendix .............................................................................................. 122


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1.

1.1 Background

Every year million o people nee temporary heltere to natral iater or conict. Thee helter are

neee or people immeiately ater a tragey occr.

In orer or UN an other ai organiation to be able

to help in the bet way, the helter mt be inexpenive,

o low weight an volme an qickly proce.

Unortnately regee camp, emerge rom conict,

lat in average 17 year. A a coneqent the helter/

hoe mt meet the nee that arie rom the er

ring time. Otherwie the home are likely abanon or

poorly maintaine. Thee nee have to be invetigate

rther on in orer to nertan what eman the

proct reqire. However, it i known toay that the

helter preerably hol be rable, moveable, eay to

aemble an iaemble, pgraable an aaptable to

ierent cltre, ocial an practical behavior anhabit, climate an environment.

Toay there i not really an emergency helter that it

all the nal eman or a iater. A lot o work

ha been one in thi el, bt till no one ha really

manage the tak.

Formen H Fonation in Hlleor, Sween, in

partnerhip with Ikea Fonation, ha been working

with The Emergency Hoing Project ince 2010.Together with UNHCR a prototype o a lightweight

teel rame ha been evelope an the next tep wol

be to eign a itable cover or it.

Formen H i a centre or eign in Hlleor, Sween,

an nction a a link between intry an eigner.

It ha a permanent exhibition towar companie,

reearcher, ecation, chilren an the general pblic.

In the Emergency hoing project Formen H ha

receive or namental parameter rom UNHCR

that will irect the project:

Price

Weight

Volme Simplicity an time to aemble

The helter rame i molar bae an el-pporte.

It mainly conit o teal pipe o 180 centimetre (cm),

joint, gron anchor an wire, ee Figre 1. The

joint connect the pipe in xe angle (the roo angle

become 30) an provie a ae atening. The gron

1. Introduction

In this chapter, an introduction o the project is presented. This includes background inormation o how the project started, what the

ambitions are and how ar it already has reached. Moreover, specic eect and object goals are presented as well as delimitations, which

constitute the rames or this project.

22mm 20,4mm

FD1

FD2

FD4

FD5

FD3

90/120

1117/1270/ 2540

40

30

Figure 1. The components for the shelter from left to right; joint, wires with hooks, anchors

and diameter of the pipes.


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2. 3.

anchor can be aemble in varie way an poitione

at ierent height to provie itable lit or own orce

in ierent gron conition. See Figre 2.

A itable ize or a amily o ve peron wol

be three ection, covering 17,5 qare metre (m 2).

The emergency helter rame i not intene to be a

permanent oltion, bt a movable onation that

col be pgrae over time by reient.

Formen H aim to proce 500 000 helter per year.

De to the limite ize o warehoe the helter mt

be rapily proce when neee. Each batch wol

incle 5000-10000 helter.

1.2 Effect goals

The goal o the project i to evelop a proct that

reache a many regee a poible. Once the proct

ha arrive to the er the next goal will be to make it

tainable. With a long lating proct le maintenance

i neee rom ai organiation an ave money col

be pent on more people.

Another goal will be abot exibility. The proct

hol be able to vary in ize in orer to t ierent

nee ( home, hopital, renezvo, bathroom).

Finally, the proct hol not aect the environment

more than toay.

1.3 Object goals

In orer to achieve the eect goal everal object goal

nee to be llle. The object goal o the project are

to evelop a proct that:

i inexpenive compare to crrent moel. The

price hol be abot 500 USD or the whole

proct. Approximately 100-150 USD wol be

e or a metal rame an another 350-400 USDor a cover.

i har-wearing. The cover hol lat abot three

year an the rame at leat ten year.

i lightweigthe an have low volme. The teel

rame weight 25 kilogram (kg) an the total

amont cannot excee 65 kg.

i imple an wiely to itribte an manactre.

It ha to t the workow o hmanitarian ai in

emergencie.

i rable an itable or heavy whether an togh

climate ring everal year.

i tainable in a ocial perpective. The proct

hol not interere with local cltre an habit.

Intea it nee to be aaptable (an perhap

pgraable) to ierent eire in orer to become ahome. Aitional element wol likely be ae to

etablih a eeling o homeline.

o not perceive a inappropriate by the ociety. The

emergency hoe are temporary home, at leat

ofcially. The local government might arge that it

hol tay that way, to not make them permanent.

In that cae a carel conieration ha to be one

concerning what i a home an when oe it

become permanent. Becae, at the ame time the

A

A

5400

2740

2300

950

3150

30

Figure 2. A side view over the entire shelter.

proct hol etablih a eeling o homeline.

col be molar bae in orer to t ierent ize

o amilie or be e or other prpoe. Thereore

it ha to be eaily ajtable, aemble, iemble

an moveable. However, other cope o e might

reqire rther nee than jt a ierent ize.

contribte to the environment in a better or

imilar way. The itation in regee camp i at the

moment inaeqate concerning environment. A lot

o work col certainly be one. Neverthele, thatwill not be the major oc.

Following element hol be elivere to Formen

H, examiner an ttor once the project rn towar

it en.

A report covering the whole project.

A preentation o the relt.

Vialiation o the proct.

1.4 Delimitations

The project will only incle the cover o the

helter, not the rame. Formen H ha alreayevelope the rame. However, an engineer tent

will, parallel to thi project, o hi mater thei

abot the metal rame. Hi tak will be to improve

an rene the rame in orer to make it trly

rable. Two architect tent will invetigate in

their mater thei how the rame can nction a

a onation or local pgraing in a long-term

perpective. Finally a th tent (alo tying

architectre) will work within camp planning an

bae hi approach on the ize o the helter eign

rom Formen H. Dring the project the tent

will meet continoly to help each other an

poibly make re that ierent approache t

together. However, the other tent work will not

be preente in thi report. The job will not be an open orce project. The

relt that emerge cannot be hare with potential

competing companie.

