elements of osteology dr.emmanuel m.d, msc, pgdgh
TRANSCRIPT
Elements of OsteologyElements of Osteology
DR .Emmanuel DR .Emmanuel M.D, MSc,M.D, MSc, PGDGH PGDGH
Session Objectives Session Objectives
Objectives is to able to Objectives is to able to – Use the anatomical terminology in osteology Use the anatomical terminology in osteology – State major bony structuresState major bony structures– Name and classify the bones of the bodyName and classify the bones of the body– Link bone structure and clinical conditionsLink bone structure and clinical conditions
– References:References:Frank Netter Atlas on OsteologyFrank Netter Atlas on Osteology
Common bone conditionsCommon bone conditions
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
FracturesFractures
Dislocations/ subluxationDislocations/ subluxation
Cancer: Ostesarcoma,chondrosarcomasCancer: Ostesarcoma,chondrosarcomas
Founders of Founders of Anatomy Anatomy Hippocra
tesHippocrates----BC
460~377)
Father of MedicineMother of Nursing?...FNOther professions: Find out
Galen
Galen--------AD 130~200
Vesalius------(1514~1564) Founder of modern Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
William William HarveyHarvey
Harvey------(1578~1657)
Described correctly the CVS
OsteologyOsteologyOsteology is the anatomical study of bonesOsteology is the anatomical study of bones
Conventionally we study the dry bones in Conventionally we study the dry bones in the anatomy classthe anatomy class
This sets the understanding of bones in This sets the understanding of bones in clinical settings e.g in Radiology, clinical settings e.g in Radiology, Orthopedics, Traumatolgy, Surgery etcOrthopedics, Traumatolgy, Surgery etc
Functions of the boneFunctions of the bone
Support and protectionSupport and protection The skeleton (bones, ligaments and tendons) The skeleton (bones, ligaments and tendons)
supports and protects soft tissuessupports and protects soft tissues
Muscle attachment and locomotion Muscle attachment and locomotion
Production of blood cells Production of blood cells
Mineral reservoir Mineral reservoir
Terms used in osteologyTerms used in osteology
Bone surface have structures e.g.:Bone surface have structures e.g.:
ElevationsElevations
FacetsFacets
Head and Condyle Head and Condyle
DepressionsDepressions
ForamenForamen
ElevationsElevationsLinear elevationsLinear elevations– Lines/ridgesLines/ridges e.g nuchal line, supracondylar e.g nuchal line, supracondylar
ridgesridges– CrestCrest is a prominent line/ridge is a prominent line/ridge
• Rounded elevations -Tubercle- small rounded elevation -Protuberance- knob-like elevation -Tuberosity- big rough elevation -Trochanter- rough elevation of femur -Malleolus- harmer like elevation
• Sharp elevation -Spinous process -Clinoid process
Facet:Facet: Small, smooth, flat articular Small, smooth, flat articular surface surface
Head and Condyle:Head and Condyle: Rounded articular Rounded articular surface normally covered by cartilage e.g surface normally covered by cartilage e.g head of humerus, condyles of femurhead of humerus, condyles of femur
EpicondyleEpicondyle--prominent process just --prominent process just above a condyleabove a condyle
DepressionsDepressions
SulcusSulcus: Shallow and long depression on the : Shallow and long depression on the bone surface.bone surface.FossaFossa: Deep depressions on the bone surface: Deep depressions on the bone surfaceNotch or IncisuraNotch or Incisura: Semicircular depressions : Semicircular depressions
ForamenForamen-Openings or holes-Openings or holesCanalCanal- A long foramen- A long foramenMeatus- Meatus- canal that enter the bone but does not go canal that enter the bone but does not go
through itthrough it
Types of bonesTypes of bonesClassificationClassification
Long bones-Long bones- humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalangesfemur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalangesShort bones-Short bones- carpals and tarsal carpals and tarsalFlat bone-Flat bone- cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs and cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs and innominateinnominateIrregular bones-Irregular bones- vertebrae, temporal, sphenoid, vertebrae, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine and ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine and inferior nasal conchainferior nasal conchaSesamoid bone-Sesamoid bone- bones embedded in a tendon e.g. bones embedded in a tendon e.g. patellapatellaPneumatic bones-Pneumatic bones- irregular bones with air filled irregular bones with air filled cavities/ sinuses e.g. maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, cavities/ sinuses e.g. maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal and mastoid part of the temporal frontal and mastoid part of the temporal
Part of a long bonePart of a long bone
DiaphysisDiaphysis- has a thick outer compact - has a thick outer compact bonebone
MetaphysisMetaphysis- a thin part of diaphysis - a thin part of diaphysis adjoning epiphysisadjoning epiphysis
EpiphysisEpiphysis- proximal and distal rounded - proximal and distal rounded partpart
Long bonesLong bones (found in (found in limbs): limbs): – Diaphysis or shaft , Diaphysis or shaft ,
which is hollow (called which is hollow (called medullary cavity ), filled with medullary cavity ), filled with bone marrowbone marrow
– Two endsTwo ends -- epiphysis epiphysis articular surface, articular surface, metaphysis, epiphysial metaphysis, epiphysial cartilage , and cartilage , and epiphysial line epiphysial line
