DESIGN PRINCIPLES

GROUP MEMBERS

RAKESHJUNAID JISRUDRAHAKEEM

Fundamentals of design in Architecture

1. AXIS2. SYMMETRY3. RHYTHM 4. HIERARCHY5. DATUM

AXISAn axis is an imaginary line formed by two

lines in the space about which structures can be achieved.

Axis can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.IMPERIAL TOWERS, MUMBAI

The red line depicts an imaginary vertical axis about which the towers are symmetrically placed.

AXISSHALIMAR GARDENS, KASHMIR

The water body running along the centre is an example of horizontal axis about which the pavilions are symmetrically placed and balance is achieved also in terms of the vegetation and walkways .

SYMMETRYThe balanced distribution and arrangement of

equivalent forms and spaces on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane, or about a centre or axis.

A magnificent example of symmetrical structure on a massive scale is Jama Masjid.

In this masjid the symmetry is achieved in all aspects:•The elements used in this masjid complex i.e.

•Dome•Minaret•Archesare themselves symmetrical

•A wonderful balance is achieved by using these elements in multiples placing them symmetrically about the principle east west axis.

RHYTHMRhythm refers to a harmonious sequence of pattern of repetition of elements usually consisting of• alternating voids, • alternating colours,etc. TAJ MAHAL

•In Taj mahal, rhythm is achieved by the use of multiple domes•The primary dome crowns the centre.•The secondary domes on its four sides.•Repetitive use of arches with the colossal central arch at the centre with smaller arches on either sides.•The rhythm is also achieved with the use of minarets on all the plinth corners

DOMES

ARCHES

MAIN ARCH

HIERARCHYHierarchy refers to the placement of the structures in the

order of their importance. in architecture hierarchy is commonly seen as a practice of

giving rise to the parts of a structure in the order of their importance.

HUMAYUN’S TOMB

•In humayun’s tomb the central zone where the humayun’s tomb is located has been given utmost importance by crowing it with the magnificent dome which is highest point of the structure

Central crowning dome

Secondary domes

Hierarchy in the use of arches

Rise provided for the important structure

rise provided to the plinth

Humayun’s tomb

DATUMA datum refers to a line, plane, or volume of

reference to which other elements in a composition can relate. It organizes a random pattern of elements through its regularity, continuity, and constant presence.

To be an effective ordering device, a linear datum must have sufficient visual continuity.

If planar or volumetric in form, a datum must have sufficient size, closure, and regularity.

The water body running along the centre of the Shalimar garden is a perfect example for datum line.• A balance is achieved by

erecting structures (pavilions) symmetrically about the body.

• Even a symmetric balance is achieved in the landscaping of this area about the body.

In this Mughal style garden in a luxury hotel at Agra the lowermost area can be considered as a datum plane and can be taken as a reference as how the garden terrace is hierarchically raised.

The central dome A in the Shaikh zayed mosque in Abu Dhabi can be taken as a datum volume showing the symmetric arrangement of the subsidiary domes around.