The workow o hmanitarian ai in emergencie

will be har to change, regarle o how brilliant

a proct might be. However, the athor will

invetigate the rle an conition anyway an

perhap there are circmtance that col be

moie.

The proct hol be a tanar oltion an t

ierent cltre, climate an environment. It will

natrally be impoible to go throgh all concerne

cltre to t local eire. Intea, a ew ierent

area col be analye to n mtal nee.

Since mot regee camp occr along the eqator

thi will be the context o the helter. Still, the

climate an environment col vary a lot.


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5.

either mae in a grop or inivially. The trctre

interview incle a reglate orer an time, whilt

the ntrctre are mae more reely where thebject i more irecte by the er. To acilitate er

to peak reely abot a bject inivial interview

are preerre. On the other han, grop interview are

itable to gain an overlook an ave time. (Karlon

2007)

2.2.4 Field studies

Working a a oreign reearcher an eigner in

eveloping contrie reqire preparation an

knowlege o how to act in el. The context might be

complex an otlanih in everal apect. Here ollow

a ew tip written by the Conlting Firm IDEO who

ha been working in everal project with innovation to

the bae o the pyrami.

The ability to speak reely

Inivial interview hol be accompanie withot

an aience. The preence o r ien or neighbor can

inence or limit the er to expre reely. However,

privacy i not necearily eay to achieve in el.

Being more than one reearcher col be el ince

one reearcher can pll aie the aience in a parallel

converation, away rom the primary er.

Women an men might have ierent point o view,

bt the one rom women are not necearily hear.

Two eparate meeting might thereore be appropriate.

Opinion rom people can be inence by thepreence o political heavyweight ch a local

aminitrator or chie. (IDEO 2009)

The role as a oreigner

The prpoe o the interview an obervation, an

the act that nothing will be given away, hol be clear

or er. I people view the reearcher a a orce o

n an char ity, their behavior an anwer col be

inence by perceive potential benet.

2.1 Planning

2.1.1 Gantt-chart

In the project planning it col be neceary to illtrate

the tart, nih an the length o incling phae. A

Gantt-chart i thereore e. It conit o a horizontal

bar chart rnning along a time axi. The ierent

phae are occaionally overlapping each other or rn

parallel. Thi metho i calle Concrrent Engineering.

(terlin 2007)

2.2 Data collection

2.2.1 Literature study

Literatre tie are perhap the mot common

way to gain inormation or a project. The pblihe

inormation can be on in article, book an inInternet atabae. Literatre tie are however ally

not enogh to nertan a problem area, bt hol be

complemente.

2.2.2 Observations

To ty the hanling an behavior o the age o

proct, obervation can be applie. The metho i

qite itable to apply to ientiy inormation that er

cannot verbalie or are not aware o. Several obervation

metho exit, or intance el-obervation where the

er write iary, participating obervation where the

oberver interact with er or irect obervation where

er are watche with camera or memo pa.

Obervation are rthermore opene or conceale. A

conceale obervation mean that the er i not aware

o being oberve. (Karlon 2007)

2.2.3 Interviews

To nertan er nee, eire, eeling an attite

interview are benecial. Interview are categorie

into trctre, emi trctre an ntrctre an i

2. Methods and tools

The dierent methods used in this master thesis are describes i n this chapter. The design process oten consists o ve phases: upstarting,

data collection and analyse, idea generation and sketching, revision and ollow-up. The eort or each phase can dier rom case to case

and run parallel.


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6. 7.

Unintentionally, NGO can occaionally expre

eparatene to the local people, perhap by wearing

brane clothing or having a too patial itance

between themelve an the par ticipant. Thee barrier

hol be minimie, a well a the perception o

ierence in hierarchical between the grop. Here are

a ew ggetion to achieve that:

The reearcher hol it at the ame height level a

the er. When more than one reearcher i involve, they

hol not it together bt rather catter themelve

throghot the grop.

Clothe that are organization-brane hol be

avoie. (IDEO 2009)

Receiving trustworthy inormation

The inormation people are aying an thinking i

not alway the ame a what people actally are oing.

Participant oten have trong belie abot their

rotine an aily activitie that ier rom reality. Thi

migiance i ally not an intention to milea the

reearcher, bt imply an overtatement. To receive

proper inormation, a ew night in people home

col be benecial. Ater ome time, people will actmore natral an become comortable. The longer the

reearcher tay in the context the more nertaning

an empathy they will gain. (IDEO 2009)

2.3 Analysis

2.3.1 Ishikawa diagram

An Ihikawa iagram i a techniqe, preente

graphically, to trctre the correlation between

reaon an eect. Ater ening problem that hol

be analye, poible reaon are ientie. The mot

relevant reaon are then marke an invetigate.

(Karlon 2007)

2.3.2 Function analysis

To etermine the main prpoe o a proct an

analye it nction, a nction analyi can be mae.

The relt can oten be preente in a lit o nction.

It can be vital to ientiy all nction in orer to make

a proct that trly ll the er nee an eire.

The lit o nction will then become a onation or

the pecication o reqirement. (terlin 2007)

2.3.3 Specication of requirements

The pecication o reqirement i bae on the

nction analyi. Ater weighing the nction, or

intance in a cale rom 1-5, the mot important one

can be categorie into eman an the remaining

one into wihe or ae vale. The pecication o

reqirement i not only a tarting point an a rame

or the proct evelopment, bt alo a tool to evalate

concept. The vial repreentation i rather imilar

to a lit o nction an can thereore be combine.(Wiktrm 2005)

2.4 Creativity

2.4.1 Brainstorming

Braintorming i a techniqe to obtain a range o

iea. The metho i carrie ot in a grop, preerably

coniting o three to ix peron o ierent

backgron. The iea are notice on a ipchart or

white boar, or rawn together at the table. Critiqe i

not allowe ring the eion an extreme iea, ar

rom realitic oltion, are encorage. Once the iea

are ettle they can be combine an complemente to

bring new oltion an iea.