Short bonesShort bones: : cuboidal in cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bonesshape, e.g. carpal bones
Flat bonesFlat bones: thin : thin
Irregular bonesIrregular bones: : have any irregular or have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic vertebrae, pneumatic bonesbones
Sesamoid bones: Sesamoid bones: develop within tendondevelop within tendon
e.g patellae.g patella
General structures of boneGeneral structures of boneBone substance Bone substance
– compact bonecompact bone
– spongy bonespongy bone
trabeculaetrabeculae
In the flat bones of the skull, the In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner called the outer plate and inner plate while the layer of spongy plate while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë bone is called the diploë
Periosteum :Periosteum :
– Outer or fibrous layer Outer or fibrous layer – Inner layer is vascular and Inner layer is vascular and
provides the underlying bone provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains with nutrition. It also contains osteoblastsosteoblasts
EndosteumEndosteum is a single-cellular is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.surface of bone.Bone marrow Bone marrow – Red marrowRed marrow haematopoietic haematopoietic
centercenter– Yellow marrowYellow marrow: fatty : fatty
Chemical composition and Chemical composition and physical propertiesphysical properties
Organic materialOrganic material ::
Inorganic saltsInorganic salts
Organic materialOrganic material Inorganic saltsInorganic salts
ChildrenChildren 11 11
Adult Adult 33 77
Old Old 11 44
The Bones of Limbs
Bones of upper limbsBones of upper limbs
Composition:Composition:
Should girdle: Should girdle: clavicleclavicle ,, scapulascapula
Bones of free upper limbBones of free upper limb
– HumerusHumerus in armin arm– RadiusRadius and ulnaand ulna in forearmin forearm– CarpalCarpal bonesbones, metacarpals, metacarpals
and phalangesand phalanges in handin hand
Clavicle Clavicle
““S” shaped, medial 2/3 S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backward1/3 convex backward
Sternal endSternal end medially and medially and acromial endacromial end laterally laterally
ScapulaScapula Three bordersThree borders– Superior: Superior: coracoid process coracoid process , , scapular notch scapular notch
– Lateral (axillary) borderLateral (axillary) border– Medial (vertebral) borderMedial (vertebral) border
Three anglesThree angles– Superior: opposite to the 2nd rib Superior: opposite to the 2nd rib – Inferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals Inferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals
spacespace– Lateral:Lateral: glenoid cavity, glenoid cavity, supra- and infraglenoid tubercles supra- and infraglenoid tubercles
Two surfacesTwo surfaces– Anterior surface concave: Anterior surface concave: subscapular fossasubscapular fossa– Posterior surface: Posterior surface: supra-supra- and and infraspinous infraspinous
fossae, fossae, spine of scapula spine of scapula , , acromion acromion
HumerusHumerus Proximal end: Proximal end: head of humerushead of humerus,, anatomical neckanatomical neck, , greatergreater and and lesser tubercleslesser tubercles, , crests of greater crests of greater and and lesser tuberclelesser tubercle, , intertubercular grooveintertubercular groove,, surgical surgical neckneckShaft: Shaft: deltoid tuberositydeltoid tuberosity on lateral on lateral surface, and a surface, and a groove for radial groove for radial nervenerve on posterior surfaceon posterior surfaceDistal end: Distal end: lateral and medial lateral and medial epicondylesepicondyles, , capitulum capitulum , , trochleartrochlear, , coronoidcoronoid fossa and fossa and radial fossa radial fossa (anteriorly) and (anteriorly) and olecranon fossaolecranon fossa (posteriorly), and (posteriorly), and sulcus for ulnar nerve sulcus for ulnar nerve
RadiusRadiusUpper end: Upper end: head of radiushead of radius, , neck of radiusneck of radius, , radial radial tuberositytuberosity, and articular , and articular circumferencecircumference
ShaftShaft :: interosseous borderinterosseous border
Lower end: Lower end: styloid processstyloid process laterally, laterally, ulnar notchulnar notch medially, medially, and and carpal articular surfacecarpal articular surface inferiorlyinferiorly
Fracture of the distal end pf the Fracture of the distal end pf the radiusradius
RadiusRadiusProximal end: Proximal end:
olecranonolecranon
coronoid processcoronoid process
trochlear notchtrochlear notch
radial notchradial notch
ulnar tubersityulnar tubersity
Distal end Distal end
styloid process styloid process
head of Radius head of Radius
Carpal bonesCarpal bonesProximal row ― (lateral to medial) Proximal row ― (lateral to medial) scaphoidscaphoid,, lunate lunate, , triquetraltriquetral and and pisiformpisiformDistal row ― (lateral to medial) Distal row ― (lateral to medial) trapeziumtrapezium大大 , , trapezoidtrapezoid, , capitatecapitate andand hamate hamate
Metacarpal bonesMetacarpal bonesNumbered one to five from thumb to Numbered one to five from thumb to little fingerlittle fingerStructure of each―base (proximally), Structure of each―base (proximally), shaft, and head (distally)shaft, and head (distally)
Phalanges of fingersPhalanges of fingersConsist of 14 ―two for first digit Consist of 14 ―two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other (thumb) and three for each of other four digitsfour digitsStructure of each ―base (proximally), Structure of each ―base (proximally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanxtuberosity of distal phalanx