2.4.2 Moodboard

A mooboar i a collection o image that hol

repreent an meiate the ame eeling that the tre

proct i intene to expre. The mooboar can be

ice with the ctomer to make re the project i

heaing the right way. (Wiktrm 2005)

2.5 Visualisation

2.5.1 Sketching

To explore, vialie an commnicate iea in proct

evelopment, ketching i an aeqate tool. Sketchingi commonly imple an qick an relt in two-

imenional image. There are however a ew level

o renement, appropriate or ierent prpoe.

Iea ketche are mae rapily to illtrate principle

oltion, while realitic ketche are ar more time

conming an e to promote proct. Technical

rawing how hien part an are mae in etail to

how important inormation to acilitate manactring.

(terlin 2007)

2.5.2 Physical models

To obtain even more ecribing vial repreentation

than ketche, three-imenional phyical moel are

appropriate. The moel are e to evalate nction,

oltion an hape, bt alo a a tool to promote the

nal relt. Uing a ll-cale moel, even thogh i it i

roghly mae, col be qite applicable to evalate ize

an ergonomic element. (terlin 2007)

2.5.3 CAD-models

Compter aie eign, CAD, i a tool to bil three-

imenional object by ing compter otware.

Several CAD-otware exit, enabling iea to be

vially explore an tete. Shape, imenion,

color, contrction an trength can be explore.

Frthermore, the CAD-otware can provie technical

rawing an thereby a onation or proction.

(Johanneon, Peron & Petteron 2004)

2.6 Evaluation

2.6.1 PUGH matrix

A PUGH matrix i mae to eliminate ierent conceptby comparing them to a reerence object, commonly a

competitive or original oltion. The ierent concept

will be aigne a core (or example rom -3 to +3)

epening on how well they ll the reqirement

an wihe compare to the reerence object. Each

eman an wih can have an own core, on at the

pecication o reqirement, which mean that the

mot important one play a more eential role in the

PUGH matrix. To maximie the nction o the matrix

there hol not be too many eman an wihe,

bt the mot ignicant one. (Johanneon, Peron &

Petteron 2004)


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9.

3.1 Time schedule

The project wa carrie ot ring the pring an allo 2011 an preente in Janary o 2012. The initial

iea wa to perorm er tie in Haiti an later on,

with a evelope prototype, evalate the relt throgh

ability tet in Kenya. A illtrate in the Gantt-

chele, ee Figre 3, the nal relt wa intene to

be preente in October.

De to the extremely complex context, more time wa

neee in the rt phae nertaning the problem,

which elaye the whole project. In the en, both

the el tie in Haiti an Kenya were carrie ot

ring the pring to evalate the ientie problem

area on rom literatre tie, interview an

obervation in Sween.

3.2 Data collection in Sweden

The rt phae in the project wa to ientiy

poible nee an problem area, bt alo to obtain

a backgron o the crrent camp itation. Data

wa gathere in nmero way to achieve a wie

perpective o the context.

3.2.1 Literature studies

A lot o literatre ha been pblihe the lat ecae

abot hoing ater natral ia ter an conict. A vatamont o tanar, ggetion, recommenation,

rle, previo example an o orth are ecribe,

ometime incoherent to each other. Plenty o

pblication were rea by the athor, among other the

rather amo Sphere project, UN-HABITAT Shelter

project 2009, Shelter ater iater gieline 2010

an UNHCR Hanbook or Emergencie. Beie all

report, article an booklet o emergency hoing, a

ew book abot mart eign or narrow pace were

invetigate. In the en t hee book trne ot to have

oltion that till reqire a lot material an rability,

which mae them a bit irrelevant or mot emergency

helter. Frthermore, Internet enable a great amont

o aitional eential inormation, among other

throgh vieo howing the everyay lie o reientan their view.

3.2.2 Observations

At leat two obervation were carrie ot in Sween

beore heaing to Haiti an Kenya. The rt took

place at Chalmer Univerity o Technology right

in the beginning o the project. Together with the

other or tent, working within the ame context,

the prototype rom Formen H wa aemble

withot intrction. The hanling wa carrie ot to

3. Implementation

The working procedure o the project is descr ibed in this chapter. The process and content o applied methods are presented, but also a

proper background and the implementation o the eld studies are pictured. At the end the actual product development, with its several

phases, is described.

Literature study

Interviews

Observations

User studies (Haiti)

Choose concept and develop further

Presentation

Usability studies (Kenya)

Report

Concept making and evaluation

Analysis

w.9w.8 w. 10 w. 11 w.12 w. 13 w. 14 w. 15 w.1 6 w. 17 w. 18 w. 19 w. 20 w. 21 w. 22 w. 23 w. 24 w. 35 w .3 6 w .3 7 w. 3 8 w .3 9 w .4 0

OctoberSummer break

Figure 3. The original Gantt-schedule.


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10. 11.

inight into their itation. Thereore, the athor wa

very keen to meet iplace people in their home to

nertan an rther invetigate the alreay ientie

problem area. An Ihikawa iagram (ee Appenix

1) wa mae abot two problem area, privacy an

ecrity, to eek aitional poible explanation o the

lacking qality. Thee explanation or reaon became

a onation or aitional qetion within the two

problem area.

3.3 Field studies

3.3.1 Introduction

The aim o the el tie wa to veriy the ientie

nee an complement them with aitional

inormation to nertan the everyay lie in

emergency helter. It wa eential to eparate the

general nee rom the cltre one. By viiting two

location it became eaier to itingih the general

nee an it helpe the athor moiy the conclion

an amption rom the previo reearch.

Haiti wa hit, on the 12th o Janary 2010, by an

earthqake mearing 7.3 on the Richter cale

(Figre 4). The epicenter wa locate 17 kilometre

(km) othwet o the capital Port-a-Prince. More

than 200,000 people were kille an 1.3 million

iplace. Port-a-Prince wa ratically aecte an

approximately 190 000 biling were etroye or

trly amage, caing a great nmber o rban camp.

(UN, DFID, Shelter Centre, 2010)

Kenya witnee riot an violence ater the election

in 2007/2008 (Figre 5). Conict emerge between

tribe, caing abot 1500 eceae, everal brne

home an abot 300 000 being iplace. Mot camphave been poitione on the contryie. In general the

IDP camp in Kenya (cae by the political violence)

are le trctre than regee camp (with Somali,

Sanee an Ethiopian regee). Regee get oten

more international pblication an more pport.

The el tie in Haiti an Kenya wa ne

by SIDA, throgh the Minor Fiel Sty (MFS)

cholarhip, an by Frien o Chalmer (ee Figre 6).

nertan the proct an to realie what reient

will ace ater receiving it. At thi phae everal etail

where not concle or optimie yet, caing a ew

ie in the aembling.

In the beginning o May, the athor went to

Kritinehamn in Sween where The Sweih Civil

Contingencie Agency (MSB) hel a training core o

a ew ay or the Ger man ai organiation Techniche

Hilwerk (THW). At the ite everal emergencyhelter were pt p, incling the prototype rom

Formen H. Beie oberving the ta invetigating

the prototype, the athor explore the other moel

an on everal ie ientie rom the previo

ata collection.

The viit in Kritinehamn wa alo mae to ic with

THW the poibilitie o viiting Haiti with the help

rom them. Beore thi meeting, repeate converation

ha been hel between the athor an the THW ta

in Haiti. However, nothing ha yet been ettle. The

nit manager in the training core Stephan Mack

explaine their role in Haiti an how a viit might

col be arrange. Thank to him an hi colleage at

ite in Haiti, a viit wa hortly etablihe an booke.

3.2.3 Interviews

To complement the inormation rom literatre an

obervation abot tanar, rle, crrent eign,

previo project, relie help, camp management, camp,

behavior cience etcetera, interview were perorme.

Mot o the interview were emi trctre an

carrie ot orally or by phone call. Some interview

were however complete by e-mail an thereby rather

trctre.

Here ollow a ew name that the athor ha the

pleare to interview or ic the bject with.

Ian Davi, proeor in iater management an

among other the eitor o the rt UN gieline

on Shelter ater Diater pblihe 1982.

Jim Kenney, CARE helter expert an coorinator.

Martin Sjholm, project manager at MSB.

Dan Lewi, chie at the Diater an Pot-Conict

Section, UN-HABITAT.

Nina Gren, PhD in ocial anthropology at

Univerity o Gothenbrg.

Jaap van Kemenae, ormer mater tent in

intrial eign engineering at Delt Univerity

o Technology, who wrote hi mater thei abot

emergency helter.

Stephan Mack, nit manager at THW.

Roe Alabater, Hman Settlement Ofcer at

UN-HABITAT.

Inger Lie Syveren, reearcher an enior lectrer/

aociate proeor at Chalmer Univerity o

Technology. Maria Nytrm, proeor in eign in rban

evelopment at Chalmer Univerity o Technology.

Malena Gyllenhak, ormer mater tent in

architectre at Chalmer Univerity o Technology,

who wrote her mater thei abot hoing ater

iater.

3.2.3 Modied scope

At thi phae the athor wa a bit ncertain which

path to chooe. The initial iea wa to make a niveral

tent oltion or camp, bt mot inormation gathere

claime it i the wort oltion. Biling permanent

hoe with local reorce are ar more tainable.

At the ame time, there are nmero itation whenthere are no alternative bt tent. A a relt the athor

ecie to oc on improving the living conition in

camp throgh a more er-rienly helter eign.

De to the nmber o nolve problem area o

helter, relate to the everyay live or reient, the

athor became more crio to olve thee part than

the technical ie o a cover. Ater a ialog with

Formen H it wa concle that they hol oc

on exploring rable an aorable contrction an

material, while the athor hol contine invetigate

an olve the er eman.

3.2.4 Meeting users and Ishikawa diagram

To trly nertan er they hol be interviewe

an i poibly oberve when interacting with the

proct. Otherwie, there i a evere rik that the

proct oe not t the er nee. Emergency helter

i not ierent rom other proct. Actally, thi

proct an it relation with er are very complex, e

to ie ch a ownerhip o lan, poverty, cltre an

inratrctre. It i oten eential, when eigning or

another cltre, to interact an interview er an gain

Figure 4. The results of the earthquake.Figure 5. The riots in Kenya.


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12. 13.

The tie were carrie ot in two phae between Mayan Jly in 2011. A two-ay preparation core in Uppala,

Sween, hel by Internationella Programkontoret, wa

alo incle in the MFS cholarhip. The core helpe

tent to prepare or the el ty throgh lectre,

eminar an meeting with expert within concerne

contrie.

3.3.2 Preparations

In orer to perorm er tet, interview an appropriate

obervation in an namiliar cltre, reearcher mt

be open-mine an preerably pen a long perio o

time in the oreign region. Otherwie it become har

to trly nertan the context. In thi project the aim

wa not to ientiy local problem area, bt generallyone or camp. Coneqently, le pre-tie o crrent

contrie wa neee compare to local implementation

project. Aitionally, the athor ha alreay viit Kenya

or even week o el ty in another project the year

beore. Thoe even week were extremely intrctive

an provie knowlege that i impoible to pre-

ty. Lckily, the Haitian cltre i airly imilar to the

Kenyan, enabling the previo knowlege to be applie.

Mot inight concern metho, behavior, ocial

interaction etcetera, an col be crcial to mater in

orer to gain worthy repone rom local people.

To rther enhance the inormation gathering at ite

a report rom IDEO, calle Hman Centere Deign

Toolkit, wa tie. The report aim to acilitate

innovation to reach the bae o the pyrami an

provie metho an tip how nee o contitent

can be nertoo an etecte better. To learn more

abot thee metho, ee chapter2.2.4 Field studies.

3.3.3 Observations, interviews and usertests in Haiti

Thank to the German ai organization Techniche

Hilwerk (THW, Figre 7) the athor wa able to

carry ot obervation, interview an er tet in Haiti.

THW provie extenive knowlege abot the local

itation an ormer example o iater. They alo

oere help, ch a proviing an interpreter an

river, renting a car an introce the athor to camp

manager, in orer to acilitate the athor to reely viit

the IDP camp in an cloe by Port a Prince (Figre

8). Finally THW enable the athor to be hote by a

Haitian amily in central Port a Prince, which wa

extremely helpl or practical matter a well a to

nertan the itation an cltre.

Entering camp were rather traightorwar. Ater

talking to the man in charge or a camp, oten entitle

the preient, an explaine the prpoe o the viit,

viitor were allowe to enter. Once inie the athorwa permitte to walk aron an interview amilie

an oberve the everyay lie, either by himel or with

the help rom ocial worker or camp manager. Mot

IDP were crio abot the viit. However, being

nable to peak the ame langage wa, even thogh

an interpreter wa preent, limiting the interaction

an might have inence the inormation that wa

receive. Having poken Creole wol have given a

more peronal relation to the people an even more

important inormation wol probably ha been

receive.

The obervation in camp were ocmente by

photographing an by taking note. Oten when helter

were oberve emi-trctre interview were helwith reient at the ame time, which gave qalitative

ata. The topic ice were motly relate to the

inight that ha been rawn beore the tr ip. In total, 15

emi trctre interview were hel with IDP an an

aitional nmber were ntrctre. The qality an

length o time varie e to the reient interet an

relation to the bject an ability to ecribe it in etail.

Mot o the interviewee were women between 20-60

year ol, bt in between men were alo interviewe.

Semi trctre interview were alo carrie ot

with ta rom THW, UN repreentative at Shelter

Clter, camp manager an ocial worker. The mot

ccel ntrctre interview were mae with the

interpreter/river, the hote amily member an withpreient o the camp.

Ater ome time in camp the athor realie the

ifclty or IDP to expre their view abot the

appearance an aethetic. De to lack o alternative

toay many i not have any pecic opinion.

Thereore a er tet wa pt together with ientical

helter oltion, bt with ierentiation in color an

with an withot logo (ee Figre 9). Senly, when

alternative were provie, it became eaier or IDP to

expre an chooe their avorable oltion. However, e

to the hort nmber o alternative, the tet give only a

hint what hol be aethetically appreciate an avoie.

Figure 6. Funding organisations.

Figure 7. Logos of supporting aid organisations.

Figure 8. The eld

studies were carried

out with the interpreter

Ernst in Haiti and staff

from UNHCR in Kenya.

3.3.4 Observations, interviews and user

tests in Kenya

Two week ater the homecoming rom Haiti the

athor contine the el tie in Kenya, thi time

with three more tent with imilar mater thei

topic within architectre an engineering. Two o thecamp viit were organie by UN-HABITAT an

UNHCR. The camp, calle Pipeline (699 hoehol

in 2010) an Camp 86 (86 amilie who broke ree o

the Nakr camp in November 2008), were locate

cloe to Nakr, abot two hor north o Nairobi.

Mot o the IDP in Pipeline were Englih peaking,

bt in Camp 86 no one were. Coneqently UNHCR

employer aite with interpretation. The project

grop arrange a thir viit by themelve. Abot 1,5

hor north o Nairobi, cloe to Naivaha, Vmilia camp

(225 amilie) i itate. In common or thee camp

are that they were el-etablihe in rral area by

iplace people who e rom location aron Rit

Valley, commonly rom Eloret.

Obervation an interview were carrie ot imilar a in

Haiti. However, the athor only ha interview with IDP

in three camp. In total, 5 emi-trctre interview were

hel with IDP, three with men an two with women. In

orer or the IDP to eel comortable an being able to

point ot poible helter ie, the interview were hel

at their home. Several ntrctre interview were alo

hel ince neighbor became crio abot the viit an

were eager to tell their own tory.

Figure 9. A simple test with different appearance

variations.


15/77

14. 15.

Aitional emi trctre interview were carrie ot

with an employee at UNHCR an a ta member at

UN-HABITAT, both in Nairobi.

The er tet abot the appearance an aethetic o

helter wa carrie ot in Kenya a well. Beie the

IDP at the emi trctre interview a nmber o

neighbor an crio IDP were ake. The tet

wa lightly expane with a ew more alternative to

chooe rom. Thereby the relt became a bit morereliable compare to the one perorme in Haiti.

3.4 Product development

3.4.1 Function analysis and Specication

of requirements

With a great amont o act, problem area, nee

an eire, a nction analyi ha to mae. By

reormlate the inpt into nction the inormation

wa more reviewable an became a clear onation

or approaching concept evelopment. The nction

were alo weighe, coring one to three, in orer to

etermine i they were eman, wihe or ae vale.The nction analyi an pecication o reqirement

relte in a lit o nction. The nmber o nction

i vat, bt in the en only a limit amont o them were

choen to contine with.

3.4.2 Brainstorming, sketching and

concept generation

To obtain a collection o iea one proper

braintorming wa hel, ee Figre 10. The participant

were tent within intrial eign engineering an

the braintorming wa naile own to a ew problem

area. Each participant tarte by themelve or a ew

minte with ketching. The relt were ice an

then explore an evelope together.

Mot o the iea an concept were however generate

by the athor alone. Each problem area receive abot

one ay o eort in the rt iea generation ron.

The bet iea an ketche were pt together an later

preente to Formen H, who alo contribte withome aitional iea, ketche an thoght.

3.4.3 Evaluation and decisions

In orer to evalate the ierent concept a PUGH

matrix wa mae, ee Appenix 3. For each problem

area, itable weighte nee (rom the lit o nction)

were tte into the matrix, enabling ierent core

or ierent concept. How well each concept col

be combine with oltion or other nction wa

an aitional parameter. The concept were compare

to crrent iea rom Formen H: a plain cover an

a tarpalin a a oor. Since they ha not involve

oltion or the aitional problem area, ome

concept in the PUGH matrix ha conierably highercore than the crrent moel.

The concept were preente an ice eparately

with Formen H, examiner an pervior. Bae on

their view an the PUGH matrix, everal eciion

were taken an a lot o new inormation ice.

3.4.4 Additional information gathering

Once the rt iea generation ron wa complete

an evalate, it wa clear that ome aitional act

were neee.

To gain more knowlege abot inoor cooking Maria

Nytrm (proeor in eign in rban evelopmentat Chalmer Univerity o Technology), who i trly

experience in the el, wa contacte. Ater reaing

her PhD report abot tove eign or inoor cooking

an icing the bject with her in peron, the athor

realie how to approach the problem area rom a new

angle.

Another teacher at Chalmer Univerity o Technology,

Carl-Eric Hagentot (proeor in Biling Phyic),

wa met in orer to nertan the alternative an

poibilitie or ventilation an temperatre.

Acotic i qite complex. Beie carrying ot

literatre tie, Margareta Zetterblom (enior lectrer

at School o Textile in Sween) wa contacte. Ater

two telephone interview with her the athor realize

the limitation an rame or eigning a onaborbing helter.

Jim Kenney (working a an helter expert an

coorinator or CARE) ha been a contino

(nofcial) mentor ring thi project. De to hi great

experience in camp management he wa once again

contacte to give anwer abot pgraing, ooring,

rainage an anbag. Ater a ew et o e-mail the

athor ha receive clear an extenive anwer.

Finally a ty viit at a prototype procer wa

carrie ot. Dring the all o 2011, Formen H let

two material procer (who were coniere having

itable material) bil a ll-cale cover prototype

ot o their own pplie, a can be een in Figre 11.The companie were Noria (procing neele pnch)

an NMC Celloam AB (manactring extre

polypropylene). The ty viit gave the athor plenty

o anwer abot poible technical oltion.

3.4.5 Further development

Beie a new ron o reqent iea generation (thi

time more in etail), everal material an manactre

retailer were phone, phyical moel (mock-p) were

bilt to evalate iea an CAD-moel were evelope

throgh the otware Rhinocero (an renere throgh

the otware Keyhot).

To acilitate the evelopment o the appearance, amooboar wa concle. Image were carelly

choen to correpon an harmonie with eire

expreion.

Figure 11. The building of a full-scale prototype.

Figure 10. The brainstorming session.


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17.

4.1 Statistics

335 natral iater were reporte in 2009, whichaecte more than 119 million people an kille over

10,000 peron. The ame year there were alo everal

new conict occrre in contrie ch a Pakitan,

Sri Lanka an Somalia, caing million o people to

iplacement. In the en 43,3 million people ha been

orcibly iplace in 2009. The nmber incle 27,1

million people that e within their own contry (name

internally iplace peron or jt IDP) an aitional

part that ha been iplace into other contrie (name

regee). Natral iater were caing mot amage in

Aian contrie, whilt conict motly were aecting

contrie in Arica. (UN-HABITAT 2010)

In many place aron the worl, ch a Pakitan,

Cypr an Tanzania, camp have been in exitenceor more than a ecae. Some camp in Paletine have

exite or hal a centry withot any ign o cloing.

No one can rely preict how long a camp will exit,

bt oten it i mch longer than mot will believe.

(Kenney 2004) The average ration or major regee

itation increae in 2003 to 17 year (Architect or

Hmanity 2006) an the recontrction ater natral

iater ally become between two an ve year.

(Kanter & Karlon 2010)

Natral iater an conict relt in onation

worth approximately 3 billion USD each year. A large

proportion i thi hmanitarian ai inten to cover baic

helter reqirement to enre protection an aety.

The relie hol not jt reach the vlnerable peoplean location, bt alo be very aeqate an eective.

Unortnately, very commonly the repone i limite

to tarpalin an tent. (Unite Nation 2004) De to

a limite bget an hort notice relie ai ten to

ollow an approach o covering only the baic nee, an

ally in an inexpenive way. Water, helter, ntritional,

anitation, el an health care are lite a the baic

nee by International Feeration o Re Cro an Re

Crecent Societie (IFRC) in 2000. (Ahmore et al. 2003)

4. Background

In this chapter a background is given about the current camp situation. A vast literature study was made to gain knowledge about

shelter design, camp management, relie aid and behavioural science. To clariy and complement certain areas many experts (among

others Ian Davis and Jim Kennedy) were contacted.

4.2 Denitions

A regee i, accoring to the 1951 Conventionrelating to the Stat o Regee, omeone ...owing

to well-ounded ear o being persecuted or reasons o race,

religion, nationality, membership o a particular social group

or political opinion, is outside the country o his nationality

and is unable or, owing to such ear, is unwilling to avail

himsel o the protection o that country; or who, not having

a nationality and being outside the country o his ormer

habitual residence as a result o such events, is unable or, owing

to such ear, is unwilling to return to it. (Geneva Acaemy

o International Hmanitarian Law an Hman Right

2012)

Internally iplace peron, oten jt calle IDP, i

another category, oten wrongly calle regee. IDP

have, compare to regee, not croe an inter nationalborer to n anctary. Intea they remain within

their home contrie. Regarle i the reaon or

the evacation i the ame a or many regee

(oten arme conict) the IDP remain ner the

protection o their government, even thogh it might

be the very ame government caing their itation.

In contrat to regee, IDP are till citizen an retain

their protection an right ner hman right an

international hmanitarian law. (Unite Nation High

Commiioner or Regee (UNHCR) 2009)

4.3 Aid organisations

4.3.1 Governments

The range o ierent iater management operation

i hge, an can go rom re relie to water an oo

elivery. The local government play a crcial role in

iater management ince they are the one reponible

or the welare o their people. However, when larger

hazar occr an government are nable to control the

itation, or have not the knowlege, they call pon the

aitance o the international ai.


17/77

18. 19.

Hmanitarian organiation are, incling the UN,

nancially epenent on their onor. The onation

come rom private peron an invetment originate

rom (oten Wetern) government an companie.

(Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)

Within the international ai commnity there i a

egree o competition between organiation, oten

leaing to lack o cooperation an coorination. Aing

the chao that iater itation carry the coorinationwith local non-governmental organiation (NGO),

local athoritie an the national government are

commonly ecient. ( Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)

The organiation ecribe hereinater are involve

in helter repone ater iater. What i important

to nerline i that the organiation hol behave

a get, not a heamen. The ierence i not alway

clear, eaily caing too mch inence an eciion-

making rom the international organiation an

poibly irpting the local context. (Davi, 2011)

4.3.2 UN

The Unite Nation (UN) i a large an wiepreaorganization, one right ater Worl War II to

promote international cooperation.

With a pport o 192 contrie

the UN play an eential role

in many, political, military,

economical, hmanitarian an law

ie. (Kemenae, Report, 2007)

4.3.3 UNHCR

UNHCR (Unite Nation High Commiioner or

Regee) i the Unite Nation regee agency. The

UN General Aembly create it in 1950 e to the

evatation an amont o iplace people rom the

Secon Worl War. The iea wa to make re thatUN ha a trong an eective organiation to protect

regee in the contrie where they ha oght aylm.

Beie that, UNHCR alo eal

with helping government to n

permanent oltion or regee.

(UNHCR 2009) UNHCR i

reponible or the coorination

o helter at conict itation, an

thereby oten work with regee.

One main tak i to provie helter or vlnerable

people in the rt phae o iater management rather

than create a trctre that lat. (Gyllenhak, Report,

2011) Unortnately, UN contantly iplay a bget

that i ner-balance to meet the hmanitarian nee.

Moreover, tren how that ning i not riing a

at a the nee o hmanitarian aitance. (Kanter &

Karlon 2010)

4.3.4 IFRC

International Feeration o Re Cro an Re

Crecent Societie, (IFRC) i an international NGO that

coorinate the international

ai commnity in helter

repone ater natral iater.


4.3.5 IOM

IOM tan or International Organization or

Migration an oce on nertaning the migration

ie, encoraging ocial an economic

evelopment relate to migration an

phol the hman ignity an the wellbeing o migrant. (IOM 2012)

4.3.6 UN-HABITAT

UN-HABITAT help government an local athoritie

to rebil an recover rom conict an natral

iater. They are not ally involve in the rt phae

o iater management. Intea they are engage a

while ater, implying trategie o long-term perpective.


4.3.7 UNESCO

Similar to UN-HABITAT, UNESCO work in the

longer-term evelopment an recontrction phae.UNESCO eal with cltral heritage an their role

i to retore an protect hitorical monment beore

an ater iater. They are not a

hmanitarian agency, bt can be

critical at iater e to their

knowlege abot valable inherite

material. (Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)

4.3.8 NGOs

A non-government organiation i an organiation

inepenent o the government. The primary miion

i not commercial, bt oce among other on ocial,

cltral, environmental an ecational ie. NGO

oten involve a lot more concrete integration with

employee an organization o local origin compare

to UN.

The amont o NGO i enormo, bt mot o themare mall. A ew o the larger one within iater relie

are Oxam International, Care International an MSF.

Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)

Oxam International i a collaboration o 13

inepenent NGO. Together they cooperate with

more than 3000 local organiation in 100 contrie to

ght poverty an relate injtice. Water an Sanitation

i their tronget expertie, bt they alo pblicie a lot

o reearch, ecation an general relie work.

CARE International i another major NGO with

project in 70 ierent contrie an 90% o their

employee employe locally. CARE i active in relie

project a well a in evelopment project, an iometime reponible or ecation in camp.

MSF (Mcin an Frontire) or Doctor withot

Borer i a French organiation that provie meical

ai an raie awarene o the complication or the

vlnerable people. They alo have a ew pblication on

temporary hoing. (Kemenae, Report, 2007)

4.4 Camps

4.4.1 Situation

Camp management i extremely complicate an

the nmber o regee an relate hoing nee are

enormo. Ually ai organiation are engage in

more ie than helter proviion, meaning that regee

an IDP are oten on their own or the contrction

o helter. (Kemenae, Appenix, 2007) The location

elegate by a government i commonly carrie ot

withot certain conieration o appropriatene. There

are not necearily many location to chooe rom,

epecially in rban area where park col be the only

alternative. (Sjholm 2011) See Figre 12.

Occaionally, government apply ph actor to

ecreae the length o camp. By making the camp

nattractive le iplace people become eager topoplate it an more become keen to leave an retrn to

Figure 12. An urban camp in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.


18/77

20. 21.

their omicile. However, the iea o ph actor i partly

bae on the thoght that iplace people are living in

camp volntarily. In mot cae, people o not have an

alternative location to ecape to. By woren the camp

an making them nattractive, the alreay poor living

conition can ecreae ignicantly. (Alabater 2011)

Camp can ier ignicantly in everal perpective,

even within the ame contry. The relt i epenent

pon preparation, who live there an who rn an

control it an i qite relate to politic, economic

wealth an geographic location. Certain camp are

planne an organie, while other are chaotic anynctional. In Haiti or intance, a year ater the

earthqake o 2010, there were very ew planne camp

with carelly prepare tainable oltion. Even

thogh camp ier a lot they are in general qite

nplanne. Tarpalin an perhap tent are itribte,

an e to the amont o vlnerable people it become

har to control an enre that camp management

gieline are llle. People pt p helter a

they like, withot any inormation, knowlege an

experience o what i nctional in the long-term. In

everal itation the iplace people are, at thi tage,

oten not aware or wol never ame that they will

tay in camp or more than a ew week, enitely

not year. The perception o planning an long-term

thinking i very mch relate to cltre. (Sjholm 2011)

To bil a camp that otgrow itel i the wort poible

relt. It cae overcrowing, implie cot o rebiling

or relocation to avoi the overcrowing. (Kenney

2004) Within a year or two camp oten become

overcrowe, enying reient both ignity an pace

to pre livelihoo. (Force Migration Review 2009)See Figre 13.

More an more hot tate repon to extene regee

itation by containing the reient in iolation. The

regee camp are reqently inecre, epecially cloe to

borer an ar rom the governing regime. Thee hot

government reqire the majority to live in eignate

camp, minimiing the amont o regee who eire to

leave the camp or employment or ecation. The tren,

calle warehousing o reugees, mean evere implication

o hman right an economic growth (Kemenae,

Appenix, 2007) Frthermore, exal an phyical

violence remain a hge concern, cae by epair

an the extreme conition. Women an chilren are

ally the majority o regee commnitie (47% o

the worl regee are ner the age o 18 (Architect

or Hmanity 2006)) an oten the one mot hante

an aecte. (Kemenae, Appenix, 2007)

In common or mot camp i that no one want to live

in it. When camp are etablihe people o ierent

tribe or backgron are poibly orce together. For

intance in ormer Jogolavia thi became a hge ie

ring the conict at the 90. Having Chritian an

Mlim in the ame camp wa critical.

The ecrity rik varie ignicantly between camp, bt

are generally more common in thoe camp emerge

rom conict. Thievery, robbery an mitreatment are

example o ie arien, not only e to ierence o

people bt alo rom injtice. Eqitable treatment or

all reient i not alway achieve an col ometime

cae violation an riot (even thogh it regar only a

light ierence). (Sjholm 2011)

Hot commnitie are not oten very on o the

iplace people. Sympathy an an nertaning

or the vlnerable people rarely exit. Diplace

people, epecially regee, are not poplar ince they

occaionally take over hoting citie (incling job),

litter the ite with wate, teal, increae the oo price

an commonly o not hare the international relie

ai with the hot commnity. Many o the hoting

people eel nairly treate. However, iplace people

rom natral iater are more accepte. Hoting

commnitie are in thi cae oten rom the ame

contry an cltre an eel orry or the aecte

people. (Sjholm 2011) (Davi, 2011)

4.4.2 Population

The nmber o people living in camp varie o core

an epen on the crii. Ai organiation try to et p

maller camp o maximm 20 000 people rather than

one hge camp i the total m concern hnre o

thoan iplace people. Smaller camp are eaier to

manage an overlook, which i crcial regaring re

rik, ecrity problem an the preaing o ieae

among other. (CBC New 2007)

4.4.3 Location

The ite o camp i ally, bt not alway, locate on

the ege o town or on open el, away rom borer

an war zone. Preerably the ite hol have a lope

terrain that provie natral rainage. The area choen

hol moreover be ar rom breeing ite o inect

that can carry ieae. (CBC New 2007)

Regee camp col eaily get iolate an become

articial town that are highly epenent on external

ai. The living conition an ene o ignity are very

mch inence by the tate o home an hol

thereore be enhance more than toay. (Kemenae,

Appenix, 2007)

Tent, which ally are e in camp, hol not

be pitche in long row. Placing them in clter like

in many traitional village, or letting the reient

themelve chooe the layot, are preerre. It wol

make reient more comortable. (UN 2004)

4.4.4 Length of stay

Camp are ppoe to be temporary oltion, ntil

iplace people can aely retrn to their home.

However, bae on previo experience, organiation

have learne that reient oten en p living in camp

longer than expecte. Regee rom Koovo live in

camp in Albania or three month, while regee rom

Somalia have been living in camp in northern Kenya

ince 1991. (CBC New 2007) Mot o the Somali

regee are locate in Daaab in Kenya, the larget

regee camp in the worl. Crrently 400 000 people

are living in three camp originally eigne or 90,0 00.

(Care 2012)

4.4.5 Space

The recommene minimm pace i 3,5 qare metre

per

emergency housing project 2012

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